URDU LITERATURE T GRAHAME QAILEV THE HERITAGE Ul' INDIA SERIES THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES h tfa= late j, N. FAE&trmt », M,A,. DIM (O son.), D.D. (Aberdeen),, Jmi Editors The Right Rcyereiad V. 5. A* ivub; LL.D, {Cantab-K "Rahog of DomaM &. C, Dbwick. (Cautib,) J, N. C, Ganguly. Dprlaa-Stotrl. M.A. (BfttniiLigtiani). Already pvSHs&tid Tb« Heart -nf ByddliJaitu K. J + S^owmas, Iff. A., LLleJX A History oE KafiArae Ufcf atarfe, 2^:1 ixl. E> P- Rece, B A. Tli* Syr. m. 2ud «d . A, Berkiedals Ettn P.C.L. , DJJtc . Afitaj 3rd *d . James M. Macao* cl. MA. a M,i>. Indian Pafcdqg, Jr'n «=d, Percy Hjhtore,. cikjytf-s,- af MafSjha Sai □ te, N TOOL IffAonmL* M_A_, O.Litt, A Hirtflfy erf Hindi LdMraEunft. F. E s Kfay, M.A.. DJJt. Tbft A. Bi-JlSLLRIsAi-a §£rjrrr, DlCL., D.LII f . Hymns gj tin Tain a Soh*B F. KinGSeiub y, B.A.. ami G. E. Phillips, M,A„ Hynuifl from the R^eda A. A. Mac no hell, M-A. h Ph.B,, £|ml, LTy-LJ. Gantai&ft B- i :YI h h Ki J. Siif^nnkSL, HA, LLtt-D. The Coins <rf India. C, J. Keoww, tiff .A . P-jsrnr- hy InsHm Women. Mrs, M/lCNICOI, Itengif.n Rejig ions Lyric*., Sakta. Emmas TtaDUBgDHL Mi., jit.i1 A, M. Spbkckm, A A, CliSsieiti Sanakrit lifaflXqre, 3pd «d. A. BerrieluLk: Kkitft, IXC.L., DJUtL Tiltf Music Ot SzijBil. H, A, POFLEY, H.A. Te-li^q LiUcratUfft. P. CHHCHUHi M.L., and Raja _\E. BlTUJMftfA RaO T5aFT ABM i H, t Rabfoi.1ysccl.rh Tagore, 2nd «L EDWARD TRifsc.^kn, ML A, Hynaiifl oE tlio AJhriba I. S. DT. Hooper, tf-ft., Mad sat Tt*Brwrcd KuraL H. Ar Ptuiarr, mu Madras. ■SW^sforfj profiled and w&mti wwfer fitvpar&litiy THE PHILOSOPHIES. Au Introdiictloii to Hindu Phfldfloplijr. TJi jUDdi PfctHCIrAI. Jons McEeN2Jl, Ed n froofu fba Up,uutsl!Riln. ST, H, Huuugmi, Pb,n. a liin t:n's. The Spates criE tbs FBI SfiddblEt Boctfs. Fno f. V.. Ldshy, Prague . FINE ART AND MUSIC. [ n itrio Sc l J pcufu Dr. Stkli^a Kr Amkiscb b Calcatta- The Kin dm GcneeptEoa a£ the BfesRrtffnL K. Ruusviu S.L s^Tii c a r. , Cu^dapalL HISTORIES OF VERNACULAR LITER ATUKR, Bengal!.. 0. Sh Patlctls-uk-, M.A-, Calcutta. Pfqf, f, KiHCSBci&Y., LL A Colunlibo . MskspSbuu T. K. Joseph, BJLj LT., Trivandnsu. VARIOUS Tie Ary ad LaftETwgw of IwHa. Prop. R. L, Turjobr, LgqJob, Pl'-Skril LltWahu*. A. C. WOGLM3R, LtUiur u-_ Tin Hindu FascJly SyaLcni. C. VV. ’.{ j ller r HaBiimalaj. EDITORIAL PREFACE Finally, brethren, whalSoevisr thiiLjps me t mi , frkbttnr thing? battmUB* ntAiAKwr LUiugs n.TE just, tcIthIscieto- things ore pure,, whu^- CVCf things are- Lovely, 'whatsoever tbfcugE are ut good report ; il ttfira bt any virtue, tuid if (fattfc be amy praise, think oel these Lliiugi Nd section of 1: 1 1 e population of India can afford to ncgl cct her ancient heritage, The treasures of knowledge K wisdom, and beauty which ate contained La her ktorntura, plLdosoptiy, art, and regulated life are loo preekitlS to be lost, Every c: dze- n of India needs to use them, if he is to be a qukured modern Indian, This is as true os the Chris- tian* the Muslim, the Zor^strian as of the Hindu. 33-.it, while the heritage of India has been litrge ly -explored by si^hotarSp and the results of their toil a re laid out for as In bools, they cannot be said to be tally available for tie ordinary man. The volumes, are in must cist-s expensive, and are often technical end difficult. Hfin«e tliis Series of cheap bonks has been planned by a grasp of Christian men., in order that every educated Indian, whether ridi or poor, may be a bfe to Bnd Ids way into the treasures of India's past. Many Europeans, bath In Indfa and elsewhere, will doubtless be glad to use the eeries+ The utmost core is being- taken by the General Editors in selecting writers, and in passing mans serifrtB (or the press. To every book two tests are rigidly applied : every- thing must bft scholar] y a and everything must be Sym- pathetic. The purpose ia to bring the best out of the ancient treasuries* so that ii may be ItflOwtt, enfcyed, mA used. ' THIS AMQk.VL'IDH CJF TfctlK €_ N» 1^- 1 i An JnJi-in uf eIil- tc rtti lot - n * h i.+n5iirv -•■-< • ■ in die I’/wr I iiili'.'r t. >tf Ark T.Vjc.lunLli/jj, Li A- A THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE BY Tr GRAHAME BAILEY, DJJil, BJX MA. Fi/EAT'E!. EK HmHI ±vd UJOtf Ef IjCII “J J4 IT E fc iL I T OF ! p (i jjirca l t Hihbqwiby dPtEE Cecx-os: w fcnxLizra | AcTtftf&.ep .4 Ij'-Fi&MtEr i'f ike 5 A. i’au islKf&uft ; JLinjxuiu: jipij'iVj /r;.v; r.Uc f.* 1 c i u i-TJ-'W F £+1 H t - J d f rf- r - gi 4k§ ibrfMtr M rffMd ATJttl ,; ^ iFa'idai"? HUd> u i'llr? ; xl /Lr-cra p : jRv tu i tic jQuriir ; .[i'ri'»i j ! /VjTvWv £Vii . : 1 1 Lii :■ ,■ yin JJn fit ax ■ PdnrG H j§ftdA Snir r 7 ,■ At s. .ici :■ .■" jVj n . tj J lT-vJ' {jnHTOilO 1 - (f'gfttlfy) ASSOCIATION PRESS rr.M.CJu] S RUSSELL STREET, CALCUTTA L02JDDW : OXFORD UNIVERSITY F ?. ESS TOW VOELE P TORONTO, MELBOURNE BOMBAY,. CALCUTTA i CAPRAS 7"ftf of Trymliati&n imf rdtsgpWn tmj/-: i:jli:- jn i.xjia PREFACE This short history of Urdu Literature, ampM fid m 1929, airss a t descriWuE Urdu and its literature dov.nl to the end ui 192ft. A3] writers who were alive then are excluded. The only living author to whom detailed reference has been mode i? Iqbal, whoaa fame seems to warrant his inclusion The Bibliography shews what books are available lot further stud? ; there is very little m English. The following are special features of this work; fe) The views on the origin and early history of Urdu dEffer greatly from those of previous authors, pe'iFdedariy in the antiquity attributed CO it and the inipattanoe attached to Panjabi and the Panjab in connection with its develop- ment. The remark® on the problem of the name 'Urdu' ere new 1 , and m ex plena -Jon of the term Tihart Boll* I have tried mcE-dcntall y to correct prevailing misconceptions on the subject. (W Much of what has been said abotit the Deccan and DikhnI writers is new. The place of the Deccan in Urdu literature has not been fully underataod^ and msny Daktud authors are unknown even by name to people who live in the north of India. T have therefore endeavoured to make this section as full m possible, hoping that Che mention of these 1 i t tie-known or unknown names wiD not only Induce students to read Dakhfn works already in print;, hut lead to the publics lion of those at present in MS., and to the study of t be vsltlflWe materia] contained in them- New information has been giver, mo about Taksm’s viii A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Tarj i ffl vmm\ Mir AjBCran's Bag a SakSr t and AmTf Khu-g raj's supposed work Ca&dr Dam sL I would draw the attention, of readers to certain points r (I) Many authors arc re peat c dl y re ft r red Co ; the holiest treatment will be found at me place first snenliunKl in the Index of Persons,. Le. according to the consecutive n ;im ber of each- Tims, ( Nagr* Vail M„ of Agiia, No* 123 2 4, 20, 33, 41, 43, 90, WO* Here the account of NftpT h given under No, 125- (it) Names of persons and works, Urdu words, and neatly all names of places are spelt with fn!l diacritics: marks. A Sew well-known words, chiefly pkoe-name^, ere printed in tlieir p.ruaI form*, or in some cassa first with diacritical and subsequently without-. They arc those in the aahjoillfld list : Agra Deccan (Dakhan) Delhi fDjhll) Guj rati Hindi Lahore (Lilwur) Luaknmv (Lakhnait) Mia rat ha Marathi Ondh (Avadh) Panjab Panjabi Tur a 7 , Turkfatto Urdu (iiO The majority of Urdu authors have called their works by Arabic names- 1 htK transliterated most of these with Arabic vocalisation, but in a iew cases have treated them as if they were Urdu. fit} The system of transliteration of: Urdu words Is that of the Royal Asiatic Society, except for ! sh ' and which I have allowed to sts nd without special marks, and n to ind tea te a p rec ed ki£ nasal vOw*L 1 have bean unable to use the -asual Hide, as the press did not possess it A list of signs will he found oa p„ 1(56. PREFACE fv) The words 1 religion' find 1 relfeicms 1 usually refer tu Islam- Sometimes, as will be clear from the contest, religion in general is intended, (vi) T be word 'Mugal 1 is employed in the usnul ohmd- tional sense- The so-called Muggl emperors uf lodb, FStbuj and his descendants, were actually Bari as Turks- In order to give eh idea of Urdu poetry I htvf inserted translations of bbvbo poems. These are all my o w n - Most of them hive appeared in the Stdlrlm &f (A* SfAwl of Oriental Siud£Bt t wul I am under obligation to the Editor of that Journal for permission to print them here. I wish to express my thanks to an okl student of Kiy own i Ur* Mohiuddir Qfidri, of the Gsmaniya University, for haying read ail the proofs 01 the volume find made valuable snggesdons- T- G Bulb. Londffa^ April 1 1932. ADDENDA 1- Pfige 7, The ielfif loiiship of father, son* and grandson, said on p. 17 to have existed between Nos, 5* 6 and 8 (Shah Mira Ji, Shah BurhSfl find Amin nd Dsn A r la}, is afiOflfidfas to poptdfir report ObvEouaEy one or two generation*! have dropped out 2. On page 7B„ No- 3S4, line 1, for 'Urdu, verse road 15 Urdu prose-' Azad is the sole source of information about Sauda's prose, and his statements lack confirmation. 3. Page 60. Gilib probably did not bold the opinion attributed to him on p- 00- His phraseology is, however, sometimes like that of Luclnow writers. CONTENTS P*Sb Pwn pace ... ... i. j ¥U IwTBonjCTTOM' j i i ... I Mh Mfiftn a.. ... S The PVludpaJ knm aF C J nJ □ PostR 1 ... .a . 2 Ttio Most Important Urdu Pgets — --- 4 'The Hirmeey or Ubxci ■ ■ ft. 5 Hn w Uidu S^gun P ii. . kii. 5 Early Hitfigj ar Uni in iii i. j ft The Name 1 UrdLUL a . . . ... ... 10 The Fixes? of Urdu SBMmg Lau swinges . .. m m m ]2 The BECI-V74JNI ;k of UrPD LirEEAECmE -a* ]4 A. Toe J RelfEfewE P* riod „ 1 a.D. 1 9 50 -: 59 0. —(ft 1- 13} ie la. The Pest tilCKT&ry Period uf Unlu in t'ne Dorenrij A.D. 1MB-1730 “F PB ■ 30 The Oui'o SnSItT Poets. fftijs. ?0-42) III 2d Tlie 'Ada SiiRUT POfilS. (Kns. 49~55* III 2? LLterntiiTs; ucdcf the M u gals., (Jiw. SS-75) Ifld 3d Vall r i Ycnmgw & Lite m;ju rare. {Nee, .1 1 34 The Fiert Csorrmv cf Uruu Puxtrv e* Dele] (a.d, i?aD-ie»). ... gg A- 1'be Ains nf tfnjrtrflr (Hco. CW-JflJ) 1Hr & Ei. 'i'be As^e tlK ‘Four PDIarr; of Unlu,' Mtajtnr, Sawas, Mi- aud Datd, (N™. 10?-II3> ... 46 C. The age tJ M uafi ail, Irefcj iE d NjLjir CM™. 114-iSs) 53 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE I I XJ1 Crap, IV. U ft PL' POETRY 117 LranTQU' iJT T HIE NpmrrsGtfTH Cewtuey. '[Wcti. 1HJ— It$j) Jail Ml ■*■*■• ■■■ f|H V Tisjt. Skcxikxi Delhi Peeehi am the Foe'e. Pinmi up- FUmfde mi ... ... _, P 7(1 A- TJie Scc4?.ekJ, Dfil?i£ PeilDd. (Noa, 101-177) 70 B. Tlic Four Pocta at Lb* Itfcmfpflr Court (Nob. I 7 fv-m;i 75 V]. EJildd Fit on - r „- P ... 7§ A- Fvn.Tly Prow Writera, (Ngs. IB3-I35} ... ... 70 &. Ttw Fort WLHiflra TiaQEMo/a. [Nca. lBfi-lOG) ffi CL Urdu fc'rcea Writers of tbe N Id » i L efc ll LIl CcatuiT,'. (tin 193-23(1) ... ... ... .... 33 VI L The New Ace (Mi*. 232-240) ... . 34 VIIL OatHicxijaBaaff ... ... ... 100 Bta&x&M.P'BV ... m. ... ... ... ID'S □P TEAMSL^KKATEftN „, P PPP 1« IltEE OF PmXHS ... ... ... ... ... 109 Umjftx (W WDGK& ... m. ... r.. ... 115 IHBEK DS’ SomfiCT*-. 120 UCVECB-U AP 'L'Cp CIIUbLTblLt lit l-|jL% lilki-'KH in IrrSi.i LVffaKtltd. Vrilli tfao hit^Dry ’Ol Urdu. LknaLnru INTRODUCTION i H pOwacAiiDtr al^ont the early IJcda poets is ultimately derived from oil Persian ant halites, the great. majority ot which hte u republished, The earliest known am fflhat jtsk Sfm&ra- by Mir (1752) s sad Tosidra c Gur&xi (1752). Other famous anthologies are Mtt&Anu t £ fflk&t by QHtn (1 75+) ■ (hdmr i IbruJum by 'All Ihrabi m Khan K^al J ] (I7S3-) i T&xkfrit c fiosau by Mir Hasan {177 $ ; Tiskbn t Shuars- s Hindi by MusEjalt (1794). The first anthology in Urdu i& All Lntf’s Guishtm £ Hind {1801}. There are several special difficulties in tbe study of UrtTu literature r h Very little early literature has bran published Thus, the extant poetry written before 1300 is nearly all En MS. Ii we except Val£ Sauda. Mir, Hard and Qaim, alt the writers whose works have beer] flu Wished with any completeness were men who lived ttR after 1 .8 2 5. Many pLibtigbed works, especially those which were first printed irl magazines, arc not now obtainable. 2. It is often impassible to get SMesS be. original MSS. f and we have to depend upon QiiobUiuus in boa ks . The anthologies are often inaociirate and their iaiannattoti is meagre. This accounts for the similarity between the vtiriouS remarks made by modern authors about old writers ; their authorities srO the Same. 3. There eS Cq it s ids rah [a dou b t about dates, particularly the carl W-t ones. The anthologies frequently omit dates, and often differ in the dates they give, 4. It is nearly impossible to be sure of the genuineness of early (Jrda poetry. Libraries in Great Britain find in some of the Feudatory States of India possess iucporUmt Urdu MSS. ; if these could Oft published, most of OUf problem 3 would be Solved, A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Urdu Metre depends cm quantity , not accent. Compared with Greek or Latin it has a fondness for long syllables. Thus among the oammeocat metres arc The Print:] pei Forma of Urdu Poetry are l UiT W, usually a short lore lyric, sometimes a poem cm a general subject- Strictly sp»fciflg it should have the same rhyme UBWffhaal. Urdu grads are for the most part artificial and convcpdonal- Qatida, e kind of ode, often a panegyric on a benefactor, sometimes a satire, sometimes s poem dealing with fin important event. As a role it is longer than the gazcibbut jt follows the some system of rhyme. Marsiyx ot elegy, nearly always on the death of Hasan, Bnffiiii and their familfe but powsioiHlly on the death of relatives sad friends It. is usually in six-lined stanzas with the rhyme The recitation of these elegies in the first ten days of Kuharram is one o: the gres: events in Muslim life, A fully developed margEys Ls almost an epic. in the majority of cases a poetical romance. It may extend to several thousand lines, but generally is much shorter. A few m&gflflmis deal with ordinary domestic and other occurrences, Mir and Sands wrote tome of this kind- They fire always in heroic couplets, find the commonest metre is tsoshb tetrameter with art iambus fo: the last foot, u - - / m -■*- / u-- / A Tazkirv, biographiCsal anthofogy, almost always of pec tty alone- This is often a mere coHec tion of namefl with a line or two of information about each poet* followed by a specimen of hia composition. On the other hand it may be a history of Urdu poetry with copkra s illustrative extracts. There etc no really good tazkfraa. Tha beat give biciira pineal details, but fail in literary criticism* and wft get little idea of style -or poetical power, still Ices of the contents of poetn-S- Evcli the large anthologies do not systematically review an authors work. Most of them have the names in alpha- INTRODUCTION 3 faefcics] ocdetp but one or two prefer the historical order* The majority quote only lyrics, and the quotations, usually chosen at random, do not real l y illustrate tie- pastry,. Dlv&ii a collection of pee ms, chiefly gm aJs, Kit £iiy tits literally fl Cdmptetls c elk ctio ti of poems, but of tea applied to any collection containing poems of various kinds- Thus Ah bar Tl^hibadi published three kn Iliya ts, Ta^aiif£f t the same tmdffiT -which a post wd££SL Every Urdu pact takes a special name by which he is generally known, It is introduced Into the East line of all his gafaJs, Sonne tiroes It is part of his personal name. Thus in the case of the poets Babar !Ali Ama arsd Hhlimct J AIT Dsblr, /fenf nnd IhUr are the taflftalfny. E a z . ni pic s of poets using pail of their ordinary mimes arc Mir Taqi Mir end Mir dlEsan Hasais.. In order to avoid unnecessary Urdu te i * in a in the text, certain English words have been used with a parcicular a eisse CTcecpt where the contest requires another* ThusL Lyric {ar love lyric) — Qasal Ode — Qasida Elegy “ IMarsiya Romance i>- poetlcil romance) - Mapvi Anthology [&- bdofiraphrsa] anthology) ™ Tn^tira Me&Ata is a Persian word meaning 'pomrttL In Persia it has no Ikerary slgnincance, hut in Indsa it was used for the Urdu literary langrage, i.e, the language nf poetry, or for Urdu poetry itself* Of ion it had tre sense of gavsal or couplet iu a gai&l, Ir_ the time of N asikh. d* 1 8,1 S , Lucknow poets gave up Llae word reJshta and began to use “ V nlu 1 for the ] ftogtia gs > ami c £Hza1 h J a word occasionally found In the eighteenth century,, for the poem. In Delhi reihta continued in use down to tlie Mutiny,. Various explana- tions of rck h t a arc given* 1 * It mcaut ‘verse in two languages, ' e-gr. one line Persian and one Arabic, or one Persian end one U rdu- The earliest verse in north India was sometimes of this kind and was called r ddi ta. The name once given remained- 2- It meant ' fallen, 1 and Urdu, supposed to be fallen and worthies, received the name, 4 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 3. Urdu was waited rckfala because It consisted of Hindi into which Arabic gad Person words bid beeo figured. 4. It is a m ag i ea ] tenfi introduced by Amir Khu&ran to mean a harmonising of Hindi words with Persian rnclodfefi. 5. It means a wall firmly constructed of different materials,, as Urdu is oE diverse linguistic elements. This is the opposite of (2). The Mott Important Urdu Poets* Urdu poetry is such A teSB^ that a useful purpose may he served if the leading p«t3 are indicated. There w:L3 be diversity of opinion about- such A list, lea: people differ in temperament and m attitude towards modern thought- No finality is claimed for the views Itere expressed, but they may be a guida. The names of posts from the Deccan rdfiy occasion surprise, for their areat tie S3 is not realised in north India. The old iazkm i writers say little about them and only Vail is generally known. 1. T n £ ge e ateht f c i et a. The groups are In order of rank , the names within each group in order of date, (a) Mir, Salih, AMs* (i) Vail, Samla, Nazir of Agra ? Irjhul. (c) Hard, Mir Hasan, DS& Hull, Akbar. 2* The best gaz&l writes s in order r Mir, Vail* Dsrcl, fiilib, Mug&afl, Atisli Dag, Amir Mlnll. 3 . The best qajTim weeteeb in order: Saudi, Eauq, NnnstS. ■ 4. The best MARatvA WBJtehS in orders Atife, Dibir, Munis, Ehaliq. Zamir ; and the DakhnI writers HSalinB c AJ.l, MiralL 5* Tttfi BEST MAJWAV1 WSHS5S in. aider: Mir Hasan, A&ar, Mir, MmShi, MBaniui, and the Dak bn: writ cm- QawasI, Nusratl, Tab 4 !, Vajhb 6* Posts who bScbi ijcd ttt general poetry in order of date i King Qulj Qnfh ShSfa, Na^lt of Agra, EJftll, Akbar, Kail! r;f the JJaccan, IqbaL During the past 50 years perhaps the best, apart from poets already nienJtlOOedp have been Asad, Jalal, TaslTrn, Isma'II, Shad. The greatest poem of the last ICO years is probably Hall's Muse iddes t unless we regard Ants's Elegies as otic poem- I THE HISTORY OF URDU How Urdu Much has been written on the origin of Urdfir The word ! urdis ' itself is Turkish and means "army 1 or "camp 1 , our English : hq r dc 1 is gaid to be connected wilt h it. The Mu dim army stationed in Delhi from 1193 on v„-a rdg m known as ftfor tW/f nr frWtt # J/w- the Exalted Army. It is usually bdifived that while this army spake Pemian, the Luhahitantg of the city Spdk the lire j dialed: of Hindi. There is no reason however to tli ink that Biej was ever the language of Delhi. The people of the capital spoke an early variety of that Emm of Hindi now known as KhajL BqL:, l which is employed to-day in all Hindi prose Hftd in most Hindi poetry. The iden that the wmy mate Persian also require® FeCCn^dfcraUom Mahmud of Qpml annexed the Fasjab in 1027 and settled his simy of oeirapat ion in Lata am The famous scholar,. Albsruni of K h iya (973- 10 4.5 ) lived thfcre for some time while he studied Sanskrit and prosecuted his re- searches into Hindu ism, Mahmud's dcsceitdfl nt s held the Ran jab till 1 157, when they wore defeated by their heredi- tary foes under Miihiimraind Sen who had already sacked £»aznb The first sultan of Delhi was Qttfb lid Din Aihak, a native ot Tnrkistan, hut a servant of Muhammad Gori and afterwards his chief general . Ho captured Delhi in 1193 and on the death of his master in USDS took the title of Sulfan. Frcwn that ti me foreign troops were cuartereil in 3 Aa 1 have ejcplala^l ia Joertuti e?f SA t JiSspai Asiatic Soefcfy , OcfWber, HSR, pp. 717-25, tbsworf fmiinlm oi nwnfl Steading, and A'Aaff IkrfI rao«E flip sttUtdimd , CTOIOTt c.r ertnHbheq Laagimcfr. Tbt Trtari. wafi Brat uaetl during 1B03 by If-adal lififl r iu Nds raw, Ata iT n a ad by LaliS LSI In Am Kfozri Las KTtWug to G with AJiart , pure. 6 A HISTORY OF URDU LTTSRATURE the dly. Urdu Is always said to have arisen in Delhi, but we most rEinembcy that Ferskn-spfififcing soldiers entered the Fan jab and hegnti to live there, nearly 200 yearn before the first sultan sat on the throne of Delhi, What La sup- posed to have happened tn Delhi must, in fact, have taken place in Lahore centuries earlier. These tiOOpfi lived in the Fanjah f they doubtless iatei-married with the people ard within a few years of their arrival must have spoken the language of the country, modified of ootifse by their own Persian mother tongue. We can picture what happened. The soldiers and pcopl e met in daily intercourse and needed a common language It had to be cither Persian or Old Fanjah:. and the people being in an cnonrxas majority, their Language established itself at the expense of the other. For some time the soldiers continued to talk Persian among themselves find the local vernacular with the inhabitants of the country ; but ultimately Persian died out, though it continued to be the language of the court, first in Lsh arc* and Later in Delhi for hundreds of years after it had ceased to be ordinarily spoken in the army. In the Persian which the invaders used there were many Arabic and a few Turkish wold?; a large number of these were Introduced into India. What happened in Lahore and Delhi resembled in many points what was happening in England after the Kerman Conquest. Tbfc Normans* Speaking a dialect of French, came into an Anglo -Sax On- Speaking country and made French the court tangwgfe. Though they greatly influ- enced the speech of the conquered country, yet within three centuries they had lost their own language, and England to-day apeak* English, blended, it is true, with French, The changes produced In. English by the coming of the Konnaas have jprobably been exaggerated, hut in any case they were greater than those produced in Panjabi and Hindi by the Muslim army. Apart from the Incor- poration of many loon words the Influence was iHHsAabiy small These languages remained practically unchanged in their pronouns, verbs, numerals and grammatical system. The chief change was in vocabulary. In all t Ms English corresponds very closely to Urdu. THE HISTORY OP URDU 7 M-Jhamnwxl Q $ ri seized the Punjab b 1187 and ha -a troops Hinder Qmh ml Din Aibak, aft zt CQnsolfel&tir* their position, swept on to Delhi, but they cannot have left a hostile Muslim army in the rear. We may be eestfljn that the descendants apd suffieSMtt of the anginal Ittvadets joined ttunn, and that the two armies marched toother to Delhi, which was tabco* es w£ have seen, sax yoais later. When, twelve years later still, the new emperor was installed in Delhi, a large proportion of his soldiers must ha v c spoken by iJisfeBoce a bnguage very like what we think of as early Urdu {the remainder speaking Persian). The basis of that language was Panjabi as it emerged from the Prakrit stage., and Et cannot ha ve differed from the Kliajt of that time nearly as much m the two languages differ to- day, The important fact is that Urdu really began not in E^lhi but in Lahore, and that its mute dying language was not Khaqi (innch less Braj p as often stated), but old PflnjabL Later on this first form of Urdu was somewhat altettd by Kharl as spoken round Delhi, but w r e do not know that Rraj exercised any influence at ill, The formation of Unit began ns scon as t he CJaznavi f twees settled sa Lahore, le, in ID27, At what time they gave up Persian and took to speaking P^nitil>-Urdh alone,, we cannot tell, p to bft bl y it was a matter of a very few T years. One hundred and sixty-six years later the joint Gorj ar_d G&znavi troops entered Delhi. In a short time Urdu was probably their usual Language of conversation- We must therefore di&dnguish two stages: (l) beginning in 1027, Lahore-Urdn, consisting of old Panjabi overlaid by Persian ; (2) beginning in 1193* Laliwe-U sedu, overlaid by old Kharl, not very different then from old Panjabi, and further influenced by Persian, the whole becoinaiflg Delhi- LTrdur When Muhammad Tuglao intruded Use DttC&D and, founded Danlatabad f 13211), find twenty one years Inter when - AJfi ud Din Bateauia rebelled against liim and became the first ruler of the B ahmap T dynastv ? the. Mn ham- madan troops who accompanied them s poke Urdu as their mother tongue. find ttse language which grew up among the Marathi-, TelnfiU- and Kfmfliese -speaking inhabitants who A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE became Muslims, was not Per&jso but Urdu- It is worthy of note that whereas is the north the invaders jra v c up their owe tongue and adopted Urdu, their successors and de^eendnotK managed to impose that l&ngttiee, now their own, Ofl a large part of the Deccan a where to -dfiry it is spoken by nearly three million people., Early Hi e lory of Urdu- We have irut> accurate a now- lee n- e c .f spoken Urdu in the early years of it s existence, Amir Khusran (c. 1255-1325) teD& u& in Ids Remap works that lao wrote a £ re*- £ deal in ‘HEndayi,' but only a little Lias com* down to us ; gad vyhai we now possess* perhaps 2 . CKj ij lines, has doubtless tfceo do nakl l: rably aJ Cored in the passage of time, SO that we cannot regard it as corrc&tly Showing the Spfifedl Or" his day , We must however e r. : ph a si-: e the f fi u t that lie did compose literary works in Hindi or Urdu, perhaps both, and that nearly 200 years i ^ i the po e I Mir T;?r j accepted as Pennine some ot the versa which we have today, Wo know this decease Mir refers to them in Jits ant hoi qgy. The word "Hind:' is used in both a wide and a narrow T ] j e word Hind : is m&n m both a vVLde and a narrow sense, In the wide sense it includes the languages spoken in Sihfifp the United Frr: vinces of Agra and Gudh, Central India, RajpUlSua and the S.H. Panjab as far as Arabs!*. One might include Rujnaoji end Ga^hvaL In the narrow sense :t me sum Hindi propers the hhicF dialects of which fire Brfij and Khali- The Spst writers of Hindi wrote principally En BthEfl, A vad h i r Rraj find Rajput aid ; languages vrUdh were tseti For both composition and cauverBatidu- Muslim authors c^carionally Employed one of these, but more pemmoniy Pc is in n , Kh:ui, though widespread as a con- wnatioaal medium, was not much used for Literature. Indeed with the- exception of Amir KhtHrau’s few- hundred Lines just mentioned, wideh are mostly in 3raj, and the works of the pdet Sital (c, .1 723), we have no work i n ittDl we come to the verge erf the nineteenth century. The Urdu branch n-f Khan’ has a different history, Mtrafitl l As?dyl?t\ E tract by Esr.da ^evaz-, which has recently heen printed, and is probably ee n nine f beloog'S te- chs end of the fourteenth, century- Seeing that the author left the Deccan w-Licn he was fifteen and lirfid thereafter TI1E HISTORY OF URDU in Delhi, not returning to the Deccan till ho was an old map, we may t ate iris prose as flhfflwinlf the Delhi. idiom of that lime- In the fifteenth century there is Shah iliraa Ji of the Deccan, who has left Feme extant work; time | iriiw aan.p J'-JU ■- --■*-« ft aim from that the stream of literatu re £ c e s on ever wkkatfflg and deepeniup- We must therefor* revise our thoughts of both Khari and Urdu, KEfflri is Ctrutfi id portly with I3mj and Avndhl ;. its icgEmm* may fee put at AJX or lf.it>' 1 . The com- mers cement of Urdu may te dated any time after 1027, when the Muhammadan array of occupation tu live in J.kI liort Khnrl as a spoken language 1 141 a a coatifiUOUS history of nearly a thousand years a® a literoi'V lnn£U4££ r it we Omit Amir Khusrau and one or two other author^ it dates from the end of the eighteenth century- It is didicolt to djatfnenislh precisely between Khari and Urdu, For practical pum&ses the distinction lies in the But dial purposes Khafi uses very fewj end Urdu ver* Ambit: words. man Vi Pei'StRd arid. Some people, both EurQpwns and Indiana, have made the use of Hindi or Persian metres the t-qnch- BtCffift, out that distinction can be applied only to poetry ; it ia iaappl jdble to prose. In poetry, too, some authors, white not varying iheFr Ifli^kaee, have employed now Hindi metres*, and now Persian. Even at the present clay there arc pee t & who sometimes write Urdu poetry «p Hindi metes. There 1ms Iwftn & Strang r&vtixsal of the decrees of fete. The despiised Khan language, uonfined to Mover satioi* and considered unfit for poetry, was not used for serious literary purposes^ except hy $ifcal and perhaps Amir Khusrau, till near IS 00 ; so ranch sc* chat even to-day stupe persons* not realising that i: has bed a vigorous existence among the com- mon people since the time when it took the pitaoe 5f Prakrit fchiok tided it was invented by IifShi Allah, Sided Misr and LalM Lulr Ir. the Hindi sphere it has now turned out jts rivals, rod will soon be tlfre only survivor so far as literary work is ixmcern&d, while in its U-dn form it lias been for centuries the medium of a prosperous and gT owing literature- It ia impcrtanL to fftmftoabcr that in the :: l id 6 . 1 e of the IQ A mSTCRY OF URDU LITERATURE fottrteenth cent ury there was no real difference between Delhi Urdu and Dskbnl UrdOa but with the -establish meni of the separate Bahnuju dynasty the tv/g dialects began to dltww, Urdu literatim: in its early stages was math more con- versational and simple than it was in later years. Probably for that reason it rfia enables to a Surprising decree the I'M fcrT M spoken language of to-day. Tlib resemblance must not be used as an araaiUrenl. the genuineness of an earEy pee m or prose work, It ftbowi merely that the author wrote the language ns he spoke it In later yearn men writing Artificially arid following foreign mods La- produced works which* divorced from everyday idiom, dilTer widely from the Urdu which we know now* To take two in- ft tAn ceo. The Dakhni poems of Muhammad Quit Qutb Shall before 1000., and the bcmidful Ekikhm poem Quid Mm Marl t written by Va j hi in 1609, art? easier to lead than Shah Nadir's writings In die nineteenth century. TfclW Name ■ Urdu.’ An im jj ortft nt question is how the ward * Urdu ? came to be applied to a lanfuagSr We have seen tlnat the soldiers in Delhi at a very early date gave up the use of Persian among themselves and began to speak a modified form of the wma pofcr + rp Delhi this form of Speech, to distinguish it from the usual ICharT Bo'.i {and probably also from Persian);, was. called 2n Itini i 1/rdS, the language of the Army, or i L/r c'fc e AftpaUSt the language of the Exalted or R o ysl Army, As- the soldiers and the people intermixed and Intermarried, the language Spread over the city into the suburbs and even into tbe sarroindki& diitnub It was natural to keep up the separate name to distinguish It not only from the unmixed vernacular of the people, but also irom tbe Persian oi the court. This double distinction is not uniinpcrtaift. It is poa sable , too, that in titfve the name served to mark still another ett seine- tiofii, via. between the speech of Delhi and that of Lucknow. It is suppled that gradually the word ‘caban 3 was dropped* and ' Urdu ? came to be used alone* In this explanation there is a difficulty- Though the royal camp was established in Delhi during the time of Qufb ad Din Afbak in I20fl p the earliest known example of THE HISTORY OE URDU II the plcyni&nt of the word 1 Urdh/ standing; tv itself arid meaning the Urdu language, 5s m lib* poems af MnsI.iE.fT, 1 7SO-1 824 r which arc mriortupateiu caidated, and m any case have ou.lv in part been printed. Gdebrist uses it in hbi Grammar (17%). Toe- earliest examples of t he ph rase , Zabfiu i UrtffZ, the- language of the Camp -or the Urdu Jangiaa&eb ift in 7'agkim a CidEar i /ira&Im by 'All Ihral nm Kli kit (1783) and in, Mii?ha:l'a T&sfora € Sht ard € ftimtl ( 1 7T* 1 ) . In this title vre roust cote the word ‘Hindi 1 (meaning ' Urdu ' ) , The expression ZaAt tw a Urdri <?. Ttmalld i# SMAiafidxj&Srf Dikfc\ the lanertiagft Of the Royal Clamp, or the Ex filled Urdu language (of ShSb jdLiinatdd, Delhi) cc ei l rs in die anthology A r iM£ mk S&u&r& by M : r T s q 1 (1752). In:: Qiyam ud Din Q-ai m ’ E- a n t h olo g y ffiaAAarag / A r 5v 3 i (1754) we and nrt v-hat' ?y a f iWc ms jy ' lT liu, the idiom of the Royal Camp- ‘A rah, the Sen of Mir TaqI, sp«iks of himself as Urdu c m wWfa ^.^jz^.oDc well aorjuamted with the Urdu e Mu' alia language- His date is unknow n, hut he seems to have been hom in Mits old use. Now the earifesl of these h five and a hair centuries after the foreign noisy hod settled in DelhUand, we natur- ally ask why during: all this Ions period the language never received the name 'Urdu,' and why people suddenly thought of that name after the lapse of pn Eoug A time, when It had ceased to have any particular m eat *i itff. This period of 550 years Could perhaps bft reduced ; it has be cn claimed, but not proved, that the royal tamp in Delhi was not known as the Urdu till the time of Bibur,. who came direct from TurlLstan with a Tnrki force in 1 326. It if. a dou b t f 'll pfiEoL We niay admit that before his time the foreign recruits had nearly alt been Persian speaheis or desoendanb-s of Persian speakers.. But on the other hand the word 'Urdu' foe fumy had been in Persdfin since 1150, for it is Eomjd more thfin Once in the JahS^tmAS, of Javainl with that mcaning- The first example oE it India is said to bg in tha Ttt&uJr i Bdittrl. compiled by the Emperor Babui himself in 1529- But even i£ we accept these later dates for the first OOSSiTftnK in India of the word J U rd ii r with the mean- ing of army, we still have to account for the fact that for 12 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 226 yeans, from 1526 to 1 752 no one seems to taws thought of catling tic langtiage by that nam^ and that it wos only after 1752 tint this wflB done. It is almost Incredible that acme of the hiitorDnaa o: the Mugal period ever used the aaaae? yet such seems to have been t2ie case. The language as -Spoked was gencr&Hy called Hindi ; whep employed for literary* tliat is poetical, purposes It was known as Rekhti* (see p# 3} or Hindi. Amir Xhuarau and S ti-L^k h, Bajan (d. 1506) speak of ZaiAn i ZtoS iai'f , the -speech of Delhi ; while V&jhJ in Snb jBhj (1GS4) calls it ZaAdn i I/iniioLtdH, the language of Hindustan, Rut no one in the curly daya spoke cf ‘ Urdu. 1 Even in the end of the eighteenth century it was sin uncorninod word. People continded to talk of Hindi and R ftkht a. As late as 1790 - AM ul Qadir in the pro tVi.ce to his Urdu translation of the Qiir*an. said he was translating not into Reb hta but into Hindi, One iulcrcslinti detail ig still $nA If*. It hag been assert' ed that the Persian dictionary , Afv&yyirf td FitfitlB (1519) uses the phrase, ' in the Language of the people of the Urdu/ But i: is claimed an the other band that the words are not found an good MSS, of the; Dictionary , and the MS, in the British Museum decs not appear to contain them. Even ii it did* ‘ r. :du ' would not here be the name of a language. It is & fact worth noting that the word ' Urdu 3 :s not given In this Dictionary at all with any mean- ing, either ‘army 3 or any other. Possibly the explanation of the problem is that Z&iwt ? Urds, the speech of the Camp, or some equivalent phrase, was in conver&itiuneil use item the earliest times,, arai that exadtally* centufiea later, at was admitted to boo 1:3, while the use of the word 'Urdu' alone* without was still later. But tlie sublet requires further investigation. Thfl Place of Urdu amonR Latiguag^. The great Indo-European family of languages is divided into Italic, Teutonic, Keltic, Greek* Albanian* Slavonic, Armenian and Aryan sub-families, The Aryan sub-family has two main branches, Iranian Hr.d I rain- Aryan or SanskritiCr (The Kafir languages may beloqf to the latter, but probably should be classed by themselves as a third branch.) During tho course of the second mdleanium sue , the Aryans came THE HISTORY OF URDU 13 From Central Ask into India. The Manryflii Dynasty was estebHshed before 380 n,c, , and Ashoka, 2 -5 0 pjc.b idled over a set t [ed empire £:s tend i n£ from Calcutta- to beyond Kabul. At that lime Sanskrit was spoken u vet* the w h r>] e of north India; there were different dialects* but all were closely connected with Vedic Sanskrit. It is remarkable that there is practically nothing in the phonology of it* modern Aryan languages of India which cannot be directly derived from ?,n early form oF Sanskrit, essentially die sanw as that of the Vedas. There are t*>day% it we exclude the Kafir £ ro li p , approx- imately 2.3 to 20 long doges descended. from S ana k 1 . ' It# In the case of some, we cap trace the intermediate stages fairly well ; in the case of others, we possess nothing: bfltwsen Sanskrit and the modern language. The following is a fairly complete list oe the IndoAryan languages '; SlndhJ Lahndf Panjabi Hindi GnJrAtl (with BhDJ) Rajput am (with Khandcahl) Pahari Languages: Kumaona Ga f 3 bw ?Ll i (Central Pah 4(1) Western Pahin Nepali Avodhi or Farabi (Easi-em Hindi) Bi 'riari UpyS Bengali (with Assamese) Marajhi Singhalesfl Dard kingnages; Kashmiri Kohktani Five allied languagftS; Chltrali, Tirilu, Fcisiiai, Kalasha and Gfivsrtsftl Ot these, Hindi, which l m m j®di a tel y cnneenis us. has two impcKitant dialects, Bra j and Kharl Boll; Kha.fl Boll again lias three forms. Cl) Urdu, which, contains many Persian and Arabic words ;■ (2) Literary Hand!, which baa many Sanskrit words; and (3) FLindnslimi, a oormnongcasc nw tn&tia be- tween the other two, hardly to be distinguished froai \ aim pie Urdu. Finally, spoken Urdu, lias two variety.: {i) DaknT or Ekktini, woken in the Dbocanj, aud (il) Northern Urda spoken In north India- n THE BEGINNINGS OP URDU LITERATURE Tms c E mpter deals- with the first 380 of Urdu literature- We may divide the time into two parts : first, the Religious period* 1350-I590 a during which poems and tracts were written simply to teach the elements of religion ■ and secoLiG, the Literary* period* I59Q-1730, during which the WTitjHB’ of Urdu wflS practically confined to tbs Deccan, while Muslim writers in the north wrote Persian. It iii azi astonishing fact that literary composition in Urdu was goins on in the Deccan for hundreds of years before :t really feefeftfl in north Indie. In order to under- stand this, we most remind ourselves of the history of the country. An early form of Urdu, was btixodfiood into the Deocati by the snldicTs of AH ud Din Kllilii who became Suited. in 13 PEL Between 1294 and 1313 there were many raids upon the Deccan octtidaeted ehisfiy by his favourite, Malik KafuTphut the country was only partially subdued, In 1 ItSti, however* the Emperor Mutmimnsd Tuglaq forsook Ddhi and founded Daulatibid in the Deccanj dose to where Aurangabad now stands! 21 years later, while he whs occupied elsewhere* his officer, ZaEar Khart, declared his independence, took the name of 'Ala ud Din and became the first ruler of the Bahtuani dynasty of the Deccan* which remnined in power Cfll 1 5 CC 1 , and lasted without power for 18 years longer. The capital was Gulbarge. At this stage there am two points to be kept io mind. First, the new king had jus: revolted against the Emperor of Delhi. Consequently he and bis people wished to be as separate as possible from the capital i they developed a local patriotism with a desire to emphasise thcii own life BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 15 and modify of rtwuglrt ; rtnd lastly they began to Su spent and dislike tmtsideis. This resulted in a tadtiratiou of Urdu, as opposed to Persian lyhidi \t*S the kutenago of tiie Emperor's court. Their Urdu was influeflo&d of course b y local vernaculars, L-spceir.3]v Gnjmti and Marhati (Marathi);, anti was ended net U rcl u , ts:t DaUmJ or Dak a!, Most of the writers mentioned in this chapter used that dialect, and the worfl 'Urdu,' when referring- to them, is used in that sense- The invading Musdraans and their descendants spoke it, the MttaJlfli eomrtrts and tbdr defendants did the same ; soon, it became the tortfiruagie o£ the court itself though PersLau rcsnninecl the Language of the Delhi court for centuries azter this. It must be remem- bered that down to about 1375 there was little dlncrcncc between Dakhnt Urdu and Delhi Urdu. The second point is that the desire to spread the doctrines of Islam necessitated the use of the vernacular for the purposes of propaganda ; mad so many resigievns terms were introduced into the language, for the holy m-cn ivho have always played an important pari in the life of the Deccan, began to write tracts and even lar-per works in DakhnL We have already seen Licit the earliest writings were religious* and that some of them were written nearly 400 veers before there was any r e j>ul ai Urdu composition Ip DdhL The linguistic imtxatanse of the Religious period h very great, for here we 3ee the 3ar.gu.age In its earl known form. There was no attempt at literary finish ; men xvrote as they felt 2 ed with a view to imparting' spiritual in- s true t ion. Most of the writers were well-known teachers# Much of their wo i k has been. lcst K 'out whet survive [Deludes both poetry and prose ; most of it ds in DakhnI. The fol- tewi isfi 1? a summary- ;; Thirteenth pent q ry — SAtfc ft SAakur Gtmj (see No. II), Fourteenth century — SAs7t Jfaa&fia A tej the nn k n o\y n author cA Nafl **l$rtEr Z ^ kfi/tt&A -fif tt l a it t f, Fifteenth century — Mi rdf? Jl a n d SJfe&A Bfifatt. Sixteenth century — SAHA BvrJiS # ; SM& *Atl Jyft t Muiamaad \ and the author of 1 Vur A 7 ama, During the reign of the lust B&hitiani king, Mahmod IS A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Shah ( 1480-1518) a the provincial viceroys broke away and establish cd five separate kingdoms, the dynasty com mg to to cad in ISIS- Of these states by far "he meat important from the literary pfitat of vww were- Col km. fin end BijapEIr. The Literary [period, bcjraii near the end ot the Sixteenth century* At that time the Decoin was it ill divided into five kingdoms. Ip two of them the kings were themaeEves easier patrons of literature. both Pc rs in n and Urdu. There were tiiereforc two centres el poetry, Golkiinda (or after I5S3, HaEdomhad), the seat of the Quiii Bhibl dynasty, 151S-I697, and BijapOrJhe seat of the k A d i 1 ShilhJ dynasty, 14B0-16S6, wMefa was generally Sfti'a in belief. This copdi- tion of affairs luted for about a hundred years, till lfiS-7 in Haidar a bad and 1*390 in Blfapur, when the local trailers were deposed by the Emperor Aura a grab Anarchy prevailed till his death in 1707, bet did not entirely put a stop to the nursm'l of letters. A, THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD, AJX 1350-1590 It has been asserted that prose was written as early as 1100 y but nothing is known about it and the statement is almost certainly incorrect, 1 . SmtEIL 'Ain to Din., Ganj ul Ilm ( 1306 - 93 ), bom in D e I hi , came to DaulatEbad in the time o£ Mohammad Tugloq (1335-51 ) and died in Bi”lpur. lie wrote dared y in Persian bit la believed to have been the -utthor of some Dakhol 1 1 acts on the duties of religion- 2. Khaja Ban pa N a V az t Glstt Dahat. {said to tete been bom in 1321, & 1423) wrote two short prose works, Mfr&jf i d ^AsAiglMi which has recently bean printed,, and HitfSyat A r dma. t both rfiligLOns. The former is of great importance m being the earliest printed example of Urdu prose. It is a Sufi tract, nineteen pages long,. 3. A pupil of Fbncb NavSc wrote a large Commentary or. Tils master's sayings, and called it H a fi Asrflr. 4. ‘AimfLJ.ARc BuatrNi, s. gran d so n of Banrla Navar., translated 'Abdul Q iid re Jslarris Arabic tract, Nh&at ?d ' fskO, and wrote a comm c ntary on it. This work end H&ff AtrUr may be doted near the end of the fourteenth century. BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 17 5, Shah Minin Ji,. Sjta’.ii hl 'UsnsEiAt* (d. 1495). one of the BtiS{Ar sains, preached and wrote in Urdu. He is the author of two in taxsting poems which have for their heroine a wry religious* bat perhaps imaginary, girl of seventeen,, called Kfaush or KhushtiDd^ who renooiHES the world and devotes herse]i to obtaining spiritual teaching fri >m MMd J T, The first, 350 lines lung, ls called JCAnsA Mams* and the seen nd which continues the story, the girl asking nuestioixv and Miflg Js fepLysuga is nAaKd fCAu&i I Nag?. It is I4fi lines id length. The author s name occurs four Lirnes in Nam i- Mora important, but less dumping is ff a$i<?ai a a petm of 1,126 lines, notable for a striking pass- age ul \vhdch the author tells why he preached and wrote in Unlu, the Language which all would iinduistaniL A short prose, work S'tiat/t i Margate uf Qwttit, is with good r coso a attributed to him. its Impportaiwe is linguistic- It is the earliest Urdu prose we have except Banda XtLvis r & Jlftr&i td 'AsAiq fk Be is said also to have- written Jai Taraxg and Gtd both in pros& 6r Suae BobbIn [d. 15S2) was the son of BJirau Ji (No, 5)* .Me wrote a considerable quantity of both verse end prose, in. what be called Hindi or GujarT, meaning by the Later term Dakhnj tinged with Gtljrati words and phrases, Ten of his religioun poems are ffiit ; znost of them arc short „ but one, ffujfai ui Ba$a t extends to 1 ,.fi 10 Lines, a nfi one, called /rtASd ASta*, is 5,000 lines long. In this poem he gives, as his father had done in SfaMJat ff&qtwi, his reason!*. lot writing Urdu instead of Persian. Most of Ids metres are Hindi. and his language is full of Hindi, ex- pressions ; hut it is Urdu, not HindL The writers we have considered were religious, men, expressing IJnfi ideas, end writing to instruct tfcetr fblkmttrS ; yet in Shah B urban's pocnas there is- not a little true poetry. He ftfodtxed also several profie works, one of which, JCa&Md tti {!&$££$* is of considerable length. this section we m A y include the following: : 7. Shah Minis: JI EbudIhohI (d. 1659), at one time servant of King "AbdulMh Qti^b Sha h„ whs ffldftCtaMl successor to Amin ud Diu A'lil (Nr*. 8), but died before his 2 IS A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE master. He wrote m 180D a ptom work called .Sj&apA a S/iar/i 2 Tamtedi a translation of, oi commentar y oji f a Persian PtligicraK work* It is important as one of the earliest ficflmpies of Urdu pi use, Tie style in plain, simple and straightforward. One extant MS. of ft wee written m 1603. 6. AmIst LT DiN A r LA the SM) Of Sha.ll Tint- \\Tm (No- 6), was a religions teacher, who, in addition to an ode on his father, wrote MukiM NSm^ or flfatfcm&i mfruti an ode op spiritual love, and n$ SElt&I n s a poem on tl le unity oi God and other sub-jects;. He wrote also a religious poem without a name, some F in Hindi daAr& metres and some mined Persian and Hindi lines. Of his pnm tracts rite most important are Gn/tSr i II i SAak Amin and Gawf i jtfa&Aii. His writings have a teHglotlS rather than a literary vslllft. He is sometimes credited with a large number of short poetic*! romances, collected in .MS. called ~ r 4unfcV w/ A i m r, and with two poems, ffis&te t Qnrbipa and /lisals e VuffHfiya which hove 640 lines between them, 9, Hfiftafr ui an anonymous prose work (pro- bably about 1530)j js an exposition of religious unties. 10, In 1662 j 'AedcllUji wrote A i & Zm jfjr Sa la wfflf , a prose [ raosliit iotn from Persian. It gives rules far prayer and con- tains a compendinm of Hftd&ff tenets. This work has h^en printed a=i part of Shan Malik ' s S&awi L aI Nama (No. 53)- Unring this pel fed there were a few Urdu religious writers an other parts of India, espKfally the V an i ah and GujrsL (Sneh ar e NoS - 1 149 below,} 11, Sheer Farid up Din, Shaeas Gakj fd.1266), was bom near Mu ] tin and died in Pok Pafsn. A few lines of dotlbtEdl ailllieat-dti' are extant which shot? A mixture of Urdu, Panfabi and Persian. 12, Shbeh Eaha ud Diitf BIlAK (d, 1506) was a religion. a teacher, a little of whose writing has comedown to lie. It is in mused Hindi and U rdc * 13, Shah e Ai! JyO of Ateifldlhid, Gujiat (d- 1565), whose full name was Shah 'All Muhammad Jyu Gam Bhsnlj wrote a religious poem called Jazwfiir nl A star AtlaJi i, generally known as his ZtlvSnt, The poem, about BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 19 4J8Q0 lines in length, tells of the poet' 5 . logo for God. The Style is simple Find attractive;, and the Language shows StlOOff Gujeati hiflli*ne£, M- She ua Keiu* Mq^abocad, al&G of Afrmadjar.Id, was a dnci^Se of Shckh Kama! Mu lmm mail whose teachings he set forth ; n K & « :■ £ Terzmg (1578), a poem of muds luiguiatiic importance- The IiKli^ Office cop].- is only 2 $l j-ears Inter, 15, Nfrit NiBrA js an anonyiraqus religious poem of about the same time os ATA fifr JWuua p - If shows Butyahi influence. 16 . Shekjh "Usman ( 1625)- 17 . Sb^KE Jon a id fe 1650). 16. Val! Ram. Ail from the Punjab ; wrote Persian verse with a few Lines of Urdu scattered through it. 19. 'A nnf, 1083; is the author oE /*£$& 1 rf? * wrongly attributed, by Sjprenger to S belch J i y a - l It is in Urdu but with many Panjabi expressions. B. THE FIRST LITERARY PERIOD OF URDU IN THE DECCAN, J5KW730 It is convenient in divide this period into three pftrts, the nis t two running parallel e (lj Literature in Golkuada or ^fcddainbad . connected with the Quit Sbfih .1 COtUt (1590— 16S7) ; {£) Literature in Bijipfir, ecataetfixl with tLm 'Adil 5hlU Court (1590-1666); (3) Literature in the Deccan during the time of Ainraugzeb and his successors (1667- 17m), The greatest pacts of this pfiribd we re the following - GOLKUfpA : Muhammad Qtali Qnlb Shfib, Kifl 2 of Gnl- kuuda (1530-1611) ; Vfljhi (flor B 1600-40) r Gavvnsi (16®); Ibn 1 NfehUi (1655) ; T* 1 '" (WTOJ- BliiffURi Rcsfctml (1649) ; Nia^rati (1650-70); MfrsE (1660). IBS 7-1 730 : VbIT and Siraj, both of Aurangabad. Tlie greatest of these was Vflll. 20 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE The Qu t e Stjaht Pickets 20- Muhammad QuJi Qutb Shzili . 1 M tttta wiiATa OrjLf Qdt? Shut, the fourth king of the Quit Shfihi dynasty, reigned in Geiktntda from 15B0 to 1611. Nine years alter he came to the thro m he founded the city of Urddaflbad and made it his capita]. Scholars and relig ions leaders Hocked to his court* The king Jed the way ip learning and poetry 5 he was a prolific writer i» hath Persian and Daktml. HLs works were collected shortly after his death by his nephew and Su c oc sso r, Muhammad Qutb Sh3h A beautiful copy * consisting of nearly I , S QC 1 pages with, about 100,0(30 lines,, was made in IflIG, only £vc years after the author's death, and Still exists. This royal poet is possibly, eyfta probably, the first literary writer of Urdu. Previous writer had written for the purpose of hmruction but his works are purely literary. He deals with a great variety oE subjects ; indeed, breadth of mind and width of interest are Iris most notable characteristics. He waa the first Urdu author to wr he odes, lyrics* romances and real elegies. His religicas poems are numerous and good, though conventional. Bis love poems are truly Indian in style*, not Persian. In addition to the usual subjects beloved of Persian poets and their Urdu followers, he entered into matters of everyday life, describing Hindu and Muhammadan feasts and festivals, celebrations of birthdays and marriages, the customs prevailing hi the country, life in bis own royal palace., oven fruits and vegetables* bird s and fiowers — in short, ho mighi have said with Terence, Ramm f niAH & wf aHesum pn£&. The only la:cr Urdu paces who compare with him in this respect arc Saudi and Na^n* ; they •tire interior to him in description of nature, while ha fe superior to Ns&Ir in his sympathetic account of Hindu life, wh kin. Saudfi did not touch- It is astonishing that the firsE poet should have been so weil-e quip peck 1 Ths munHof the iuctf& hnoectaat mJtatt In the pogw v? h i-'-'n iMOw nxt printer. in Iwftvfcr type tbflXL 5lJC Qttrewj e.gi Xos. 20*. 24 p titc. BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 21 Aw??! &y Jkfufimunad J Qutl Qm£ 6 Sft ni.y I- THE LITTLE PARK GIRL L Mine ryes h»W JSCU a UttJs fflri'K dark to* and have become forgetful of nil else. 2. Thy repress f ott n ram-si unit raqnel tishEy Ail) I Eghis appear to tnv Lik* m 'ion- tr i ya Eftir. 3. SuiEt as tba wind 3iesr Iwcrii siiiTOUDtl fit/ w afe t , t"i j :vt golden ivni- 1 *|;cd shines Lii zc sun and mean. 4- No ittXJfl£T that Tier mrliinrt^ conquers hh, Live Tight ■: ;E birth and heaven ; VriiO kOtraft it □ :it ? 5. Thy a bit lilt: drear affrights me from afar \ I low can she know bw tiome Is in my heart ? II. MY BIRTHDAY i the prayer ol 1 lie Prophet IVe now f<-Ad id iuy birthday eaten tb* druips BQundhw: M the good n n«a. 2. I have drunk at the hand of Muhammad sweet wtctnr ; God l h H-it Eure had mode me the crown over kings, 3. The Bole Star, my pan at star, is iwUcf tii»Ti all, My eaaevpy oclpnnxi expands in the slcy. 4. The snq and the moon, eoth are eftatfiiBg T Ekts u yen bo. Li With sky fur aTtua and. tambourines' tfirtlDCl, -“i. There Jupiter dances to honour my birthday,, WM» VflOl® IK -aba nil ns n. victory SOW-. 6, My f;'.i rd * □ h throK t-a- e r fl □ Wf r. c; -with fafrhdess, And FtirnHMB Frail every bCHJLY cf the day. 7, My eoeufieB all te Qsic place God has gathered And wtabe? fa tum them like xnCAaUH in fire. 8s Fulfill, 0 my God , *11 rny bo-pe-s- eipeutatiju, As Tbon gfiaildcaesft the earth With tbo soft rain Cit pc SCO. 9, The Favour oE God bra hrouKtrt me ray bfctlri ay. Give time ttwata to Him far thy birthday now mACbefl. 10, Throu-ffh prayers cf the p ri e:-*i ray kiiigd-Otn Llartds I i_t c'ui y , God gives me to drink til flu water Ol life, SIS- LIFE IN A LOVE 1. With n lit 1 1 ie loved dim wififi cianot be d r U t k , Nor withunt her ono i&sraeat life he Itad, 2. They tiki 3 ' SbOW patience absent from your Save ! ; TfllB can be raid, but surely nut be jlkrae. 3. Ttoe man who kuoivs oot km is mordliCBi Never with finch S *38 bold Bpeecb GT sit- 4 . I am distracted, prive me no advice. Never to inch "as I a mama;] g lire c. . 22 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 21. FIkoZj a poet wheat works are net extanL Vajba in the prologue to Quit M us&f&rt says ha was a great poet and an a ti thority on Urdu poetry. Ibn i Mishap called him a ‘master/ 22 . Saw id Ma ^eocO d 3 too, is known to its only through Ilia bcmii ttic □ done d by Vajhl and Jt?n i N Ls h.A tl . the latter of whom ref™ to his good poet icaJ taste. 23- ApM) D&kht 3 a poet at the court of yuli yulh Shaba is Baid to have written m 3L0QQ a romance called £# il&ffldjftBn of which 2 ,0 00 line a arc extant- So thing h Wrwfl about U tn. bu£ he is favourably ment Soiled by Ibn i Nishoti. 24, Vnjbi. VajhI is the Eotilor of Qm$ J&ti$k£ar& [1609)* a poem referred to ns fmemyrnous And mmoles on p, 64 of the t otlin O^icc Catalogue f t 'S 5L romantic fairy story rcEafc- ing the adventures of the prince who aftarWMds became King of Goikupda. (See No* 20 above) He dreamt of an unknown princess, fell in love vfth her acid tel; ont in search of her- Finally he fount! her and married her. This remarkable poem is thoroughly Indian, The Urdu is good, the tfesci iption bright varied and saJuxaL His thoughts and language are original* and he must rank as one of the truest and greatest fleets in Urdu- It cantaiufi a number of simple lyrics. In 1634 he wrote an irupurtont prose religion s story tailed Sat Has, modelled as regards style upon Jdhun s Persian preface to A Ifiima I. N o- 43); the prose is both rhythmical and rhymed j yet it is simple and Sowing. It is p r □ bib E v a translatiuEi ol a Persian work by V A] in ud Dsn GujratL Sufi teachings ere presenteil in naftatlve form. It is the first literary prose in the language. The story run 5 right through, but is spoilt hy constant senuon- i&ing. All the ebaracters have alEegorical names Fmeh as Beauty, Heart, Lave And Faithfulness. Vajha was Poet Laureate during the reign of QrulT Outb Shi.li, and in the prologue to hhi poetri he sarirised his contemporaries, ci-pedaS’-y GavvasI ; but 30 years later when he wrote SaS Sas "times bad changed 'Abdullah. Qu|b Shah was then king and Gavva^f was the favourite pdce- BEGINNINGS OF UR mi LITERATURE, ?1: P9A Mi z'rp ns Vapii 's " Quito Mmhi&rt " i. TH B DAWN Of DOVE lr OB earth Eh* appeared aor in beav-cQ, The prince recked of naught but fcbc maid ; 2. ait war, restless In BunibcclGsa tt-ayi Nor in wiKda c du VI She matter on Col ij, 3. Nor ytf rauld fill LlLdereLltrl, DiiLy he upon, whom *Jt had passed. 4. ill tiles smle he remained night plcj' 1 ctay. With MmsclE aJjuc hail Ihe Spefidh . 5i The elmriiwr absorbed all tils ^bought, Ltkfi MBlKf attracting the grass.." 6l He amtSR, bl£ ABOIL TOtift aM slept, Pur the Tnaii wa>. ftec only in drudra r 7. jf the friend fcOmei this La n. cl ream , TJkd the lover wauls uuLijiug but ahsep. 6. RewaJderHi, dJbUmffd sal pettmtiid— Mo peiwfr all the flay, save in sleep. 9. Nat openly can U te tell, To wbg m -Win I trust this ray pe ? 10- Os tay aOndi Tin a. ttittutg ua surge, For my dream fnefifl coy thirst baa aroused, H. A WINE FEAST The toni c£ ndohUiS Sat vpfcii him tbctf t, Ami every yo^th mi biutf+wnw, to to see, Anil winsome evur y errie wllh yotittftll Cl -ziiui ‘ In war as unafraid as grear King Jam, Id bfwmy Tint Rijttara's sell more brave. and siegers, elegant add Whe, ia ob$ place trootlnr w Ltti tbs King, Goblet aod pfictaer- taEine So their hood The zoJJTtieia one zirr.l all Mgtffbft Lu talk ' And whins. ?b€ ringers i byt b mica I fy sAUgr, The sarth wwa tCCIBhlbg with the jovial sKriiBd., Upon Shera, as they saag in that wild, vaato, A fisoay passed through onannictL desire; And they Ibn-t served file King in mLnisCjeEay Were lidding meludy to fiHAOdy. Thi rimrera eotertag bb nmrrmaA Would presently ruake erven motirtterfi gay. With wine and pDtLbei, snltcd Eniila aocS clip. laluxinted all th* gWtB became. When tall th* Flight was cmr* arkl m VI ui^liC lOYAntal Remit tit sueuu -A-ece Erifinfla With SWDB wfar*- 12. Court: era rtmoiObWCd Q.Ot bow tn CDmrurSe And singers tlioir suiro«p:bn^ h-et-ded nijtr 24 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 25, GmtmI# ^ A.VVA si whs in later life attached to the Court. He is the author of two works. The first ls a r oi n .hh-cc called ^fA # Sflatf «/ Afivtii'A a Bad I * jtf 7a *« a/, 14, 000 Lines long,, which tells of the love of the Egyptian prince, Sait nl ftfulufc, for b Chinese princess ; h is a Dakhpl version of a story La the Persian Ar&iian NigAis, DiEcrarit MS., copies give the date as 1616, 1618 Find 1624, Thcs is a great favourite and has been translated into several Indian languages. Frotn the pteface we I«m that the author was very poor ; tie was also very conceited and thought little of the merits of other poets. When lie wrote I Hs second work, nearly 20 years later, be was evidently poplar nnd well oft, He was a good poet, hut not equal to has co ntetaporariss, Vajbl and Ihn 5 Nish3.iL He wrote much better hi Che days of tils poverty than he did afterwaide when fortune smiled upon him. His oilier poem is a romance, jneff Noma, the tales of a parrot, a poetical tampion of !5iy8. ud Die's Person work of the same fiance, which is itself bleed, upon a Sanskrit original. It was, written in 1635. Before beginning the poem proper the pact writes a long ede In praise of his master " Abdullah (Mb Shah. 26. MraiKKAn Owth Shah, Kill Uliah, reigned in Haidarib M (181 1-24).. He collected his predece as o rs poetiy and wrote a poetical preface. In ap. extant MS. of hi? works there are many notes in hk own handwriting giving useful i m to rmati a p about other poets and their writings He wue mow learned than his unde, hut his pee try 3 though not without charm., is a good deal inferior. 27. AjiijUT-lIh 011™ Shah was E lag of Ha id a rab ed (1624-72)* His poems, along with those of the poet just nKntfoned. (No. 26), were collected in 1667. The MSI is in Haichrabi^i hut has not been printed, During his long reign, Urdu poetry flourished in KaidaraMd , We are well informed about It because wc hav* the Ocntcmporary history, Hd/f I Qirf. m S&E&iliH , by h:s own historian Nizam nd Dm Ahmad. 28, Qctt* wflfl- the author of frtf N&friA (1637), aa unlmpnrtnnc pcem Containing over 1 ,560 lines; it is el translation of s Persian religions work by Sbekh Yusuf of Delhi, The metre and rhyme Eire the same as in die BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 25 Persian, find the translation follows the original line by Une, Quthl lived urSObad, «od must be distinguished from the Qu|M who wrote T era A over a hundred years later. The second. Qutb] w ag 3 . dE sc Epic of Jan Jin In. Mas bar- ■ ■ 29- Mpnrjul is- a. poet of whom nex t to nothii^ is known- fn a mediocre original poem which has CErtne down to ns bo mentions his being ft friend of Saw (Now 25) which suggests that be loo tdotued to Haidar ahad. He w r 0 te a. romance ca Lied £ La w da r oadu a £■ Ma&yHr. Carrflarbadnn Is a I-JL>dn princess who refuses an offer of marriage frnm b Muhammadan named M fib y ai r but on his death from a broken heart rciiiXinccs her i^ligiort find dies, Thav are baried. together, The st&ry resembles that of Mil's Stmfo * [No,, ml 3th 'ALi Akuak Abu ad Jot-uoI of the Qnfcb Shahi court lived in the time oi 'AMrllih Qnfcb Shall {1^+-72) P ;i n rl composed in ]f>54 a romance entitled Mati Paikar. 31, Lbii 1 NSflhati- I E(J 1 NlSfiA'JI wrote in 1035 jRS ffif- Asn, a romance, 3^503 lines Ed length, From both the literary :.ucl the historioaS stflndixtfflt it :s of great value. Althongh in the main it is ft tramlackji of a Persian work, writ ten ehi.dn.ff tha reign oE Muhammad JugJiiq id the early part of the FuaitccnLh century by Ahmad ZubaifE., it is ri. living picture of the life of the beginning of £he seventeenth century. Like other itmrnjaom of the time it begins with praise to God and the saint a ■ after exalting the vEirtoes of the king it goes Oft to tell of social festivities. When the story is completed the author Laments the death of some of his poet predecessors- In the epilogue, written years Inter and historically valuable, he tells MS that he had written prose (none of it is extant mnv), hut. save tliat this is his fast attempt at poetry We learn that hi a poem brought him much popularity. The illustrated MS. in the fndE^ORk-e w £5 prey’d at the order of a well-to-do lady in Sidliob There appears to be no ground for saying; that he wrote a Till! Nfima or that lie ever used the name,. "Avars. 3 He had quite a modest e st, i mate of his own ability- is aupciior to Nusrati's work (see No, 45) in the aimplicfty and dueaey of its language, but inferior io tbnngLLt and narrative. 26 A HISTORY QF URDU LITERATURE It is One of the best romances of the Quth Shlbi age, Some say that the author was 9 Shi "a, 32, UIkah Y a q u b in 1G68, or a little later, translated Stemfiii wl A/qw! a 10fl£ work by Khlja E urban ud Din of AunangSltaW* The style is simple ftnd attractive. 33. TaM. Tab' I of GolkBOjfc who Lived during the reigns ot the last two kings of HaklarSbad, wrote a fine romance called Qi&a c Ba Jutim e Gul And am. It was written in 16 7Q i the pzeLauc was dedicated to StiSh R & j u , a contem- porary saint- The romance is based upon NijAmls Hk/t Ptoikar; it was written in forty days. Tab'i had a great reverence for Vajbi who appeared to him in a dream and praised hts work. He regarded Vajhi as his poetical master and followed him. His poem shows much original l ty and is of higher merit thra Ike two versions of the theme produced by Amin and Danin*, known as BaRxSm 0 &&tn Nnntr 0ff«r 4Sp 46.) Tab'i s poem, which is nearly 2,700 lines Iodg, is divided into abdinas el eijuftl length- It contains an ex lc 1 J en t ode on KhSin Banda Navas 34- AeuY pAaiw Tama Shah was King of Hak^Sbld from 1672 down to 1687 when Aniangzeb dethroned and imprisoned him. It is certain that he was e poet like the three kings before him, hut his work is not extant. It was probably destroyed during his imprisonment ; only a lew lines are now known- 35, 36f Nurd. Two men of this name are sometimes confused. One, a friend of la iz : in the time of Akbar. occasionally wrote half couplets hi Urdu. ; the other „ No- 3 6 „ who wns a omitier oE the king just mentioned, was probably the Nnri known to have been a fnmons elegy, writer. Some say that thu earEsaff Nun also wrote elegies and that in Idler life he inode Bajapur his hmne P 37- MU0AMMAH Aids 'wrote an mfwi ashed po&m, 1,200 lanes long, called Q igra $ ASu SMfimti, a story about the son ol the Kh alifa "Utor bin Khajjah. The author was a mere hoy at the time. He lived apparently in or near Haidar £ had binder 'AMullaJi Qu|b Shah- “ (Nu. 27.) 38- Abu'l Q*sm Mjsza was a servant of Tan? Shah. Aster his patron was taken captive and Arthrorrfd by BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 27 Attraagseb in 1697 Mkzi retired to "Abdullah Ganj near the capital, Ibed there as a and there died Ha poems are not extant, He fe the aut hor of n romance, J-awtf Afow Cdnubtfu]), transkted from Persian, and of an elegy, in which he relates the story of the lighting of Hatiff, the son of ‘All | with Yaiid and his fol lowers,. 30. ShAk Qrrri &E.&R Sha er F a native of BhavtiagEr, was a go o d elegy writer who lived in Haidarabad in the time of Tana Shah. One short elegy m partionSar35 r good. He wrote also odes and lyrics. Wc may pat his date at 1680, He was a Cfilirt poet and everyone was fond of him* 40, FIjz belonged to Go] kunda, In 1663 he wrote a romance, 1,700 lines long, called /E? f Sfsah s» fifth Ah^ in wbach be tnjd the story of the love of Rizvan Shah, prince oi ChiiHs for Rub Atza, a Jinn princess. Lite mant other works of the time it jg a translation from Persian* He was a. very modest man and wrote not for gain, or reward, bit bccansft ho felt compelled to do ao. The British Mas e : Jin MS. has a pathetic Interest It belonged to Major M. W- C a it,. Madras Staff Corps, who was a beat to edit it when he was drowned (January 13, 1871). Fari used many Arabic and Persian words and con s Era c t l on if . In this he resembled ValT (N:j r 75) fatter t han earher Dlkhni writers, We aw thus enabled to put a date to the beginning of the Pereian- IsLng tendency. 4 L SmjTra (c. 16SD) was another pwt of the time oE Tina Shah. 42, Lat^F En 1684 wrote a long poem of little merit, railed Zh fa r A™, about as tong as P&raditt L& ff. It describes the wars of Ii an i i Its interest m rckgicus, Tun 'Aml SiiAiai Poets i'X Another royal pact was Jkkahejis j AbiL Shah II, King of Bijip’jr ( 1 SSO -1626), who in 1599 founded nrar has capital a garden dty p giving :t the mine of NauraSpim This was intended to be- a great religious and literary centre. Shortly afterwards the king wit: t e a poem on music called ftfewras to which the Persian writer, giihfiri, wrote a preface. The noetn was in D&khnJ, and Hindi metres A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE were employed throughout. In this kind's reign mariy poets and scholars came from GujraL 44, Atjset, a Persian poet (fior. 1620) wrote SCMM Urdu, poetry t not now extant, bit popular in its d a y\. 45. Axio was the author of an incomplete romance, SfiAt 1 Ji*w JIbeE Jf hLH (about 1620), which was finished in 1629 by Daalat Shah (No. 46)* It tells in smooth gad easy language the exploits of Bahrain Go r, the Persian king,, while in the Land of the Jinnt, and of his marrying R&nti Husn, the daughter o£ the king of the country. The story is much Eked, and has been told several, times. 46. DaulaT SsAUa a Persian poet who lotted y wrote in, Urdu, As has just bfi*n mentioned he completed Amin's poem in 1639. 47. Malik KmHmrfiD lived m the time of Muhammad 'Adil Shah, whose Peel Lacerate he was. He wrote two romances in a crabbed wd awkvjard style. One, named B&tiram, oo&taifllev 6*500 lines, is in the style of Khusrai^ HmJrf SiMiAL The British Museum Cataloflue wrongly calls the author Muhammad Shrill, The other, Yiifuf- Ztri eJbi Ig p is abo adapted from jChusrai:. In 1635 he was sent m mo a m T xls r a rl o r to GolLiirHla. 48, ftuBtumi. K AMAi. Rraiumi was the son of Khattat Khan, sscretaiy to the royal court of Bljapur, In X64Q he completed a long romance called K&fi aar A ? duia, more than twice as long as 5Tls Hi?,' g md Book, It relate s the atory oi "AIl, and was written at the request o£ the princess KhadJja, a person of great importance in tbe literary world of the time. She was the sister of 'AbdullSh Qu Lb Shah (No. 27) and wife of Muhammad Adi- Shah, who was King of Eijapur (lfi26-5fi). This poet is calk-d Ruatunil by Ethe and iSiumhsrdt, an4 Rasmi by Garcin de T 'as r y , On metrical grounds the latter name must be wrong* His work has consideiable value* for :t Is the first epic to Urdu, and north India has no Urdu epic poetry, apart from elegies. The poem* which is a incision of a Persian work is in simple ajrf flowing language. He was also a good prose-writer, 49, Nuu-raK. No SEAT! wlS a poet who flcrorEshcd in the court of "All Adi! Shfth ( 1656-73 K He wrote three romances. G-kMbr t c M(r (1657), 8,000 lines k.ng, resembles Kllusk- BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE £9 nud's JBahrSm fifteen or twenty years earlier. It does not rank high as poetry, Jric was urged to write it because of the paucity of Dak Lin i romances on the Pftrfli&n model. It describes the mciual Love of Prince Manohfli and M :i dl.i 11- nialatl, 'Ail NStna, composed some year* later, is a long' account of the glorious deeds of his royal mute ft It is sapeoor to every other poem preduoed in Bfllpfir. It tells the history of Ali pa Adi dil Shah reign for ten years. CW56-6G) and is the first biography £li the langaaei Scattered through it arc fine odes, mostly on military subjects, which place the authors name high atnoo g Urdu ode writers. He writes powtrf nil? with more description and leas panegyric man me poets cu noun inu*u ^31 earlier work, Mi r&j JVoms, written during the reign of Mubarumad 'Add Shah, contains ninny n:ora Dakhnt expressions than the others and is more difficult to under- stand Son>e of his critics objected to the local worths employed in iz; hut he replied, 'A customer is concerned with getting a goed bargain,, not with the ceiling and roof of the shop.' It is said that to *Afi NSffi& WiS composed to show that be could, when he liked, write in another style, lie left (dso a collection o£ odea, and ope of lyrics known as Gvtditota f A IsA$. Nuffatl e* celled in power of imagination, freshness of subjects, and m the fitness of his words to ex- press lvis thoughts : he was good, at :m proit p t u composition and in humorous verses- He died at an advanced age in the year 1683, His 'Ah N&mtz is his best work and it is very important- Upon it he eatpMded his full strength and through it he conferred immortality upon his hero P the king. 50 .. Mir^a. Mirjua (1060) lived in the time of L AIi ' A l! i 1 then the poets of north India. An Shah (MS (5-73) and wrote soiree good elegies He never wrote enDJtniums on kings Or nobles, but he is the anther of verses in honocr o£ Muhammadan saints. 51- Shah Malik wrote in 1666 SA&ri *ai NS ns, a relig- ions poem, 508 lines long, containing detail* of obasnaicwse incumbent upon pious Muslims. It includes A&i&n hj $alEl ol so feu ad as a separate MS. The St y! le is simple, 52, Seva of GalbargA, who lived in Bijapur, wrote or translated in 1680 a on 13 act inn of elegies with the title 30 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE U5& SAsdiada. Tic set an example to ether ItaUud poets 3 and trimalfltkHiS of this work became fashionable. He wrote also QtiHttn f /f m m which rules for prayer are given* a 53. c Aed "L Moaa IK WOMEN lived fa Mysore hut was connected with Eijapur. In Jf>S3 he wrote a large book,, AsrEr i l IiAg 9 a copy of which still eKSiB* In this he related the life and miracles of Say y id Muhammad JauapUrL 54* MiRAE HABmm (d. 1697) was the spiritual disciple of Shah Hsishinfi from whom he derived his Second name. In I6S7 he qpcnapoaedl a long romance of 1 2 fiQ 0 lines called Y Esi*I-ZttfckA&. On the strength of the speeches attributed to Zulc^ha he has been called the first writer of rehktl (pp. 42, 54), but this is not correc t , for when a woman is re- presented ns speaking in h way natural to her se* her words arc not QQQMdi&ted to be reifctL Fompilia in Tke JSing ami t&t jRwi does not sjneok English rc ^ht l. He Left algo a collection of 0<3e% elegies and lyrics,, which is not extant, and a translation of !&$&$ h/ Qiicr^ 55.. 3 it ah Muhammad Qade! :i known aJsn ns NSf E Daryi 'becanso in 1673 successor to Amin tad I>in A "la (No. S), He was the author of seme press tracts ccrntairi log 5&E doctrines. Uebu Litehatubb in mb Dhccak Under the Mujsaijs (1687-1730) Two men bearing die name* "Afi^ viz. Mnl^inmad "Aii s A;iz (No. 56) and ‘Arif ud Dip, ‘Ajlz {No, 67) have Scime- thnes been confused, 56, Musunus 'Ali l Ajtz was the earlier writer ; hfe style is simply direct and forceful- He is author of a romance called £3| iff# t Firm $Ai lA or t' Mb(£J&q i (1688 or earlier), 800 lines 1 on g Y which deals with the story of the wife of Faros Shah, King of Egypt ft is not known to what part of the country Aiiz belonged, but be was alive when Aurangacb conquered tli-e country in 1606 or 1687- (See p, 16 v) 57, ValI Uulfi QjUffii, at the suggest lop of his f Ether, BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 31 t y a nsl ate d Marifat s" SuMk from. the Persian original, The date is. leas, 58. SrTRKR Dadd Sa'ifI was ;i learned SuEi who left two poems Line, a romance In the India Office Library, is without <±l te or titte (720 lines long)? it tells the story of a woman who burnt herself alive because of her love for MubAmeiad. Hindi words abound in iL The cither is ff irf&yi; i i I/in & (1639), a long work on the beliefs of the Hanafi sect, SB. B eg aka flourished during Anran^zeb's time. We know only that he was a Berrtut of t he emperor ft nr; visited Delhi, 60- Shah Husain 2.VLnI, ' IJahr ul 1 Irfan/ wrote in 16U7 a poetical version oE Vajhi's Sad P&s (see No, 24), whicli he called w/ 'Asftiefn or ffum a DtL but it is much inferior to tlie prose original- lie lett a”so ft number of other poems whicli have beefi kwt, hut KS5- of three works, a eulogy of 'Abd ul 23d ir an FicoDunt of the wel 1 -k no w n Suri, Mansur, have been preserved. 61, A bi ! N in 1697 OMiposed ft Ions poem which wa£ a reLeUing of the ever popular V tern i- Zit i cA M. mistakenly cUited IfiOCLl by Gftfdn de Ttasfltf, He as not the same ns Mluhatnntad Amin (737} or Amin (45)- 62, Qisji Majimub BaheI was a prolific writer of Su.fi views, who flourished c. 16&J--17QO- Ho belonged to a vxliuge,. Gogi, near Nusratabed* but went to Bijapur in ltiS4 and to Ha:<larabad two years later. On One of his journeys he was attacked by robbers who deployed oil hls> writings In 1700 however be wrote ?'i romance called Mem Lpi rav which te baen printed. It onntainad so numy difficult words that a glossary wue prepared shortly after the work itself- It is now exit of prinL He loft also fourteen love poems, four elegies, two odes, and a mystical ode called JjStf jf& d JVUff MZ . 63 . Moolah had Fawa^ Val! of VelSr (Vs! fore) is tn be datm^uished from his more famous contemporary and name- sake of Aura^fthid (No, 75), His time of activity is 1690- 1 707, He was the author of a romance, Oif-sa £ J Gn/a & Pad?? z, S,0d0 lines: a o i :i£ a based on Muhammad Jaial's Pit a M ^ 32 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE which has been attributed to the other VaU, and of a cdlectibE of elegies, about 1Q/KK) lines in all. called itsk SfatAadS* 1707- His authorship of a s-hcrt poem of 100 lines known ag Mntfdj&l [s doubtful @4 arid 0fi B M ,\h ?. t B hg q£ Bijapur p a n d FatchrL a pupil of lli o Vah just mentioned,. were friends who wrote in the end of the seventeenth oentUiy- 6S. A eh ad GdjuStE WAS a teamed elegy writer in Aorangzcbs time. He knew Hindi Per sj an t Arabic: and Sanskrit. 67. 1 AlB f cm DSn s Ajiz, a modi mere Artificial writer than his namesake (No. 56 ) ; was the Anther oi a romance tutmed ? /-iif rVujY A-U-.K and of other extant poems. The poem written by the other ‘Ajiz has teen attributed to him, but the etf^Ekt for ward style in which it is written is & strong axprunflut for believing that the earlier author wrote lt- ' Arif uo Dio was burn in north India. His father cam from EalkJl in the time of Aurangzeh, 1659^1707* He soon died, sand ".he future poet was brought up by the second son of A sal J£h a the first of Hrddnyabarl, whwe dynasty is still On the throne. He went with has benefarior to AuraneKfcM and was given a salary an^dienft for Ms simple wants? SB. Abu TAU.it TaLIB was a Uaidarabad pout who visited Delhi and lived there for some time. His date 5& the last decade of die seventeenth century. 69. Saba! of Ahraadabad (flor, c, 1695) has. been com- pared in style with Nasir of A-sra. 70. Shah Bis UllSh Mdjkimj in 1702 told tactically the story of Vajhfg SM Aki a entitling it Gais&m a Hum z Dii; as a poem it is mediceie, bat it ha? the merit of brevity end simplicity., 71.. 'laAQi wes another poet of that time, 72. FAQ is UlLAU AiALs a cjateBiporary of Vail Aurang- ihadl (No. 75) P wrote with much pathos, This, was the result of a disappointment in love which led to his wander- ing restlessly tit be reached Delhi. Little is known of his writings, 72.. M a h i ■; u b ' Ai_a. 1 i, known as Shckh Jlvan (flor. elr-c. 1720) wi'Qla several rpriemR ? the chief of which arc Dard BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 33 5,500 Sines in length, find an elegy on the. death of Muhammad. In ft* latter the speakers are ‘Ai^-m and Fatima. Qt 1 jers doubtfully attributed to him ate Jkfo&sJktr ftfSjM&t lijiz'al? AJ&ma and Dajigz JYam^ He. was araligioiis writer, probably a DahtmL 7L VAjni (about 1710) wrote a long romances & £ 'As&itfffi, based on* Of cidapied from, Farid ud EJsn ’Avar's Persian work KA usr&it The romance is eriio^ but owing: to some conhiBLoo between this Vfijdi and another who lived a cent n nr earlier, the antht^shto ls not beyond doubt. 75- ValL Shams ud Den Vai.i Ullah (1607-1 74 j) is one of the greatest names in Urdu literuture. He wag bora and brought Up in the Deccan. His act n aJ birthplace was AuranglMd sad he Is often referred to as VaJI Aur-mg- abiidjj a pome which dMinguishcs. hun from. VaEi Velnri or DakhnI (No. 63.L Little or nothing is known of hh hi Truly, but he is snppcsed by soma to have been desoeoded from Gujrst An re St on*, and possibly connected w i tl i the inmous saint Vajih. tjk! Din. When lie was about !!u he went to Gujrfit to complete his education, and he always rci Lined a wSirffi Affection for the country, particularly for Surat, as hEs poetr. in praise of that town shows. While be was study iner in. Gujrat 3*e became very much attacked to a Sayyid cal Led Abel Ms alt, with whom is travelled to Delbs, perhaps in 1700. There be pbioed himself under thus spiritual direction of SaVl U 1 3 ah GuIaErn tu waom be showed his versts. He- must already have written a considerable amount of Ltekhni vurac, for he lived among: Dakhui poets with a long; line of nearly a hundred Da. k h m posts behind him-, whose works must have been familiar to hire, bat now probably Itte teacher, eeeing how esoellejd Iris Dakb-m verses were, advised him to give up Persian altogether.. We arc not quite sure of the sequence of events or of i udiyidual ckt es. Ho no doubt recited his IT r du poems before the poets of Delhi. These mea whose veritaoulnr was Urdu weiE waiting pi x? S r y solely in Persian, unaware ol the fact tlint for nearly 400 years prose and verse bad born written in Urdu ; but they were LuimenscEy impressed by- the fadlitv with which ValE expressed bis thoughts in that 3 3* A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE language- His verses became sc popular that people began to sing them in r.l i c bazaar acid he was everywhere received with honour, Vails visit to DftlM created a revolution in the poetry of north India, After a time be revisited bis native land, tut returned again an 1722 to Delhi a city of which he was very fond. This time he took with ban all his poems and his triumph ms complete. He died in Ahmadabad in 174L Vail’s writings may be divided HjLgnisticftUy into three aecti on s, vee, part Dithni about a third of the whole ] ordinary Urdu but with, many D&khm words; pure Urdu, His lyrics number 422 and take up about three quarters oE his collection; he wrote six odes dadiflg with religious subjects or ealcgisine 1 saints r two mafriOTfet one being la praise of Shrat; and a number of poems in other styles. He wrote no long poems T anti he neve? wrote c □ c-o m :urd £■ on earthly -rank or greatntss, One poem tiaditkiuHlly attributed to him 7 D&?/ Maflis or Hawaii! n$fi S&uAadS^ is by the other Vail (No, 63)- His style, was simple and dignified, sometimes rising to reai eloquence i he was essentially a leligious man of a mystical east oE thought, and his writings present a vivid picture of the life of the time. He ranks probably in the first half-dozen Urdu poets, and ltis hn porta aafc as being the man. who induced the Delhi iicets to write in their native language can hardly be over-rsted. In the day & when the wealth of early Daklinl poetry was not known, he received the title of Raia e R ekhty . , Father of Urdu! \ and so ini as his rebdunship to Delhi is concerned be almost deserves it. Valis Yqungutr Cofxbmtorajues in the Deccan The early Usecan period of Urdu ends approximately when the Delhi period begins (between 1735 find 1740) but in speaking oi Dakhnf poets we must for the soke o£ convenience include Home who were still writing when Urdu poetry began in Delhi. E2tfl«i on the death of IrEafian, kiusain and their families are an important feature of Urdu poetry ; they began En the Deccan, and Qull Qu|b Shlh (No, 20) was the first Elegy BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 35 writer- His example was followed by others, especially in Bijapur, where most of the tmee were Shiahs find therefore encottrfiged roargiya writing. A vahudble MS. in Edinburgh University Library aim tains 230 elegies by Hashim “All and 289 by sixty-three other Oak an l authors, some of whom arc not mentioned so any extant book or MB- elsewhere. It shows the existence of a school of elegy writers of no little merit- They an, it >s true* limited in their outlcoki as they confine themselves to one or two incidents as the Karbala story and avoid all embeUhdnriunt of the narrative. Their date h tile first half of the eighteenth century. The best are giv e n below- 76 . Hlsmif "AlI (e. 1680 - 1760 ) probably of Gujrat P ls the author of a large ooMectzun of elegies er.tidecl Dit^n s' N jtsaz'jzr. He lived in Bn rh at: par during the years 1721 - 46 , Intenul emtawe shows that the date given In the MS- just referred to is wming, He w*S a writer of considerable power. Some have confused him with Mirgfl HMrinn of Blfapnr, who died in 1697 (No. 54 ), Other writers, whose elegies are found in the MS. are: 77. Imam! ; eight elegies, under 2Q0 lines in all, showing picturesott-s, dramatic effects. 76 - Raia of Guj rat, a good poet and famous teocher p who writes with great force.: fifteen elegies, 72 GJiiie&. 75 ?. Sawed of Gujrat, also a vigorous writer; eight DakhnI and two Persian elcgics- Sl>- fgULAsEi of Gujisifc ; seventeen elegies, 760 lines i a strongly imaginative and powerful writer who introduced Interesting dialogues into Us elegies^ perhaps the only old author to do »; he had a good use of Iiognsft BL Qians (about 1 73 fi) ; seventeen elegies, 616 lines ; he belonged to the Uczom. probably H ai da: a b ail and seems to have died before 1749 - He wrote with pathos and feeling. Si. YafIm Abmao of Bnrhanpur, sometimes wrongly ■called Sul&m Ahmad,. left seven short elegies of m average length of under 50 lines* The best is the fifth in which Husain's wife describes die death of their one year old child Asgar "AIL 63 . Sayyid Ahh rA f Asau* ( 1713 ) is a very fair poet. A MS* has been discovered whifih contains a ru mature 36 A HIST-DRY OF URDU LITERATURE tlMLSlated hy hilB in 1713, entitled /aasj sVuma ? an accou dt of the victories of ‘AIL It is 1,612 ]mm long. Thirteen of IiLr elegies are found in the Mmburgb MS, 64. Mg'taeih Kcwr "Ukr (c, 1730), k papil of VaW Daithnl {No. 63), was an elegy writer Some of whose eleg ies are in the MS. just mentioned BS. Sawed MuilAxxAn Valih Is the author of a tragic romance called Qiffn £ Titiib & M &A an i , a poetical version of a sttsrp said to have been related by an old Brahman from the K i a tam . The date is probably about 1720, 66- SEraj, Serai ud D!w (1714-53) was tbs greatest of the poets who clustered round Vail An ran gab ad I (No. 75). He belonged to Aiirarar-iLUrul where he was educated. At. that time the town was full of life and ga it ± y . An rang act? had spent his last days there and it wlffi the home of many writers and scholars. Siraj was odiMffiledged as a fitting successor to Vail, and the people who gathered week by week for the poetical meetings held in £lS house SfliJ that they were enjoying the fruit of Vails plants which had been tended and wfttflred by Siraj. He belonged to the CidUI Sect and w m& even more at a mystic than Veil. First he wrote in Pfcrsinn, but he gave it up for Urdu. His Dlvipz eoiitaiflji about 10 p 000 lines,, mane Lip chiefly of lyrics and romanceSr His second volume was called his and in addition to these he wrote a romance eutrtlecl Jhit&n £ /iAuvaL His poetry is character igod by freshness of subject and loftiness r>f thought, while his language is a source of astoniftlirtient On account of Its resemblance to the Urdu of to- day. Sails in particular found Spiritnal food in his writings. One of his romances under the guise of a story about a rose and a nightingale discusses the attainment o: divine knowledge, He became fauji-jntf during hEs lifetime and aitrEctcd many pupils. 67. fjUT.JsM Qa in h Saxi (1595-1732) was a popular poet with a considerable imputation. He was much esteemed as a teacher of poetics and used to go on tour to ineet his pupilsv His chief work is a long romance,, Qipa e S&rv S&mskad, which is e ho u : 3 fMXH j lines in LcnsttL His writings, though mil of similes and allusions, are simple, clcganc and dear- He was brought up In Aurangabad and died there. BEGINNINGS OF URDU LITERATURE 37 oA Saweb Muea^'had is the author of a romance called t a iq i ‘An* w f i. ten in 172 7, ■Sfh MiMA Dauu DaCd (d, 1 751), like most Dakbni poets of his tLffie, wll born arjd brought Lip in Aurangabad; be was a pupil Of VsdT A u ran 2 a bfi d : ai id wag much influenced Vjy him. _Hia ellvait is short, oorttidains only 1J300 iines. "10, Same tn 1743 wrote a shert romance of 250 lines Oil rbe duties! of husband and wife. It is not known in v hat part of the Deccan he lived. 91, 'Aim. l.L IJa!E Khan $ari j* (1723-53 ) wan the first VflzlT Of A sat Jail, N: n h m of Hildfirliti Ltd, VL r e know only that he was a pud and died yuunt, 92, Sayt ID 1 A BMJLLAH Qfi'ASl was the author of an unnamed romance, teE!in£ tJ •■ e story uf a merchant and bis wife. THE FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI (A'D* U30--U30) Te3e Emperors Ai ba r , Jahangir, Shlhjahau, a:;d Aarajig- zch reined one after another from 1556 to 1707, After the death of Anrangseb the power of the Mng&l Empire declined, sue yv it h i q a few years tfafere were two wa y s of 4tio&fcSSdd£L In 1707 AniEngBdb J a eldest son defeated his b t rj t b firs awl came to the throat, taking the ha me of Bah 5dm Sh5h- His short reign of five years was dis^ barbed hy wtir tvith the Suhs whefte military power had been eoflS oJidated hy the tenth (Sum, Gflvihd Singh (1675- 1708). On Bahidtir Shah's death in 1712, another war of auocfiBBao® tools place. Then Jahar.dir reigned for 11 months (IT! 2-13) and FamiJthsiy&r for six years (1713-19). For the next twenty years the: country round Delhi enjoyed at least Comparative peace-, which was rudely broken in 1739 by the invasion of N&iif Sha^ ‘ the greatest warrior Persia ever predated* Mftbammad S h ah came to the throne in 1719 and retained his position till 1748- He wan not a great or good ruler, but he was a, patron of the arts* end during these twenty yeara of psan, poets assembled in Delhi. The empire bowmf began to break up, Ihi ring 1724 A^ai Jah mnde himself independent in the Deccan* found- ing the dynasty which still rales there ; and in the same year Chidh (Avadh) practically ceased to recognise the authority of the eapalfiL Shortly fiiterwuds die Paujeb and Bengal passed one of the Emperor's control. Ahmad Shah reigned from 1748 to 1754 when be was blinded and deposed : he waa Kwraedcd hy 'Alairigir II who was murdered in 1759, Shah 'Alain reigned without power from 1759 to- 1806, FIRST CENTURY OP URDU POETRY IN DELHI 39 Aiprnd Shih DlUTldl of Persia (not to be couicainded with his namesake the EanjSWl) invaded India repeatedly b&* tween 1743 and 1 761, The Maxathas were at the zenbh of their power in 1733, and between that year arid 1)804 made frequent attacks on Delhi or the Panjabi The escoflus of pcets from Delhi;, several times alluded to below, win be tmdeysteod i£ we realise how often it wftS the scene of Woody conflicts* la 1739 it weis captured by Nadir Shah, in 1756 by A h m ad Shih Durrani, in 1760 by the Majnthas, ami in 179S hj the Rohilla chieftain, DuUm (hid if, who Winded the Emperor, Genera!! Dike defeated Slndhia at the battle of DelM in 1803, and Hoi tear unanceosEfulIy attacked the dty in 1801, The chief Persian poets at die court oi M u bammac] Shih (171MS) were Mii 4 hze ad Din Fifafftt, Qftzilkash Kfonp Unnoe^ Sul aim an ■Qnll KMtt Vidftd, 5?i L d. I -’ll ah Giib-han, Murta$a Quli Kh&il Fireq, S twins nd Din FaqIr P 'AM ul Qadir Bcdif, : AH QtslL KbSfl X a dl m and Sira] nd Din ‘ Ali Kh^z Arxa P They all wrote m Persian* bat occasionally amused themselves by writing couplets partly or wholly in Urdu- Sometimes ooe line was Urdu and one Persian* so met tones half a line was Psraian flfld half Urdu ; or the verts and prepositions might be Persian ami tlie other words Urdu* nr the nouns and adjectives Persian and ifl» past Uidii- This wu aot true Urdu poetry. These men, therefore., are for the moil part rightly Dxc-uded from our survey, One of them, however, A nu, dese rpea mention! for he was the instructor of htir Taqi and a number of other poets* To nnderetand tins we must remember that Urdu poetry followed the rules of Persian prosody, and a Persian might give good advice even though Ms know ledge of Urdu was slight* Arau was a learned man and wrote admirable Fenton verse. He was also the author of two Urdu diction- aries* Nav&dir n/ Fptv and irf LttgSI* Gradually a love for Urdu., the home language., apw ^P> and poets bc$ftn to feel die absurdity of speaking one language and writing smother- Further, they had heard o£ poets 3a the Decani and seen some of their poetry, But the flii rtimfl Bfig influence was the visit to Delhi of Uakhni poets swch as V alj, F i r a c i * F a find A-aac. In particular. A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 40 the knportflocB of Valid coining to Delhi cannot he over- estimated. He was far the greatest o;F the living Mhm poets, ar_dhc wits able to show the Delhi posts not on ] y how poetry coaid he written in Urdu, but to tell them that he wttS Only one of k [one line of Pairing writers in both prose and poetry, He appears to have visited Delhi Hist an 1700 and sgein in 1722,. As we have already L-eon, even the street urchins used to go about recfctag his verses. The Urdu poetry of north India was bora very shortly after 1/2 L? ; ■soon there wore scores of poets writing :t, Mir Tflql s anthology, KsmpiJfid in .1752, caatains the names of ?0 Delhi poets and 32 fro an the DftOCfln and GujraL The process of Perjsi£nisa.t:oa now received a great impetus. Persian writers became the sole models, Persian wordsj idioms, images and sentiments were introduced^ together with Persian history, geography and legends. What was called "polishing' the language v^-as really - Persimismg f it } pee try became nsoic and more artificial end imTndku. Peiaisn gardens with Persian trees, fruits and flowers, wet* trans- planted to India, w b fie Persian scenery and customs, twee Persian heroes and heroines* found a new home I hern. We had something similar in our own country, though to a very matin more limited extent, when our peuts wrote of nymphs, fauns* satyrs naiads and muses, 0*1 oi Olympus with its gods and goddesses; ar Oi Elysium and celestial am hr ns la, Its Urdu arayfbiw flow beotme foreign, flitificia] and eaetic. Urdu critfies have themselves often admitted that the old Hasidi peels were fat truer to nature, To say that a. garden was so beautiful that birds fainted in trying to fly over it conveys no meaning, but a few lines 3 u g g Listing the beauty and perfume or the flowers gives a real picture oi their loveli ness. Tads sterilising 8 process, which had begun as far back as the time of Quit Qntb Shah* was already wc 1 1 marked in Valia later worts ; poeny became infirtariiigly artificial to the time oF Xisffch (cl. lfi.TR) and his disciples, whose writings are little more than leste of correct idioms. Since then a healthy reaction has set ia, and there as reason to hope that Urdu poetry wall in the future more adequately fulfil its real function. As we shall sea later on, the Luckaow school FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 41 WHK even mere artificial t3hAd the school o t Delhi- There wbs always a tendency to use similes, and metaphors for their own sake as mere floarisbes* and this was carried to incredible lengths in Lucknow* The most serious result of copying Persian, writers was the introduction of debased forms of erotic send meal. The -earlier Delhi writers were nearly all S □ ils , or wrote as if they were. Some people perverted pure $uii doc- trines, and £?ufi terms of strung love towards a Divine a bje ct were used by men of polluted minds with an entirety different meaning. Suds writings are now condemned by ell thinking Indians and belong to a post agfc We do not cipcct them t ck! ay . This chapter deals with a period of approximately a hundred yours (1730-1830). The first part cf it exhibits the feu Lnres of the pmvious age- Foetiy continued tc be simple and sfcntmnl ; poets wrote of what they had seen and felt ; metaphors and similes were un artificial and stxidghti'urward. Tbere was no hankering After excessive ornaroenh for it W a a realised that beauty does act retfuire to be adorned. The figure of speech known, as playing on words, which is sj common in Hindi literature, continued for a con side r. able time : it ceased only toward the end of the eighteenth, century. This period falls conveniently into three parts associated specially with the names of (1) Hiitim. (2) Jlir, Saudi and Dfixd, (3) I -\s h ; l , Mughal l and Nazir j hut die secrio-ns over- lap, and the poets of tbs third were young cantemporerjea of the poets of the first.. A, The of MatEm is dlMfiCfCli&sd by pure, chaste and. effective language, hy poetical vigour and fervour, and by monotonous sameness of subject, the theme of love pervading nearly a'l that was written. Flays on words were common ; similes and nwtflph&ifl were few- Most of the writers were Snfls. B. The Age of Ma^liar* Saind^ Mir JiTirf Dard, The IftpfUige assumed a new power — the gold wtis being 1 refined, the sapling became a sturdy tree, the boy became a man. 5Q.fi influence continued strung. This is the Lime of the " Four Pillars of Urdu . 1 Mi^har, SaudS, Mir and Dard, The: 42 A HISTORY OP URDU LITERATURE poets bad nwv to Bay, they therefore ttevoted them- selves to elaboratiaiar the old aabjKta ; they maioed in their garden, not y antii rln g outside the gates, bat giving tifeemsely-eg to i t'i t o lts : v c cultivation within. Owing to the unscientific habit of a Hanging poetry accord in 2 : to alphabetic or other arbitrary Order, it is not possible to follow tiiB development of thought ur iang-tiHge in the case of individual writers, When we remember that softie of them lived to a gr-sal age— Mir was 86 when he died— we realise how mudnpfi have lost, C. The AfB of Muahufl, Ensha and Nazir, There vvss no real advance in this period ; old subjects wre re- nrrsnigacl and there was much more humour, A r-^xet table featu re is the introduction of rckb.ti (pp 3D, 54), The greatest poets who come into this chapter are perhaps first Mir, then Sftnda and Najjar, lastly Mir Hasan and Dari The greatest single poems arc Mir Hasan's rotnAnces, SiAr m r Baym ",ud Gulsar i Iram^ anil Assr s JjTA mA a jRfA& vaL A. THE AGE OP HATlM Wc now turn to the Age of Hntim* first noting the names of Afzal and Za^alll, two writers who Hired, before Urdu poetry properly began in Delhi. 93* MtfffiUnhfAD At{AL (d 1623) belonged either to the Deccan or to Jhanjhana near Mcrath (Meerut). He was the author of ft reztuiritahF-e SaraA Mdsa (6 00 lines long) in Hindi metres and full oi Hind: sentiment. It tells of Hindu life and festival*, ftrtd B entirely Indian. Yet it is permeated with Feraaii expressions- The picture: of the lonely wife talking to her companion* about her absent husband corresponds to that found 1*1 many Hindi poems, A DakhnT pcct e al I cd A t zal , possibly the aame mat), wrote a glowing- account of the life of the saint 4 Abd til Qadir JDanl. 94. Mir JaVar ZatallI or Z at ale (1639-1713) wan a confirmed jes t u r h and so was named. ZatsIiT (jester} by one of the princesses He wrote satires on nearly everybody* not aparmg even Auranj^elAs sons. Hu accompanied one of these sons. X am Htkbsh. to the Deccan, where perhaps he FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 43 receiver! Ms first poetic inspi ratio Most of his verse is Persian, lj lit his Urdu verses show re mart ahl c viguLik find f mhn m l His description of the tnrtnosl fcl tewing til* death of Aupangzeh is a fine piece of writing’. T h. 011 e fa full of Persian words Lt does not shew Persian iflfflnttK* in ihon^ht H i s an to b io graph ka 3 poem, Sttifiky 200 lines in length, shews the same charaeteristiz^, He iSalSG the flfUthw or col lector of & nitnlter of prtwflrbs. For hto prose sk N ft. IS?- He seems to have teen put to death by the Emperor Farrakhsdyat. TEE death of aurangseb Bn ZvLTr Ja'eah: Zajai-iJ rajumh sees Agam and Mit^sgmn engaged m icitcrr.eciDc warfare MoasStm iMs successful.) to obtain the tlif one ; I. Where ah*E vrt find =to escoHeait a hies. Complete,. LflllSLnUQRlW perfect. hmripg hearts? TliC world fa v : B e pi n r beats uf L-fcnUl, V And gentle Sleep 10 30 Ofri GOXDtB 5 - Bzzilujz of M-fiHOn's Q03?C Jicd gnnp, 6. Med tstf yi D E and 570 id Trpcrn ! "h *iir heads, ?4 And twin gji e re and. tlitre on aide ; 8. HcAt i:a their heads* ami elificlren In their an?m. 9. Cdffias,. smltlDE *h ^-ides IQ. W re 0:0 in , splitting za ojL Suites 1L On aU skies death nod violence. II. TunntiQ, ^ea, da^CLT:, poiiureE 1 13 . Thatafidlo A l fsm v thhi Mu'zsgaiLh It PlgflitmE.. stnjiiESii^ r both fi ftrd. lSr But let re* See whCtfb approres as Uaft ! 1 . 8 . For wJWiB hiE Jaltifnl fiffer Friday prayer &5. AhiUJJj of whom nothing: k known, is tlie author of the following b^uitiTul poem, found in a JtfS- notebook 1 74h . The date oi the poem may be i». 1 1 piov is locally 0t 1 65fj -1 7 Oft. A VJSCQK OF DEATH Rv Abmaxi 1. Winn, m «d the night and cam I* the day r 'Tww then 1 node fStooA r 2, Era I bid beta one hcrni awake. Ah. SnfiSl I TJEdentfcraL 44 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 3. W1»Q C tmrf dmiiic ths tup ctf itealb, My fiy&S ‘fir e» opsoed than ; 4. When the my corpse they plnrcri, ! TWsa thCil f TinScfnitaral. 5 1 actnifig' PKkcd rrf cnTcriug: q i.i E l t cir doth. ti, WNd 'nERih my Time tbe Stood tfa&y pitted, *Ti!W then I □ Del e r^-t u ■ jd . 7, What time ray E rifi &!lfi Ml me a&i went, They l*Tt me quite a Luce, 6 M uni fir , Kaktr, both qtatrtir.nod mc r a Twwj then. I imdcmtncfl. 9.. When, carat ijic tiras ijf ray att&aot, My oyrt were upfiOed Qiea \ ]□. [ read tbe atajra*ttt trf cay waria 5 Tib Lbte I tifldttBtMMl. IJ . My IBFe maa spent, tbe vhofo ol it, fro worfe bad 1 to stow, 1 3. W hen prased this r.o^jnd.iy of ray life, ’Ttt’jU lien I UtfUfettibtiGd. I3L liiLve God ;ini1 the apcetle ilu w h On A^madte side was none ; 14. But wJhhi E tiufted gnatt dlrtne, Twfls tin I UBdWBtMd « 96- Nath ud DIw (Shah Muearak) Aurl- {c. 1692-1 747) realty Mongad to Luc k n cm v but went to Delhi when quits young and spe nt his life there. His first and chief collection wSi lost hi the Mutiny, but n snorter one, perhaps containing selections from the other, i said to he extant. He was also the author of a Rood romance! entitled. Afoot £fa a. ArSis A £ Af a tj. His hnportaaee lies principally In the fact that be led the way and had a number of pupils. He indulged in a good deal, of punning, taut wrote Rood, idiomatic Urdu. 97. MuH.^rMAn Shakir NajI died in 1754 at an early age. He was a poet of greos promi s e, whose career was prematurely cut short, Only ten lines Survive out of a Icing poem in five lined statists { mz which used to be pstfly admired. It was written just after Nidir Shah s invasion in 1739 ar.d vividly describes that event and the desolation it created. It pictures clearly the life of those times* Owing 1 to the excessive use uf metaphors his style is very difficult, but people like llis clever, critical verses, arul the work which he left acquired considerable popularity. FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 45 It has not been published. He was irritable, qmrfEibonfi^ facetious and sarcastic, 9 Sl SllAJUJ UD DIm MajJ Mun (h. before 1EB9, d, about 1745) belonged io Jajmau near Agra, but w&Qt early to Delhi. He r-as a pupil of Ariia who called him the Toothless Poet* owing to his having lost all his teeth. Only 400 tints of his verse arc extant ; t he y are filled with out of the way wards and phrases, artificial metaphors and unsavoury i talma* tsous. He lived as a danatit in a mo&qu^ but originally was a soldier 99, MugTAHA KsAE Yahra^, one of the earliest Delhi poets i was a contemporary of Ma^mEn, He left A volume of love-poems m the Sufi style, interpreted hi different ways recording to the taste of the reader, and an elegy. He was regarded as a very accomplished poet., 100* Unttm# £-uiiuR HD Dira JJatim (bt 1699;, d 17J31 or 1 79 2 ) was the greatest but one oE the Delhi poets who preceded SfttidfL and Mir, Under Vail's powerful influence he set hfffna&If to write Urdu pus try in wUdl he whs very successful. He had & clear, natural and eloquent styles His first volume, the which was very lir^e, was in the old manner* full of punning- Later on he wrote another book in which he inserted select ions from hia first, giving iL the name of Div^umda, " sod oE the Divan/ The subject matter is that mixture of erotic and Sufs sentiment, which is found in sc many of the early Urdu writers. He became famous as the teacher of others, and in the interesting F&rwa preface to the DlvSnz&tia he cleims 45 pupils, one of them being no less a pferSOnAge than Sft&fliL He tells US about the Hindi words and expressions which lie had given up, and the Amble or Persian words which he hail employed, and excuses himself for following the popular farndea in certain spellings Hs winds up with a pious hope that c Please God, no inelegant word will be found ' in the new and selected /7f v&l, though he admits that in the former, larger nog, he had many words and idioms which he oCw dislikes. It isiclndes those elegies, romances and ty rfcs from his larger wort which he considered most worth preserving. lOL Moha’.emai:' Aijsan A^san was a contempwwy poet of whom next to nothing is known* A few lines of 43 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE his which are extant show that he used an early form of the 1 ft rig u age , B, THE AGE OF THE 'FOUR PILLARS OF URDU* — MASHAR, S AU DiL, MIR, AND DA R D 102, Max liar- Mihza Jan Jana^t Mazuak has Ihe greatest of the Delhi poets before fiauda end Mir, His father wu in the service of the Emperor Aurangzeb, hot died when Ma^bar waft hardly more than a boy- Until ihe was thirty years of age be lived in enclosures oontaining: tlie tombs of holy men- ft was during this time that he came under Sufi influent He was a man of hasty temper, bat very friendly and jovial ; father faddy and very independent ; after learning an acetic he refused all rewards* declining even lar^e sums of motffty* Living as a darves& t he had pupiEs in the art of poetry, and relfgiccs disciples who received spiritual ifratructioni from hicci, Hi? death was tragic: being; a. strong Sunni ho once unguariedly expressed disapproval of something in the Maharram procession, with the result that he wax shot during the night- He lingered a day or two but refused to describe his murderer. He ix re vc re need ns a skated or martyr. Azad calls him on? of the Four Pillars of Urdu ] his re potation in Urdu is surprising, for only a few score of his couplets are extant; but his Ift ngu 3 # e was so c tear a nd limpid and his Persian ooxstmetions so pleasing to the people of his time that he was awarded n vtsy high position. 103* ssuida. MiifANMD Raf? Sauea (1713-80) was formerly considered the greatest of Urdu poets. Even now some readers of the old school would give Km that rank. He is best discussed in connection with his gr-ept CM&eroporaty B Mir TaqE Mir (p. 49). Saudi was bom. and brought up in Delhi, where h* lived till life became almost nflheatsihlA Nadir S h all s invasion was a thing of the pasi, but Ahmad Stab's repeated attacks from the north took place when Saudi wflS in the prime of life, and oel the south were the Maratltas, rations to get all they could out of tins city* Nearly a lil Urdu poets left Delhi, one after the other. Bauds wept tt> FaETUkhSbid {c, 1665) and, on the death of the Navab in 1771, to Faiflibad where Shujl'ud Daul& then lived. Asaf FIRST CENTURY of URDU POETRY IN DELHI 47 ud Dullk succeeded him in 1775 atid moved hia court to* Luck no#- Sanda went with him, wbs- given a pension and received the title of Malik urii Shu 4 lira, King of Poefa, It has been aa:4 that, he was the brat m write exits and satiies a nnd certainly it was he who brat wrote daem with power. He and £aii q me the giuated: ode writers in Urdu, and no one has approached him in satire. He was a gixd write? of clegic-s and is surpassed unly by those who, liike Anls and Dablr, have made a spe d al i£y of elegise His didactic poems- and lyrics are nnnifir-OliaSp but those forma of versa did not suit his temperament \ he also wrote itsanv riddles in verse. Such riddles are common in Hindi ar.d some arc; atefbe led to Amir Xbusrau, vSftus!a£ nre very good* but we cannol give the name o f "poetry 1 to that form o: verbal jncgUnsr, Happily his eEample has not been followed Sanda's poetical works may be divided as follow! : <i) over 40 odes* a majority of them in praise of aav&bs, about a third celebrating Muhammad and his relatives, tlie rest purely satirical; ( ia) nearly H3Q elegies with an average of I0U lines each ? and (hi) a Large number of lyrics* ffitfitain- ing perhaps H 1 ,000 Sines in all. There arc also a number of other short poems in various* forms. He used to go about with a ssrvtmt ml i s led Gunca w ho carried pen and ink. When snnoyed lie called at once for his writing materials, and there feud then, v.-Liether at homo or In ttie street, began a savage satire against die object nf his aonoyauDCj and there were few bold e am ugh to risk tils anger. His odes bio regarded m equal to the bear Persian odes. on the ground that In force of language he is superior to Anvarl and KIi& r ]itni ? while be puts CJrfi and ^uhnri to shame with Iris delicate imagination. He was grroiiter as an Urdu waiter than m a pocL He had a power, not equalled by any other Urdu poet,, of making words do his. bidding ■ he stands alone la his m&nlpiilat i i>n oi tLie language, which he raised to a new pinnae Lc- (See No* 134-) 103a, Ashraf 'All KuSn Fini-E f A I77Z), a fo&ter brother of the Emperor Ahmad Shall, only second rate as a peet r bat vory clever and witty „ was famed feu the excellence of his Urdu, He left one volume of poems. lf>4. Mir, MueammAd Ta£I M m (1724-I&1Q) belcnged 49 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE to A g-m , but on the death of his father went to Delhi where he lived till 178% When be forsook It he went by invitation In Ottdhb Tlie story that 3 e aving home in poverty be reached Lacknow unknown, and took part m a poetical meeting with SHch e fee: t that he whe at aoce recognised and received With honour. Is untrue- He remained in Lucknow till Ids de-artn Ills sense of bis importance made Linn decry others. A famous dictum of hit is on record that al that time only Sanda and he were real poets* Dartl w&S h&Lf A poet, and Soz. a quarter. He wrote an ode called the Dragon Story, in which he represented himself as a huge serpent swallowing 1 up other poota, who appear as- rats, snakes, Morpteos and centipedes. ALLnwAoee must be m&de for him ; his late waa e.nbkteied and sad, ha had been disappointed in love and was very poor* Naturally proud* be was. rendered still prouder by misfortune. After he left Delhi th i njp were better, for the Nava be- of Oudh were very kind to him, but he was so touchy that be quarrelled with his be i&cf actors, Asad's stories about these matters are doubt- less ercaggasted* but tliey ote not wholly frdse. Mir was st his post in lyrics And romances; his iyrics r tn fad, have rarely been eijunlled. In iwauwes he hits few equals and only one superior, via. Mgr Hasan. The impas- sioned itiUfifcAl may bo regarded, as a sub-division of the lyric. In this fonn of verse, which be was the first to write in Urdu, he has never been SELrpMSetL AH these Suited his tender and sad nature. But he was unfitted for the Splendour of the ode, and his odes are jwsr j oldies he hardly Attempt- ed, He wflS not a court poet, and Like Vali, Dat'd and Atish. bed m aversion to writing poncgyi ios oF great men, When Dr. Gilchrist was beginning his work in Foit William College, Mir was thought of as a possible translator blit was passed over on account of his great age. He vr rote several volumes of lyrics containing between 30/X)0 and 40^000 lines, and a Inrire number of romances. Tbuse Oti which his great fame tests deal with love; they are .Sfti/fc f ‘ZyA// \ \ vi i 1 r. re d into prose by fiauda, and Darya e 'Mg? his Siht* N£tm on Spring is pearly as good, though shorter, and Jm& a VjAg is also good, The others do not attain the game level, most nf them are short. FIRST CEXTTJRY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 49 3 Ic was very fond of keeping animals and wrote several p o e m h about them, but they do not reach a high standard of WEceUeace- One was on a dog and a cat, another on a goat, another on the death of hEs cock, and another on a kitten called Mini, Snme of iita poems are On natural phenomena such as heavy rain, which on ope occaitofl brought down his house, and OH another spoilt a Journey w&feh he VKtf m& kirlfir ; one was on his anarch for a livelihood;, and one on 'Lyintf'; he wrote one or. Xavab A^af ud Ueul&VhpntinE- His y'&fi&ik h£ /I’/iayui, professedly on the: greatness of poetry, Eg actually :l pecaonal attack on a young man. His jrf jgvrM&ttta has beers mentioned above , Some of his love poems are inferior ; =unih arc Muamal&i i l Isk$ t and / "fSit i Is/fg. He wrote in beautiful, simple, almost ocravetaatiooftl language, hut he is wnequal- His best is the best, that Urdu possesses* One critic has Said piutasA tagapat && i , dsAtTtdai/t buy fir Mlmid—' his depths Eire extremely 1 ow, his heights very high.' Sauda and Mir- These two great writers were con- temporaries and lived for long ia the same town,. Delhi; but they wore a complete contrast to each other in both character and style. Mir was sad, tender, gloomy and poor ; Bands living in comfortable c iron m shinties* was jovial and boisterous, taking a cheerful view of life, Mir was very retiring, and disliked boffirta and court life? Bauds revelled id public assemblies and loved courts; he WAS fL thorough man of the world* Mtr 1 * writing was da«*®terifl®d by simple Tull oi pathos and emotion ; Saudi wrote with vigour and grandeur. Like Marlowe, he had a ' mighty line/ sometimes his style wttS turgid. Mir at his ‘nest was the better poet, but was the greater master of Urdu- From these differences It follows naturally that Mir excelled in poems of love, lyrics and romances, while Sanda's beat efforts were in life odes o- panegyrics and In his bitter satires, Mirs sole pUKgpric 5a not worth reading, his odes are poor, and his satire,, the Afgar Nam i, cannot be compared with tus better work; similarly when Saudi writes lyrics he is always in danger of bursting their bonds and changing them into odes, and so A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Eife romantics arc of inferior q j n.l i t y, The success of his ekgles lay not n their pathos, hut in their descriptions or battles Bind Sflenfiry,. One writer has remarked acutely that ever/ agts of Urdu has haif to pair of pwts ; one nS-tiaraE, who wrote irc-m the heart, the other Artificial witting more for effect. He mentioned the folEcHvIog writers, the first m each cue being the natural poet- Mir and Snuda, Mtiahafi aad Inshi, Atish sod Nasiklj, Grdib and gauq, Dag and Amir. 105. Ml^ahhad HicraAliFT KjU.t u (FL 1750} was an author who wrote both verse and prase. He translated! into Urdu a diffi.CJ.ilt Arabic work called /rops# tr/ //f'iw,, and wrote a little treatise an Hindi prosody and rhyme. His collection contains a Large number of poems in the mare usual forms. His poetry lias never been popular ; Mir I.lasan says because it 1 lacks nit , 1 hut Mir says it is coo difficult 5 the fact is ha had a style of Bus own, and people did not Ekn iL Practically no fsats about bis liia asn Irrnvn. (See No. 183a.) 106. Qiya:.[ md Dfls Qaui (cl. tatween 1787 and 1795) belonged teCandpor, but 3 wed In EtelW till the trophies com- pelled him to leave. He had several teadisrs and quarrelled with theta hJL He was a man of strong imaginacire power with a good stviOp and by some has been regarded as nearly equal to SaudE Hi S poems inclidn very many lyrics and a number dF odes, some eulogistic,, cithers satirical. He wrote also same romances such as Ma&ti&tf i 'h&.y t D&nv$Ji y // airai A/mS and Akffljf bj $aia£n Hls pupil, Kama!, put him as second only to San da among the pouts of the century? ShrfEa, however, regards that Statement m absurd. He was the Author of a Persian anthology of Urdu poets, entitled fifaMstm i NiMt (1754). Perhaps his greatest success w*S m quatrains. His poems were published in 1927. 107. Dard. MIk D a kd (1719-17&5), one of the Four PiJkra of Urdu (p, 41), And one of the greatest of Urdu poets* was a Shh who wrote only religions lyrics and other poms of that type. He never wrote odes, romancea or satire, and he Avoided ad praise of roen,. for his life was one of ah s or pt i o n in the duties of religion. Ah through the period of trouble which lasted forty years, lie remained in Delhi, the only well known poet who did so. FIRST CEEJTU R Y OF URDU POETRY IN EJELHL 51 He save up anldiari itg tfj bgoomfe ft darttS&t Whrte ft itlftre boy he began writing re] i gio u s pros £ tracts. U r c know tbe names* of ft cIujLC ii of his prose works, mostly dealing with matters of n^pMi Like many Sufis of f be time he was mrtBdcaJ and one of lids tracts is entitled ffurmat i G£w£| the L lemur ? of Singing - (not _fV.i wvr, iy e a J. Lh , as ho met ir ties stated). These tracts arc mil in Persian. As a lyric writer lie tins perhaps never Weft sorpaggad in Urdu ; his verses were so keen and trenchant that they were likens] to sharp swords, and were it net that he wrote almost ftl :o get h cr id one style he would rank with the two or three greatest poets in the language. When he died, one of his disciples soli 'Alas ! gnn e from the work! is God's beloved/ XQEL M rr p.TA ~xB7.rAri Mtk Hnz (1720 — 93) belonged to DtDii, where he was brought up. He first called himself Mir, tout changed his name to Soz. because Mir Ttaffi whs already known as Mir- He was noted for his strength of aJTOi his archery and his calligraphy^ In his youth he wft£ e x t r e me] y worldly 5 but when he was about 57 be completely changed lifs mode of life and! thought He was very poor and made several unsuccessful attempts to stem* a regular infiOBK sofikatnt to live upcui He left Delhi in 3777 b ind ft fie? wondering from place to place, stilted in Luck now in J 797 where be died the fallowing yen r- He cannot be G» l - : c d a great poet, though be had a considerable eonima^d of language., chelae his words well and always wrote very pure, idiomatic and simple Urdu* Hia poetry is a collection of beautiful and charming words* with little- thought behind them ; r.v.n // praef&'&i nffcf!. He (lid mt write much; about 7,200 lines arc eatt&nt. Apart from his lyrics he left between 40 and 50 quatrains tv h Ecb arc in the flfim e style and marked by the same excellence- His two romances are inferior- Ho was ft wonderful reciter and hie voice was full of pathos ; as ha recited he acted with intense realism, On out oocasEcm he so vividly acted a passage referring to a snake that tbc audience rose up in alarm, flmtl Oo another he was so overcome by his self induced emotion that lie fainted on the floor* 109 . gAMi Uhl ah Jvhae, PittAB was ft pupil o i Bard (Cfa 52 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 107) ami bAhmged to Ltel b i K but tits dates are not known cxai'riy. He was a physician in his youth and aoqu ixod greai fame- :a this connection- When be took np poetry he made very rapid pfiQgfeBfc so tliat scon his name wfts as wdl- knmra for poetry as for medicine Like mo St poets of those days he Spent mrvm time id pol ishinfi- his verse than in developing; his thought. 110, ArjSiVN Ux-c.ah Kham Bay an (d. 1736) belonged to Agra, hut was born in Delhi- In old age he wont to Haidu^hSd, where he was employed during the last few years of bis life. He was a poet who bad a osnskicrEble flow of smooth, good* idiomatic language, not merited by much poetic power- There are several MS. copies of his poems, HI- MEr Mtoap.cmji.di Bbmjbl (cL between 1793 and 179V) bekdflj»d to Delhi and was a well- known member of the Cishcl sect Only a hide of his work Ins come down to as 5 ft coats isis of lyrics of some merit. 111*.. RaijS IJllah Bag a (cL 1791) was born in. Delhi, though he came of an Agra family. He ls better known for his quarrels with Mir ami Sarnia than. for his pdet ry, hot his poetry, which is largely m 3 i ™i.ou Sj shows him to ha ve been no mean poet 113, Mir Hasan. JJlR QuiAM 0*flAN 0ASAJT (h. about 1736 a d- 178b) is one of die great names in Urdu poetry. He was bam fa Delhi ibu.t daring hia boyhood went with his father to Fa a bad ll plaice to which he became greatly attached* Seme years later he went to Lockpow where he remairved till his death. He is famous for his romance, St$r id Baj w.*, often called simply Mq vl t' Mir Nos a®, die most popular romance in Urdu- This was written within a year of his death- In idiomatic, simple and beautiful language it tells tlie HtQfy of the loves of Prince B e q:h jfir ftud Bftdr Munir, The idiom is strikingly like that of to-day- Largely on account of ibis poem, Mir Hasan is considered the greatest romance writer in Urdu. He wrote ten -other m^isavis, the best of which is Grdvor i /ram which praises JF*d$ih5d And satirises Lucknow ; then is another cn the same theme, Ncsit after Gitfe Hr i _fmm in poetical power is the poem on the marriage of AsaE ud l>aula. Two others s peak of FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 53 Javahir 'All KMn: ore is on various hids of Indian food ; one, w/ *AriHn r is religious; it is net of any poetic value. Must of his poems are coCTparattwIy short but Siftr til B&yatz is 4,442 lines loog- He wrote seven <jd.es, p&ncgyries on bit aim anti ether proi’nlrgnt men of the tame ; tlicir pcctic merit Is small- He was* ho w e vei \ a good lyric writers hia coUsetfan of lyriics cofrtfttflfi. nearly 10,000 lines and has the && me; ehflraeteristics as bjg romances- He was also the author oi an anthology hi Persian which deals with 300 Urdu pofcts; in ittttly points it is inaccurate, He had a great how of Ifttigtwee and a remarkable command o-f the best idt urn ; his -S t y 1 e was sometimes ornate, bat fllwfiyS clear, C- THE AGE OF MU^HAFI, INSRA, AND NAXlR 114, M Uflha fi ■ fiTTLAM H A ISA BAM] Mu^EIAfri <1 750— 1S24) bdoaged to Amrolm, hut west as a young man to Defhi, wh&ch he eosis:der&d bis ti it I va place. He was a writer of esttfanixlireuy fluency who conk! com pose verse almost ns he talked, hi his poverty he used to eonapasQ on the spin - of the moment and sell his poet ry at so many lines a penny according to the iv’dLLngness of the purchaser to pay- He wrote much more than has come down to ns- If he had given. more time to his composition he might have l^eeu a great poct f for in n om c ot his writings there are signs of greatness- It has been said that he had an all-smbr string mind, and could, when lie dtose, write like Sands,, Mir, Sox, Lnsha or Figtin. He enjoyed a great repatattou rind bad utuftermis pupils. He left no less than eight Quines of poetry. He was at his best in ]yHes r but wrote also odes and romances. Is the aimplidtyof his style lie resembled So* nr MIr+ in his idioms Sanda. His parity of language was such chat even tc-day people turn with pleasure to read extracts fro n: his works- His verse, which is very even in quality. Is free from the obscenity which characterises so much of the verse of that age. Considering the c Ircu i n- stsnccs of his writing: there ls a surprismg amount of vigour and terseness in. it. Ilis last vtars were spent in quarrels with lush a, but ho found time in 1794 for the compilation of nn important Persian Enthology, dcaLios with 3a0 Urdu pccts. 54 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 115 . inedui* ImsS Allah Kha^ ImaL (d 1617 ), the great rival of Musbaii, was one of the most remarkable r>n r c-.y in Urdu Ijteratu re, He was a very d e vor man with an extreme' y good memory, and wrote in seven 1 -! languages. Untal near the end of his life, when lie was depressed by mtsiortnne mkL poverty? he tasted life as a joke ; nearly everything he wrote was full of humour and sparkle. He whs not so much a great pr.ct as a brilliant writer. Born nr.d brought lap in Murshidabad, he went in 17-fcSfr to Delhi where che blind Emperor held his plLautnm court.. Dissatis- fied with his prospects he preceded to Lucloww and there the Emperor's Son, Sulaimln Shife-ufa, gave him assistance* anti later the Navab, Sftadat ‘All Khan, End he became bosom frie nils. But bis inveterate Mbit of jo-king was the ■in use of his undoing In 1810 he ceased to be fiamm fraki at court P Indeed lie wfls turned out ol Lucknow, though aftenvards pensilted to re tu m ; and he spent the rest of his life in 3-*nn^ndnemant. A.ta.d : s acsottilt is exruracrated ; InshiS, djd not become insane or suffer the extreme poverty related, whale the famous poem* which we are told fell like a bombshell in the Lucknow poet sal assembly, was in reality writtnQ years before, in Delhi. He hnd disogreefiTAots with other pc-cts in Delhi, but when after his arrival in Lucknow lie ousted MushafT as a- ■ companion to Sulaiman Shikub, a quarrel of great intensity broke out ; the two poets abused each other in unmeasured language, while their patrons incited them to still greater efforts. Musbmi was the natural post, Insha the clever, if somewhat artificial versifier (p. 50 ). Court life degraded im poetry, made it cleverer and tnore artificial, and took away in life Yet when be liked he could write in a different sLyle; his striking prayer beginning 4 Q inerdfifc] God ! have me rev 3 1 is an example of this, It is worthy oF note that after he was- ejected from the Lucknow court his poetry improved in soutimeiic and feeJuLg, His writing is a Sways characterised by brilliance, humour and versatility. His chid collection is between fc^CXlO and 'J ,0 00 lines long ; S^me of the lyrrcS- are good* but there is little poetic feeling. "His refchtT pnetry :s extremely Interesting* aud, strangely enough* it is not obscene. Its linguistic value is considerable, FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 55 He was perhaps ai his- bast in has odes, nine in all* Tbe most famous of them is that on the Jubilee of Georgrc III, IBifli He wntrfft also sdliic satirical poems which ate not of exeat merit One of bis matt famous works is a Hindi prose story called ASftAavr 7Ytif& Hindi fiftu , in which no Arabic or Btifimj word is employed- His most striking* work is contained in i 7ary& * Lahifef written in Fefsftw. Part I, a treatise of the aiBatsrt interest on the Urdu tangi^e, is by Ioahi, the second part p on p rosodp p is, hy big friend, QrtlL We are here concerned only with India's part : it is the first grammar ol Urdu written by an Indian. He discusses not only Urdu grammar, but Urdu sounds and dialects, even individual petti 1 rarities of pronunciation. Thus there was a certain Mir Qafx Oft 5 nl who had a defect of speech; he used a uvular trill in pi** of the three SCrtmds r, r and 1, and there is ft long letter in which Insha has written all the sounds as be OTOBOunoedi them. In one respect Insha was a century and a quarter ahead of his time. He recognised that the correct form at foreign words in Urdu. such as words from Arabic, is that used by ordinary men in daifyitmvemtlou, not that found in the original language.. fSae No. 204.J lid. Ja"fae. *AlJ UaseaTj, who died he L wee i i 171J1 and 1802, lad many disciples, the most famous nf whom was Jnr^flt (No- II?)- lie wrote with much -simplicity and pathos. He was the author of two good sized collections of verse,. about half given up to lyrics, and the remainder to odea,, romances and sh ntfw* . <y wn^- ^tiUecttoik. k- "usdlL. superior to the other, A z.Dd who seems to have .3 end only the Inferior oust speaks sligbtinely of him^ytng that liis poetry was Ute a tasteless sweet diink. He belonged to Delhi, bur went to Lucknow. Ncer the end of his life he became a di irtusft. He finally returned to Delhi and died there. 117- QilaKdAK Bajhss Jote at (d- 1010) belonged to Delhi, but was brought up lu Faisabad- He went to Luck- now En IfilQ, when Insba's qn-ftrrcE x'.'it h MnshaiJ was at its height. He was essentE&lfya Aft* t 1 ? hf \ and threw : am sol f heartily into the life of the court He wrote a large number of lyrics containfnfi canvealkMai descriptions of Jove, the kind of verse that one would expect from the life of ■ 56 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE conviviality which be then lived* The lflqgMge of the lyrics was elegant, hut ths sentiment mts worthless. He dsd pot write much, perhaps 20j0Cd lines in all, In Addition to the lyrics add other poems of that kind. he wrote Scene mflfu&vis, one of some length on the coming of the mins in summer ; another* ball as long, ceiled Masnav? ■? &m/s -g ‘Z ftttf:, a clever hut artificial account of an amour, J IS. Sa'abat Y A R Kst am RangIst (175ti-lH34) was a prolific writer En Uidtir He is notorious eh the &fit writer of rekbtl* the language used by women, especially women of no seputatior.r Refchti verse lias been described ftt! a debased form of lyric invented hy a debased mind in h; detested agt. The word "rekhcE' is not employed for the natural speech of women; its usual meaning is Urdu reuse written by a man as a ter sfr fprtt, with the words and idioms common to women, mdurthig feminine genders ; the mao writes as if be were a woman, and in nearly every case does so with an e vi] motive. Urdu writers of to-day condemn refehti as a deplorable pmducf of the past, new fortunately never seen, it has been d aimed that Others wrote in re h ht i before Ransm, but Irish ii dfificdfsdj asserts that Rang i n was the originator of iir Three names are associated with this kind of verse-— Ran girl., JtfiabS aftd Jan Saljib (d. 1097),. The last named exhibits it in its worst form, while the least objectionable refchtt is to bo found in Joshs, indeed in his case at has a real literary value, (See No* 54*) Rangin s works extend to many volumes- The following 1 is a list, {l) A fcar&iji a Hsugitt co us sytjng o f si x coOectioKi of poetry s odc being in rckfitl, and three ©rose works, enc of which is Persian. (2) Several cnllcctLons of mapivls ; he claimed he had written 46 with a total of 40*000 3iixs* The most- famous of these is Mapi&tfl i I)£ffia%lr\ one was ft treatise cm the use of seven different kinds of weapons P another described the defend Ot" the lingula by Midhnjl BIiH.ll no, atvJ another was on horses and their diseases. (J) Three prose works, vr. Rit&gtw (]82d), which is a.n attempt to prove that he is the greatest of Urdu poets, and two eoUcctfons of anecdotes, ahottt himself, valuable on pO-uunt of the light they throw on the life of the time. One of them, Af a jolts i Jumglftj is m Persian and relates FIRST CENTURY OF URDU POETRY IN DELHI 57 65 Stones, the other* d&Afiar i l?mgln r in Urdu (1819), contains 93 stories. (4) Two odes translated tro-nj Arabic and a, poem on Islim. (5) An cde transcribed l ro m Saudi to which he added what he believed to be improvements. In his Style there is pdMi end glitter, bat not true poetic feels®* (SeeNfrHK.) US l In au Ui.r.lH K h ah YaqEh (d. about 1850) Is a poet who appears to have met with a violet* death during the reign of Ahmad Shah (1749-54) at the Ago of 25,. He was a great friend ot Majfbar, and some have said that the poetry fjJttribtitfid to Y aqin wftS largely tine to Ma^har, hot K si i tn . who knew them both, denies this., It is more probable that the excellence of his poetry made people think that so yormff a man con Id not have written iu He whs the author of a large number of very short lyrics an which lave subjects am well handled. His language and thought are so flCtmctbe that so me critics have be 1 ieved be would have excelled Mir and Saudi if be had lived longer. 1 2!> r Aia t* MuyA’.DCAn Km A$A£ 4 was the brOtlicF of the famous DanJ (Nn. 107), Like hts brother and father be was a Telia^Bs man and bare a great imputation fo r saintliness. Ke rote many lyrics and a romance entitled gM ^ £Apy&f t which is very good, 121- HrDAvAT Ullah K . 4 a b. Hiiiayat (bom c- l73D t d. 1800) w*s a poet much esteemed in his time. He has left nearly 20,000 lines of lyttes and some romances, the best of which ig that m praise of Benares. He wrote also a short tract called C?r«'£ i H M&pa 4 122 - QuckjAt H i .t aw Qltpkat (cl. 1790 ) wa s tom and brought up in Delhi, bet left it in later life far Muisbidabail,. where be was very well received and enabled to live in com fort. Mir thought very lithe of Ins ability, tut others have spoken ul him a§ a powerful writer- 123. Z 3 v a tjd Dra Zrv"A of Delhi was a well-known poet who composed a highly esteemed voIei me of versa He wrote lyrics, but did not cane for odes or romances. He wandered from Delhi to Fabahad, Lucknow and Patna, where he was living near die end of the century. The exact time of his tenth is net oer Lai r. . He was a very friendly iu an who entered fully into the joys and soarows of others. A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 124. Gtilau ‘Ail Rameh (1748-1822 !' , \v h n had not much connection with. Delhi, OQm.es in naturally at this point. He to Pfttnfl, but mo^ed about from place to place, visiting Glzipfir, Calcutta, Delhi and Lucknow, In 13117 he returned to his- natira place where he lived till his death. He wrote fourteen ronoMoos and many odes And lytit& ; lik style, though much admired for its simplicity and purity* is a little mo note Don a. Much ef his writing gives expression to Sufi doctrines. 125, Nazir. ValI Mhvammw Nazis (1740-1330) was thought little of during' liis lifetime, and for many years after h is death, but tlmnka to a change: lo, critical taste ls now j^iven a place in the first six or seven Urdu pacts, ranking alongside oE SnudlL Compared with the poets of his time he is u noan ve n Jti on a] p and dees cor follow the usual Persian methods-; rejecting the images loved of Persian poets he prefers to describe the country he 1 i ve £ in with Its people End their interests. The use of recondite Persian conceits End unnecessary Persiac worth} was to him anathema. He freely employed Hindi words and spoke of Hindu m well US Muh^nLnadan affairs. Not much of hk work has been printed; he never wrote long poi&iifc ; the long*? t in hk firat vclume has under 450 lines,, and nearly all have under 200 3 : lies. He was a man who 1 a veil his country and people and gave himself to describing daily sights and scenes- At On? time lie was a acheoltuaS-ter, and several o£ his poems deal with subjects oF interest to boys- Among: these may be mentioned, in addition to those on boyhood and kite-flying, poems on anhaa.] s such as the yoao^ Squirrel, the beat cuh, the wild hulialo and the little Utd p the crow and the deer, keeping: pigeons, the story of the goose and the birds, bulbul-hghting, a^kl finally the short poem, with the names of many birds which Eight anti morning offer praise to God* A number of peems spsak of festivals, chiefly Hindu. ; oatural phenomena, especially dark nights and may daya ; articles of food; common objects like cowries nr pice or household utensils ; everyday objects such as poverty* money, flattery* good and evil, old age. youth, swimming, dreams, denth, genet- oslty ; ordinary people like fa fir ^ AStrologeis or merchants ; FIRST CENTURY OP URDU POETRY IN DELHI 59 &DU 1 C describe scenes in Agra ; one cteafls with the tcyh rkxl of Krishna" lastly be has eleven pnemH rm Muslim religious subjects from which linca arc often quoted by fakirs tc this day. In early life he was licentious hat eis he grew older he dm nged and became the thoughtful moralist whom we now know-. He was dot a courtier, he neither eulogised the rich nor lampooned those of humbler scatacii- As a poet of the common t h in g y of life be stands alone, For he writes of practical Ip nothing else, King Muhammad \ J til I CJtifb Shah does indeed Speak of c vtt y dap mattery but ho also writes a good deal in a more ttHKventi ftQfll style. Saudi and Mir have a few thmgpthat remind us of Na&lf, and India is very unegn vc jitional when he likea, hue hi.s subjects are far removed from Nadira To borrow ap Urdu espreasioo* Napr "can be competed only with him self/ l£6. NasEr un DIn Suasi N ad. 1 k (d. 1 6 38 ) belong! to Delhi and used to recite his paetry in Shah ‘Alam £ ci'idiU He twice visited Lucfcfiovv, first during the time of Mu^bafi and. InshS, wham he was received with great honour* taeond wta fin Atfflh and Nasi kb wore at the height oi tbeir fame ■ this time his welcome was leas cffnsivc. Several times be V • • • • ■ * ■ • » • ■ • H • ■ • w m — w ■ •* Vy ■ m went to Ufti-krabad, whom be became the head of a ficbnol of poetry. He was 'mown for the splendour of his vocabu- lary and for tl*s i»vdty and difficulty of his similes and metaphors* His food I ness for old words is regarded by Indian critics as a bad fault. His work is generally rather insipid. He was the teacher of the famous pee t., Ka ye. 127, ShIh c Alau Aftah,, King of Delhi (1759 , -lSOB), was soisod and blinded by the Rohilla chicftRia^Gulam QSdir, in 1786 ; bis AGeouirt of what he suffered at t he hands of his enemies, in winch natu rally be expressed deep feeling, is the best of bis writings. Another of his works Is a romance called /EfiuBtift m f Aqtfas* He also wrote a number of lyrics, 128* Nizam: ud Din iiAmrow {cL 1644) was i n high favour with Akhar Shiah II of Delhi, in which city Mom nan was born. He left a coUcction of poems transacting chiefly of lyrics, hut containing also elegiac poems on the death of hris relatives and friends, odes on religious subjects, and a few other poem& His reputation stood very high in his time. IV V R.DU PO ETR V I N LUCKNOW IN TT 1 E NINETEENTH CENTURY We have seen t Eat owing tn the troubles in Delhi nearly ii| L the p :■:■ L t Left fur other places where they hoped to find gr«3ter peac i j , gain l'CC ogn iti on tor their tfllents And secure the means of J iv e L i h oo d. There were several courts where I i: entry men were welcomed r thief among them were Gaidar Sbftdb Pates and Lucknow,'. Of these Lucknow was the nearest— a metier oi important* in these days of ar-rcsf sod Lontion., yhep ell lotLrnSys weie dangerous. The Delhi poets wet* received with cut hu.-dnsm in Lucknow both by the conn and by tho populace; it 300n becajnn the centre of UtiIii poetry. Life wbS luminous and efiteminete, parti- <: i.i t arl y in die Coj rt a And die poed. as court favourites came UrttleF its Enfluerac. Delhi apd Lucknow differed In their literary point of view'- Lucknow poetry reflected the court. It gave itself tip to external things. GUCb A3 outward ornament, rather than, beauty of thought. It developed inlet for 3 a r£ ', s-sge and idiom, restricted pQOtte licence ai>d Laid down Aws in- prosody And figures of speech, especially similes i.iafl metaphors. Vigour of Style and depth of thought counted for little, verbal accuracy and i-dibnaatic use Of words were the ideal, Delhi was less careful about ivords and gave more attention to thought and subject Many critics would subscribe to Gslih's dictum { which reminds us o: a famous 1 1 . al i an saying) that the ftim of g poet should be the ' thought!! of Delhi in the language of Lucknow/ In the desire for power in the use of words L uck n Ow increased the length oE the lyric (gasal) nnd the number uf rhymes, t''S it became a mere String oi words cleverly put together ; Add sometimes the puel'3 striving after URDU POETRY IN LUCKNOW 61 colloquial speech led to his using the Ian juage of the gutter. Delhi uia the other hand had SU ff £r&d mllth ; fiansaqurtnily it had mere loftiness oE imagination and vigour of thought, Lucknow used to be regarded by mafly Indians as feminine in its ways. Elegies, or *wr*tjas ( S be pp„ 2* 34, 35), on the tragic events ai Karbala site characteristic of Mulmumadan poetry,. especially in PeiAia and India. They are essentially reliepous, indeed in the days before ^rnnit and Khallq, mentkined below, the? were short devotional poems and Little attention w ft s i^aid to their 1 her A ry quality. ?amlr changed that ; and tinder Ants and Dabir the marsiva b&came practically a form of cpie f having however this limitalaoij that it must always ffevdvt round the death of Hasan, Husain and tbs Liiamhsrs of their family. Subject to this limitation* which is a wwy serious one, martfiyas take in Urdu the place that epic pcetry occupy? in western lunds, Ajjart from them Urdu has no epic poetry— a fact all the more remarkable when we r e in: mte : tlnz pwmriitont place taken by epics in Hindi. These epica of KaibalJ include historical narmriye. moral end didactic teaching, descriptii m of natural see aery and de jnfi&ijpn or human emotion., They suffer of course from their pariowness; every eliorarter is either friend or enemy > altogether good or entirely evil, and Hie only emotions are those which would he hr* mg lit out by such r tragedy ay that of Karbala, Yet with al2 that, there ii nothing go admirable in Urdu poetry as the mareiya- 12!}. KtSflliq tind Zamir. MEk M L S3? A H=,A X .KhA ITO {1774-l604)^oiie of the earliest elegfac writers in north India, was die Son of the famous Mir Hasan, and Esther ot the still more fiutioLus Anss. He began writing poetry at an early age. His father, not having tl me to instruct 1 1 i.i n P eomimtted hem to the Cure nf MnshafL Ho made great progress, aod on the occasion of a. gathering of poets in his natty e place, FaizIMd, read One of his lyrics with such effect that Atish, who had come specially from Lucknow to grace the meeting, would not recite his Own poem, saying there was uo need for him when Khallq wftS there. His contemporary, 130, Mug af far II LaA i n SjAhcin, was another famous 62 A HISTORY OF URDU LTTEEATllRE writer of elegies The two tYi-en constitntec s pair who complemented each otter, as has ft^jhftitly happened in Urdu literature (p. 50). They were like Atish ond Nasikh., Kholfci was simple anti co m pare!! vely unlearned, but fell of tBuderoeeg : Zamir was learned and clever*. To ten, bekmga the credit of extending the scope of the elegy. Before his time ciegics had teen confined to descriptions nf the events at Kartell wntl had been intended as religious hymns of mourning, where as mow an elegy may extend to 1,000 tines and contain recounts of battles, individual herpes end their prowess, horses r accoutrements and natnrnt scarry ; or it may describe historical events with a view to bn easing religious fervour. It is Tested that Atish* on hearing an elegy composed by Bah[f p inquired £ Is this an elegy or an account of a wre at 1 ■ p g match f : Tu-cfay such elegies arc* the rule and not tte exception. It was wbn j Jed the way to this wider held. Ktelfc 1 was e truer pcct than Zamir ; he felt the grief te portrayed and spoke njpre to the heart ; his lar^nage, too, was beautiful in its simplicity and correctness. Zamir was more scholarly and more artificial ; his language, though very goods vm stilted and difficult to understand, and Ms fancies were Far-fetched. 131. KarAsiat “Alt Shahipj (cL 1840) was a native: of Bareli, brought up in Lucknow, who lived at first 0 gay and care [css life, but afterwards became a very religious imu, weal on pfigrimage* and died near Medina,. It is remark* alslfi ttet in a Cantons ode he had expressed a desire to d ie in Medina. Two of his books of poetry have teen published, one oodtaining odes, the other lyrics. He was a pupil of Muslpift, and Utet of Shah Na^ir,. and had special facility m writing poems in difficult metres. 132. Data Sranktak Kaul NasIm (1811-43) was a Kash- miri pandit who studied pities under Atish. His fame rests entirely on one poem, a romance called Guts*? i Naslw. ctHnposed when te was, 22. It greatly resembles Mir II ssa n s S: ih m i id Haydn, and is generally awarded the second place atnorg Urdu poctie romances. Xaslm a 1 so translated TTS* Ar&tr&m NfgMi into Urdu. 133 and 134. Afciah and X'naikh. HAE1JAK “Al! AteSH URDU POETRY IN LUCKNOW £3 f(L 1846) and iMlac Bakhhh NIsjkh (d_ 1835)- When Luefenjow became the centre of Urdu poetry^ these two important figures ftmfidgfcd to dominate literal? circles t Ell the death of N is i ! di jp 1838, after which Atish gB'ce up writing. They oOT^pOTdted to Ssmda&nd Mir of an earlier generation in Delh5._ A tab. u/35 the natural poet, Nasikh the master of words- Atish used Ejiuple, coloqniiiJ language, the language of everyday speech i Liis verses flow from his pen very nartiually m-.d reflect t he dislike of Imtarious court life which characterised the man himself- lie whs el good swordsman, a man of powerful physique, and much of bis poetry is cramJy in tone ; vet in many place* he fail s a victim to tlx prevailing fashion ami describes merely tlK e^ter^d attractions of the Laved onc'd face nr hair or hands. His enemies Admitted his purity oE J&ngvugiB and correct imSH of idiuci, hut Mid that his verses were mere words with nr> power of inia£ illation or pc et i cal vigour. His friends, on the other bond, maintained that NAsihb, was, bombastic and obscure, that his rerees, largely plagiarised from Persian sources, were full of Bound and curt 3 but devoid of poetry* They said also that be had with, disastrous results failed to distinguished between he tried to give up became merely flabby, Atiah is one- of the beat of Urdu lyric writ era* He is the author of two col Lections of poems ; the first compiled by himself contains not tar short of SdjDOG hues, the ettber, competed by a. pupil after h is death., is less than a cpiHrtftr of that length,. His work is marked by imeotn plaining potboy true feeling,, simple thoughts and correct language, Nteikji, like Adah, aim ghE confined himself to lyrics; he left three volumes of poetry ; tlx first, called Da/tar i con- tains 15,000 lines, cud the S6£ a n.d nearly SDjCDO. The fc 1 1 ini. is little Hteetmed. He wrote also □ d esc ri p t ion of the birth of Muhammad, and a romance which is a tra risl atloo of i Jt&tfoml. He is chamcteriaed by vigorous and immoderate imaginatinn, objKUR language and turgid style, Karikh was fond of Persian and Arabic worcls r au.d as far as possible avoided Hindi words. He was very earefv.l about gender and laid down rales tor it. Mir, Saudi. and the odes end lyrics, end that when finally obscurity and wild imagination he e4 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE writers of time sulowedl themselves great licence ia matters of jwwody. forms of wonte* lensrtb of syltaMes and firehftri; IwagMgfc Wtefhh made strict rules fine observed them. Before Ms time literary Unfa had been called rekfrta. and the name Urdu.' taoiigb found ir. Mur ha f 5 and others was little used; now & became common. '.R ektit a/ had alao been am id eyed to denote a lyrical poem ; from this tame onward it gave place to ‘gazaV a word which had been used,, though reidy, by Sanda, Jurat and MusbaEL Some of the pupils of Naafkh find Atisb hesitated about the excessive use of Arabic and Persian words, PertLan con- structions find Persian modes of erotic verse with its hyperboles, similes, m eta phots and plays on words ; their tendency was to avoid monotonous references bo black tresses, moles on the face, cloven nighhhgales, drinking and taverns; and finally they turned back again to many Hindi word? which had Unwisely been given up. 135, Aha IjAjnr Shapf, a pupil of Atish, exempl i lies in as extreme form the movement mentioned above ag a i ri sft Persian style, 'Abd m Balmp and tkifir Bilgrama have pointed out than he rejected the whole vocabulary of the wineshop. As Atash and a sikh remind ns of Mir and Sanda, So Saba and Vfizlr arc a stall fainter copy of the great originals. 136, VazIr "Ail Saba Cl 755—1 834/ ii Us a pupil of Atisb ? while (136a) Muhammad Vftsar Vfizlr (<L 1854) admow* tejjpd N5sEJsii as his [raster, &ab I left fi large ecdleotion of lyrics called J&vj to r /ir?#-, in good idiomatic Urdu, but very Artificial in thought. V £lz ir S poems were eoUectfid immedi- ately after his death; Eie was a very reMgjbUiS ntaa and the greatest of the minor poets oi hi* time. His wort has bean, compared to 3 beautiful* but soulless body. It is all in one volume called Duffor i FajuAu A He was superior to Saba in imagfi nat ion and subject matter, but inferior In language an d id ions. 137- MtrpAULAD EaSa Riiso (1797-1837) was bom in Ftdzabad, where be lived till he was grown up, when he went to LticfcnOw. His first volumes of [>:ems, written w hilt he wfl& Still in FfiEjatoal, were destroyed by him shortly filter be Arrived in Lucknow, and under the anflrjence of ■i URDU POE TEA' id LUCKNOW Alisa he wrote anOltier to wlikih he "ave the ru-lmd Gwfihsta i V--*!?. hi raiflili e i!K* I'll! save up liis li«?:n.biiS i n ' ! f”e r>£ living and entered on the religious life- Be was o n Iris wa y to Meoca whBQ.be died. He cannot he called a great t>:j c t, but there was a oratam amount of simple beauty in his writing 138- “All Alts at Rashx (1 799- 1887)? £ pupil of Nasifeh, gave himself up almost entirely to imp rov ing the bigife and laving flora nates for it, He was v ery fond ot the gnJlo- guEal, which be employed; freely in hit* poems, He became a £Tcat HuttLorlty on all points Connected with ifflinraa And ns* of words, but as a p ce£ be was inferior. He died In the holy city of Karbala. Two collections of bis poems Hie extant, Na$m i Miri/tirot (Lhl. r i7) and Na$m i Gir&ml (IMS), A third? said to be the best of alE r has been lost- Itt 1840 he compiled an Urdu dictionary called Afafsn! L?^ga^ port of which has been published,, 139. Ml-hamssad Rcza Baeq (d, 18.57) was bum in Loet- oOTVr He attached himself to the court of Vajid "All Shah, who helped him in his career. He was fond of farfetched iTifitaphofS and similes,, delighted in perns, and wrote voluminously in the style of his teacher, X Is l kb . He followed has roya] master into exile and -,v rote a rather namsplrcd amount of his own loneliness. 140. IjATi.it ‘Alt Reg Mm (1814-79) is perhaps, better known as a cOampcgiflent nf f?Slib than ?ig a pool, for his own prolific writings do not display much poetic power. His chief collection of poems Is called Alma. ? t Ha wrote several postac romances, one of wb Ich, Sfoia f Mm? {ISJS)? won fz h. 1 ib p s admiration, 14 1- imli’id ‘Act Batch (1810-82) lived :n poverty till be was an okl man- He eat on a little mat every day and was visited by many people who smoked and diseased poetry, He and V flair and Rashit -.vase Nfeikhs chief disdple-S- Rjfcsflk and he shared with their master a reputation for authoritative knowledge of Urdu. The Navab of Rampur, Xa|b “Ah Kb:a, Summoned h:m to his court mid gave him a salary which he enjoyed till homesickness made him return to poverty m Lucknow. His poems were collected by his friends. He is a second rats poet who combines verbal correctness with gome facility of composition. m A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 142. Baht ‘Ali Khaj-TI. <flca% 3 Sf&0) was a great friend and taithiul follower nf Atish* He was a writer of lyrics, 14:3. IsmaIl H'J&atn Mvjux (lBlfl-Sl) lived a wa^erin^ lift a r.-:. 1 wrote many poems. He wrote some goed. ode a, a rom&use crDsI jWkrcr// Hi and co I tacti o 1 1 s of poems which ha called t 'Alant^ Tan&tr ni ^;i!'W and /Wfljjm ? JWiiwl?', He is typical of his time. 144. MardI H a e a n Kh an A s A n {flor. IS SO) mote a great deal oi verse. His best known lyrics are those in A%jtj7s££h j " / sft l? b Hu also compiled on anthology called JBoAffrif Ate 1 All the Norite of Lucknow mote verse, but the most prolific was the lost who reigned from 3H47 tn 1856 when tie Vvfls banished tn Calcutta. His name was 14.% V a. r [ t.i 'At.I Shah Akhtaj*. G£ his work a, the heat worth reading are pedisps his Jt/nsn 1 A&jStfar t a poetic description of his c x Lie, and the Letters which ho wrote from Calcutta to his fa v otrite wife in Lucknow. The British Museum possesses avuluaDje MS. of JeG unpublished pooms, 14b. MogAlFAH "Ata Eeajj AsIk (IftftMKl) was another of Vljid : AI'[ 3 oofi fliers. Apart f tom articles on grammar and prosody be wrote a complete work on prosody, several poetic rooiflTKes and sis other volumes oi poetry, He had a coasBejahla comber nl papfe, nf whom the best known were Amir Ahmad Mini! and Afynfld 'All Shattci (Nos. I7S and 238). 147. AbShAjj "All K U a k QauuS (tlor. L85Q) is regarded by some as one of the gjMlHt writers- of romances (fflegflavis). This opinion is based upon his Tfiijm t tJ/fu t v which is very popular, but has little merit beyond that of a clever use of W0ffi±S. He wrote also a well -known lyric on the Oaisn. 1 ' Bisg in Lucknow and some uu login ms of his master,, VSjEd ’All. 148- MahdI ‘AlI K h an Zae| (d. 1866) spent his life in wandering from one court to another. He wrote a took On rhyme and prosody entitled YM Glr {184#), aixl was the author of a short history of the F&njab (1850)* The year cf his death was probably IflQS, no t 1864 3 a sometimes stated. His poetic works, published in Lnctnow* have act much value, URDU POETRY IN LUCKNOW G7 149. 'All Darakh^haK wrote moral and didactic poems in a good colloquial style with rather Esflcffn) conceits, Along with Barq (No- 139) he accompanied Vnjid "Alt Into exite, IN* Asa Uasak Anamt (1815-58) was another of the second-rate poets of Lucknow- He wrote a comber of elegies in honour oi Hasan and Husain, two calks ctk>ns of lyrics, and a very popular play called Indar So&li Its special importance lies in the fact of its bdnf the fast drama in Urdu. 15 L MingUUt .had S.AD]-n Kh 5x A uiht ah {d, 1858) wrote in Persian at the court of Vaj>d "All Shah and left one volone of Urdu, lyrics AnSa and Dahjn 1 53. Bab AH. *AlI Ah& (1802-74) and No. 153, Salamat ‘Ali DabEr (1803-75) are the two most famous elegy wallets in Urdu. Elegiac epic poetry, the highest form of Urdu verse, reaches its culminating point in them, They are related to each other in the literary sphere aa Mir and S a Lie a had been a century before. Aula was the greater and more natural poet of the two. The considered literary judgment of to-day would probably kay that he and Salih and Mir are the three greatest poets in the languRse, Poetry seems to he hereditary io his family- His great-grandfather ^afaik. his grand to tier Mir Hasan, his Father EQt alich were all poets, and the gift has been given also to his son Nafin, his brother Munis, his grandson Jails* and his great-grandson 'Arif. He himself is the grcaioat of all* his grandfather conics next, and hid brother Minis third. Hfi employed an enormous n timber of w-u rds K but preferred a simple-, easy find flowing Style* His family is famous for the use of pure and idiomatic Urdu, He had a wonderful power of description.. This is seen 'test when he depicts human feelings, especially pathos and bravery, or scenes of nature and fighting. He writes as ii he had been present; himself cm the- occasions which he describes and as if the people had Spoken the very weirds which he has put down. His works have been published in four volumes go nt airing more than a hundred elegies with well over 100JMW linmu A good idea of his writing nsay be obtained from Vfici&t i AVii a volume of selections so G8 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE co-OQKted as to make a single story.. It contains between 5,000 and 6,000 lines. Dabir showed more scholarship in his- poe l ly than AmS P and in power of ; magma Lion was bis superior i bill his style was sometimes laboured, and he tended tq use unsuitable or great Swelling words which lack the vivid- ness of E-.n eyewitofiSSr He vflfrtfe ei p pro x ima te ] y half as much as Anis ; like Anjs he ceofioed himself to elegies. Ha works have been published m two Large voin m c ii . He loo had a very estcnsEvc vocabulary : his ideas wer e Some- times fanciful and clever rather than JBipiressIlPe^ an*:.] h:s pathos iraa ranch less true to life than the real sorrow depicted in I he versos of An is. 154. Mlit MupAHMD Navae Mown (d. 1375) was the bro the r cf the famous Arifs, and son of the elegy writer KJ 3 i'll Up Some have raaintaiiied that he was as good a poet *u? Eris brother. He had a great oiimm-lnd over lan^njaijc which he showed in his elegies. At first he wrote ordinary lyrics, but latterly cammed himself to elegies, by which alone he is known- Ha was a, very religious man, and Apart from his frequent appearances to read elegies, he was little yeeo. His powers of recitation wera far- Lamed. His works are published in two vuJdmH of considerable sl /jbl His brother’s death in 1874 was A severe blow to him* and he b i rtiael f died very suddenly 3jl the following year. Being childless Lie had adopted his sister's soil. 155, Navae Mima Sbaoq (d. IB7 1 ) was a pupil of Arisa, famed far his masnavEa or romantic love stories, s' oitr in number — SkiSr t ' Is As , ZaAr z' h&a { Las^aJ ■ -I /ifif, And FarcA £ IsA#. They enjoyed no n s id e i ahl e popularity in buck now and the Author was regarded as one of the beat masnavi writers in the lan^ua^e, bat if the tiafch be tc -1 d their chief merits are idiomatic use- of go u d Urdu and an excellent choice of rhymes. They are vri 1 1 1 e I e SS hs stories, and the conversations are stated Hii! Lazzat £ *Mq is not unlike Mir Has a n a Si fi r ai Bapfitti His ? isfif is founded upon A^ar s £AM fi o JifiayAf and shows the influence of that peem in both lan^nsge and style, the similarity amounting; sometimes to actual plagiarism. 15ti- Sayyid Mima T^-s^n^cy (d, 1891) brother of URDU POETRY IN LUCKNOW m H □ sain Mins IsbCfc add sou of Mir Uns, was noted for his degacSr His lyrics were poor, bul alter wrlelDg a few he took Id elegies and surpassed zll others of his lime in Lie pathos which he infused into them* His words were wcO chosen and his ideas striking, H:s pchlisbe^ w ark s comprise t w a volumes of elegies and forty pages of love lyrics, 55 m number, 157, psiJjw Vtimi 'isuQ: (d. before 1890), cider brother of the fort going- was, lake him, an. elegy writer of consider tfble ability, but not so popular, Hlselegfes were published lq two velum sb. 1SEL KstryseJD "All NafEs {IH 19-1 SOI) was the sop of Anis and nephew of Munis, and followed the tradition which they had laid down. He WMtfi a great deal, hut only one small volume has teen published. Even in advanced ago be osed to hold enthralled the audience? whfch went to hear him recite. 159, Mu ST Af A MibxI RApitn (1S45-1917I, generally called Piyiiie Sibfh, was the son-in-law of Ants and nephew of T& - aah3bJ0Q and 'Lshq r Ho fallowed his ancles rather than Ms more talented father- in-3 aw. Unlike most elegy writers he wrote many love lyrics : they have no merit beyond that of elegance. His elegies r.ro much better. He is said to write in the 1 Spring Style,' ie. be brings mto his elegies d &sc ri p tion s of Spring* 160+ ‘Atj Mu^amma E ‘A ft i f (1881-1916)5 gjeat-gmnd- 90n of Aa sl& 3 first wrote l y ric-ti , hut bccaauc afterward a well-known elegy writer. He was brought op by his grand- father, Nat" is, whom he greatly resembled in character md. poetic style. V THE SECOND DEM II PERIOD AND THE FOUR POETS OF RAMPUR A, THE SECOND DELHI PERIOD W i hav6 seen how poetry declined lh Delhi It never entirely censed and a few posts were Always to be found who kept the flame fllktr la the second qtutter of the nine- teenth century there was a revival of pcetry flssod&tad with the Dames of Nureia, Zamj and Galib. The last King of Del Id, 1 kii i ii\ 1 □ s' Shib, was himself a poet ami coocm raged the poets at hfs court. Ho was exiled to Bucma immediately after me Mutrny and died in IS&2» 16 L Zuuqt M v haaimau IskAH : m Z- au & (I7B9-1SS4) was the first poc: of importance after the z'cvr, al of literature ! n Delhi. Most of his writings were lust in the Mutiny, hut Asad and other pupils collected what they could, and now we have about 12^)00 Hah which give a good Idea, of his work- T fe w*s the sou of a peor man, u servant in DeHn* and he remained poor till Qtfife fete in life. Like this teacher, KasEr, with whom he afterwards quarrelled,, be belonged in poetic method to Lnckaow seller tluan to Delhi, and shows considerable resemblance to Easikh. He had the same tendency to over-rate the value oE mere words and idioms* and the same fondness for playing with meanings. This Undoubtedly IfiBSenfld his peptic power. At the same time he was certainly one of the greatest ode wribSrt m Urdu some critics would rank him first. He has left fifteen odes of an average length of About 230 lines eodL He wrote also numerous Ijrfi^but not with the same success. He bad many pupils; the most famous of them was Asad, who cherished tils m em o ry with great affection arid wrote an account of his Hie as well as publishing bis THE SECOND DELHI PERIOD n poems* Another of hiflpttpils was Bahadur Shlh IT CNcl IGi), wbute verses he used to correct ELftilq 9 power oE espi es- sbn was greater than bis pofttks feeling, but Lie wrote with a great sense oE harmony end considerable vigour, ]ii2, Gaiib. Asah Ullah Khan fiftua (1797-1S8&J stands in the front rank of Urdu poeis; one enthusiast has said chat Itbdia possesses two ibis-pteed books— the Vedas and the poems oE fjalib. Without going an far as that most idJl agree that be is one of the first three Urdu posts* He was married when a mo re boy and shortly utter his marrUg® fell in with a Persia n named ] loraraz d, a P5rsT who had imbeftced Islam- C al ib tr.ok him ir. end for two years studied Persian w 5 th him , thus laying the foundation of hi_=i profound know- ledge of the language. He wrote more in Persian than in Urdu ; in tact fiat many years be despised Urdu, find when he begun rising it aa a literary medium, it was only to show lb at he conid do so as well as ethers, Bill emdllfllly the fasci- nation of the language laid bold upon bim and be became very proud of bis prafidfiney in it- Ffir a time his Urdu poetry was im pres n sited with Perscap, but st was criticised by his friends and parodied by cithers-- In the end he destroyed much of his o v W'PcrsianKSed donx position Cind wrote in a much a ample? and purer style. Most previous poets were confined to a narrow circle of ideas* Cbilih not only struct out new Sirius of thought* bsat adopted notable methods of liesitmeat. He was A man of great ability, a deep thinker, sortie what careless in scatters- of religion, "full of humour* but mining bmnofous and seriims subjects in a very at Lraeth'® way . He could handle versa and prose with equal facility- His best known works are hLs Urdu poems (a collection of not more than three or four t! 10 l. sand luxes) and two volumes of prose { se e No, 208), Qt>- of these* *Od ? Hindi , contains loifcera and review a, tbe other;, l/rdu c Mitall&t letters, only. When we iwl h|s letters we fed as if tbc man were sitting opposite to m talking to us in bis illimitable way. His reviews are in a very dincrent style, lu writing apprediHk ms of Ids friends' books, he yielded to tbc custom of the time and Employed the measured rhythmic prose. which was regarded ns necessary. These reviews will be forgotten when people still read with delight 72 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE the letters in which he speaks so naturally of his everyday joys and sorrows, chiefly sojtowSj e If: a l tor he had indiffer- ent health, nene of his children survived, and he stiff edred much from the hufie tings oi fortune* He wftS always improving his style, Faust ha followed artificial Persian writcrS P and then NiLsihh who was less artificial, but tli c poems oi has tiler ^eirs show that Lie was then foELnw ing Nit in the explosion of yearn in? and pathos, sometimes even is sjnip&irity oi Language. He was part urn lari y successful its a writer of lyrics. W3, Muhammad MAmin Khazs Mfrmw (lSQfWSl ),one of the three important Delhi poets in the time of Bahadur Shah II;, was fund of astrclngy and m c die me as well as pcsijy. His RpQtafiQn itatufe higher now than ever before, and I;c is looked upon as a very good poet, th oug h not in (he first rank- He wrote many 3vri.es, nine: odes, the- best of which to addressed to the Navah of TQSk in recognition of help received, several erotic rouiauces, and some good masnavTs oi an autobiographical nature. One poem, callcrl Mql H aiti a JiMdiytty was a warlike poem against the Sikhs. His love of Portia ji const ri lotions makes him obscure. His first master,, the post 5Ii5h Natfr, though a native of Delhi, had a jmeat deal of the I JKtlHfw manner ; and Miimin too was given to faruslul jdeHS and difficult images. 164- Bakapi;^ Shah II ? ZafAk {1775-1862) P King of Delhi {1837*53 }, was the author of several volume!; of verst, mostly lyrics over 1 30,000 lines in all. ft has been said that he was a tetter poet than king, but even his writings shovr- more skill in weaving a web of words than true poetry. He composed with grent *ass ? and acme of his writings have attained consklerablc, popularity. On well worn themes be wrote with modiinedike regularity, but fie failed when be tried new subjects. Some critics unkindly ascribe m dch of his work to tils poetical teacher! n o ■ but probably the great majority of it is his own- 165. A sqa! 1 Alt Ke ak Nasi ni of Delhi (1794-IB6I)., not to be coiif Quoded with Day® Shfldkar Kay] NasiiD, the author of Guitar i Nostm, left Delhi for Lucknow, where Lie became known, as a prolific: writer and had many pupils. Muhsin L Ali Musavi* in his anthology. Sor&fio SukKam THE SECOND DELHI PERIOD 71 (U8K), in which he Quotes from no less than TOO Euithdrs, mostly c n ft te rj porair y givea greaE praise to KASiro for bis ability as an instructor of pectins. That he deserved this praise is evidenced by the fact that, though a Del L'J mart writing ir: the Dee hi style, he wflS highly esteemed by a iarK e tend ot pepste in Liicknmvi He was a remarkable p cc t who combi rued happy thoughts with & bright style and effective language, He xwg at Ihis best in his btfo- Auctions to the sections of Jjftu iVY^iiiji Tbe^e have been declared superior to the work of the Persi an poet Zubim. 166. Mia HfSAiN Taskin' (1B0S-6I) was bom in Delhi And Studied ]M.tetry unde* Shdh Na^ir till the tetter's death in IjSSS, when he enrolled himself under the disciples of MiitqfQi He had some difficulty in saining a livelihood, but in nally settled in Rim pur where he died. No collect ion of 1 1 is poems Is extant, bit from ftxtTftC££ in anthologctes, his verses, cud especially his lyrics, are seen to be written in an attrac- tive style- 16 7, Mr.r^T af a Km ajs Seixta ( jfiDfW5&) was a very relig- ious man born and brought up Ln Delhi,, who in Hater life performed tl>e pilgrimage to M ecca , There Are ool locikitis of Jus poems in both Urdu find Persian, but he te best Iidowel by bis biographical Anthology of Urdu pacts, &§d&Aizti t Bt&Afir. 16B- Saor UD Din )i n Ag AztrftnA {3 7S9-1568) was a Kashmiri with, a great reputation for learning 1 in Ambit and Pershm- Ho iv as a tiovernment official bold in great rarooct 51) was torn in Delhi by a large tircta of friends And pupils. In spite o: his fearnJflg he wrote rn on extremely stun pie manner. He compiled an antholcgy And wrote a considerable amount oi verse ; but as nothing has been published we hare to judge of his ability by stray quotations* 18S, Qdeoah 'Alt Salih (d. lb 75) was bom in Haidar- abad, went to Delhi at thft ape of six, mad was brought up there. He wrote a powerful degy on the death of his brother- One collection of his poems is called ifonjjfr i Stf/ii; another, compiled by his aon who died about lo:i y^rs ago, was published under the name of 4 SottA, He owed most of his instruction Lo Galib (No, 162}* 74 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE He is noted for the purity of Ms style,, which sometiriWti rises to e l rjcti t n ee, ant d for the iwrthos of some of his love passages. In late life he returned to P^kisrShW where be died- He had a vivid iimeiimtigrii and was soot! at thinking out new methods of eQf.prea&igp. 170, ZiYA un D:k Rakhhmajh <d, 1S183) was a relative and pupil of GSlUx Ha MSS. are still in the hands of his suit, AJi died Sa'jd Khan Talib (tx 1B-5UJ, who is also a poet ; but they have net yet been pm b Lis lied. 171. Shahas un Dlb' SSfliu (184fl-69}, son of Rakbshap and cider brother of Talib, was a poet of Considerable merit He had t w n sons who are still alive and write poetry. The elder. Kb* 172. SbuT to Din TSuak, thou Eh be has ■written a good deal, is not well known- The other, Siraj ud DSn Sail (No. 173), has a great reputation in Delhi at the present time, 174, Mr ?. 1 . mtjad Zakariva Kha,^ Z a k, i (ISSS-lSCfl) was an inspector of schools in the United Provinces 15c was born in Delhi and looked to Salih ee his tcarher ; more than any other of G abb's pupils be wrote in the style of the masters, but he had only slight success. He was fond of new subjects, but when a subject did not appeal to tom, he had the good sense to avoid lL His t hdo phi s were fresh and his style pleasing. One volume of poems was published during his lifetime ; sufficient material to fill another is still in the haow of his friends. 175* ^AHra un Dfta JdHijt (born c. 1035, cL 111 11) spent his life in different Indian States,, and like Sdlik, died in Haidar a bad. Though he was a pupil of &aoq be wrote mote like Mlmm and Dag ; sometimes bis- style mas force- ful, but often he indulged in merely fanciful ideas. Be left Several eollccticaas cf pce-nts, bat only One, Gtdis&m i Sukkmi. has teen printed- 1 7S, U>fl AO Muza Any An (c. 1840^78), younger brother of Zahir, had a gift of effective l&flSBBge and a polMed style which was. greatly admired during his lifetime * so much so that ip the poetic assemblies of Delhi held iji the Late fifties of the last century,, and attended by the greater poets oE the time, not a few gave Anvar preference over the Others. He was a clever writer rather than a great peek THE FOUR POETS OF RAMFUR 75 His Meads held that lie was a mixture of ? Gslib and! Zzuq. He passed bis later years amid many anxieties and died y l ; ii n g ; Mosc of bis work was 1 os t, bat some, about an eighth of the whole, was collected and publisbed after his death. lie is remembered specially for his treatment of love themes. 177. Mir MahdI Maj»0b [± 1902) is known to ns chiefly by the fact that in SJttib’s ‘W i'ffmdt there fire tunny letters addressed to him showing tike affection which the author tore him. In 1S98 Majruh published a volume of poetry called JtfafAar i Matin! in which may be traced a gentle, if Commonplscc, simplkaty of thought.. H. TH E FOUR POETS AT THE RAM PUR COURT 17 g B Amir And .Dottf. In A'MTE ApUS MIxAl ( 1528 - 1300} and No. 179, Navab MirzK Khak Dig (1831-1905) we have once more an □ sample of □ pair of poets fp. 50). Much of what has been said of Saudi and Mir might be said of Amir and Dag. They along with TdSluU ami Jaltl, were the thief ornaments of the court oE Ritnpur After the Mutiny had led to tbs breaking; Up of the court m Lucknow* Amir was the s cl i ol arl y man, Llie m ai-rt oi ' of high sounding words i and Dag the natural poet with, a greater How of sample idiomatic language. Lake Sauda, Amir was a opt riot in odffi which demand splendour of styles while DSg, lake Mir, excelled in love lyrics where Sittlpl idly md pathos are more necessary. Unfortunately both of them, but especially Dig, ludfllgied in verse of inferior moral tone. Amir's scholarship is attested by his dictionary Am ' r id Ltt,gtiL This was begun os a fiiawhoee scale, but only two party were published, and the dictionary came to &n end with the first letter sthi incomplete. He wrote a great many poems on religious -subjects,. especially dealing with the birth, lii c„ death and character of Muhammad- They arc not, however, very swsessiul; the true poetic fixe es wanting, and to the devout Muslim they appear cold and formal. Hia first erilfeclbnn ol Ivrics was lost in the upheavals of 1 R5 7 : and consequently the second Afirdi n£ G&ibi is usually called his first. Af ter he /iad written it he felt Shat the day for that kind of verse svas over ‘ he realised 76 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE t.l»t bis friendly rival Dig wse getting the public ear better than be. and detjerminffd to alter his style, a difficult thingf for a mar. of bja age to do. Bat it used In be said of him that the alder he got tlic younger he grow. In copying Dag be became simpler and empfaryid iqcuc everyday idiomg. Some critics considtr his second col lection, € ' / sfi , superior to his first, but it is generally agreed that he failed to eqvutiL Dag. This is not to be wondered at K especially os Pig was- a master of short lyrics. His third collection was entirely given up to praise of Muhammad (a species of verse called m't). Mention mast also be made Of his valuable volume of LtUtrs the jmhM- cation of which was suggested by the a&pesnirK« of Qalibs /r rs ., His anthology ftti£kA& i y&dg# r (107.1} gives biographical details of poets who had Lived cn RStUplfc. He ape^t many years in that city and then left it for yaidatabad;, w here he died shortly after bis arrival. (See No. 214.) Dag ranks very high in the estimation of his literary f el 1 o w -am n I; ry jli O n , mwt of whom would place him in this first twelve Urdu poets. He writes with great flitency in simple and beautiful Jonguage, and is a perfect 'river of correct icliomst,' but he fails to soupd real depths cf feeling, lie lived on into the twentieth century, but he is a writer of the old school, a pup El of £auq who inclined to the Lucknow manneri even though he belonged to Delhi. Dag's wOtfl frills into two periods, the RarupuF period and the period. So long as lie lived in Rim, par he was surrounded by ocher poets whoso criticism stimulated him to da his best, and there he produced his best work — Gulsar i Dfigs A fi&b i Dftfc and j Fary&d £ Xteg, After he went to Haidarafcad ho wrote Makfai £ Afg ond Y&dgii? £ A fg with its supplcmenb Here he Lived a life of eose, feted on every ride with no une to criticise his work* He grew care- less and his poetry suffered. He is considered one of the great lyrists, but it is flCft easy to be enthusiastic about him. 180, TASLm (1830-19 11). His real name was Abroad Husain, but he was always known by the uaxuc Amir UUHl Not long after his birth near Fai^sbad his family resinn-ed to Lttckriow where he spent much of hrs life in THE FQUE\ POETS OF RAM PC R 57 sewrcih of a iEvdlbood, for he was always poor* He belonged eSttoftmlLy to the old- fashioned way of thinking and his versea do not appeal mticfa to us now. He ivrote eight (of which the most esteemed arc Jf&Ia ? Tastfm y Sv. A # A i JCAandS and Dii p Jw), ScfamSma £ N&s&b £ UlmflGr (not published), a long drawn out account of the travels of the Navab of R3mrfr d abnut 50j000 lines in length, and fi ve ether Collections of poetry , of which one is in MS,, oik was lost ira the Mutiny, apd three- have been published under the titles of Mkstm i Arj'mavrf, Ate^jw ? £?[7fl finftBT! and £ J^A^ aL -Mtf « i DH&Jtqj CD nt a ins, approilmatelyp 2,000 lines cf Lauda Lory ode* about 11^100 lines of lyrics and 1,300 Lines cf other kinds of poetry. The Dhsfl&r £ /CAa vdi Es & volume about half she size of that just mentioned awl bee nothing but short lyrfcfiL AIu# ?' d^rjfrttraf is bis best collection of lyrics. His odes are In a father simple style like that com- aideced appropriate to lyrics* Among: the poets assembled In RampQr he wss the best romance writer ; his language was ainipte and solemn with much po Y ver of im agination, He had many pupils of whom the best are yjisrat MoMui, the well-known public speaker. 181. "A r_ j Jalal (1834— 1909Q whs famous in tllC court of Rampur for lm tdfcerest in mat tera relating to grammar and prosody. In addition to four volumes cf perhaps 20,000 Lines in all, confining odes and lyrics, he wrote several books on language, Some of them are very short* under IflQ p^es. One called Mu fid n$k Sfotam is a guide to the gender of words; another, much longer, Sar mays f £ Urrf tf, b a useful eollectLon of idioms. Tn Q&vafd n 1 / he discusses changes in words. He com piled also a cou pic -of Undo dictionaries. It is a little difficult to understand upon what the fame of men "ike TaslE m and Jalal rests. Their odes and lyrics arc conventional ; their merit is clever express kin more than deep feeling. The lyrics contain the asnal complaints against the hard-hearted, murderous loved one, and describe the torments of the lever with the soars on his heart ; the odes are fulsome panegyrics. The pew age of Urdu poetry had not yet corns for the pa* VI URDU PROSE A. EARLY PROSE WRITERS We noticed above -fop. 18-20* 24} that aama of the sorites! [iterators in tie Deccan was rei 5gi on s proa a. Ain ud Dm (Gmj ul 1 C Ini j d* 1393) ; KbgnS. Banda Navaz- (d. ]432 , ) 1 author l>E M jr ' rut ?a r { <4$bipin tod H idoycrf Ndw-x r Shah MtrSjl Jj, author of Jol Tanmg (d_ 1496) ; Ids son Stiaft Burbac, (d. ISK2),. author of JCd tlirtuti ul //.i gdi r» and Other prose works* were the most impnrranL It must nut be forgotten that none of these works were Jifcw&xy i,n the strict sense of the term; they were purely religious in character, Sti.ll the fact remains that they were prose,, and some n f them good prose, Thus we have as early as the end of the fourteenth century Urdu Off Da, k bill prose which is not pearly so far from tilt! Urdu of b>day ns the English of Piers Plowman is from modem English, Perhaps a comparison with Chancer would express the difference better. In the seven-eenth century were written MtfiM ni iB&irat (abemt 1630) ; Stii Jlo$ 3 a Sufi relfgtoaa work bv Vfljlfei 0634) ; r Ahd nil ah s MJb*m m Salami (1668) ; ValT Ullfih Qidii s flfttrifai m SkJ&£ (1G3S) ■ apri Sh&h Hulmin- mad Qldrfs tracts of about the same date, aH of which have already been, mentioned. The Daman did not produce much literary prose. 1B2. mu Ja 4 fm jATALLf (e. 1659-1713 ; No, 94). In extant MSS. of his wn r k may be found examples of Urdu prose snflidfint in amount to nil about two p-igeSr They me disconnected: sentences, but are smooth and natural , ev idently they represent his ordinary speech* 1B3 + A prose work often heard of is FazlI's- DoA MatftX translated from, the Persian J2an$ ai mk Sftuhut&i with a URDU PROSE 79 preface, also in Ifedn prose,. stating bow lie Cftnre to do tbs translation. It is referral to in Aslcfe Aft a' AT ajui / and a Quotation from ii is givers but no SIS- is known to e x LSt and nothing farther h&s been discovered about it. 183a. Mcrja&eiead ^cbun Kalim, as we have seen i N o, 105), wrote prose as well as vwbb» Some hfiwe doubted his having written prose. Oardn de TttSSy takes certain Person wpffls front Mir Hasan h anthology So mean he wrote a treatise on the spread of Hindi, 1 hut the ward translated ‘spread' shunM be read as an almost identical word TTMt Arm p- 'prose.' The traasage; is then dearly seen to state that K at ini wrote Hindi prose (Hindi meaning Urdu) .; farthefj Mir Hasan s 1 3 Ins trot i v£ quotation is prose,- It refere to the Emperor Ah mad Shah as blind, which suggests 1754, or shortly after,, ns the date- 184. The poet Sait da {No. 103) translated into Urdu verse Mlris romance Skit'le c 1 /■;£// I this translation is not now extant, huts, few lines the Urdu preface to hi£ own poems may st ill be read It ls astonishing how clumsy and stilted both Seuda ajjd Fazla arc. Their prose suggests the early efforts of people imperfectly acquainted with £ language It is full of awkward PEraiim eCinstructiOi^ and rhythmical jingle. Sin oe they wet* writing their notice language, the explLinaticm must h?- that thoy Felt bound to reject £4“Ught- forward enm'ersntihnal Urdu in favour of Ptrfii anj sed 3 semi- poetical composition. SataEi's sentences, though about 30 years earlier, arc much superior. is 5. MuijLAMizAD c AfA ^usasn Taiikim oi Itaya (Etawa) is the author of jVsw Ter? i usually said to he 8 translation of Cvfmr D&rPtt& ate riba ted to Amir Efiusrau, but entirety an known.. (See No. .138. ) NoSSichwork appeana ill the list of Khusrau's writings-, N<m Jh*"-? ? Afnra flja 1 ri important, but it has never been popular ; it has too many Persian and Arabic words in it, and is now hard 1 y ever heard of. Recent researches go to sI'jow that it was competed about 1770, nearly 30 years earlier than usually stated. 80 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE R THE FORT WILLIAM TRANSLATORS Dk* J, B. Gilchrist and Foil William College, Cal- cutta, The year "l 30 0 is important in the history of Urdu. In that year Fort WiBL&ta College, Cakntta, was founded by the BfiSt India Com party for the instruction of its servants in ftMlk.il luuptttgei, And at its head way placed an Edinburgh med ka I anatu Dr, J, a Gilchrist. Though lie was compelled by ill-health to resign in iftfM, he had already appointed a hand of Indian. scholars, both Hindu and Mxilmrnmadm, to do translation and other literary work. Sanskrit books wore translated into Hindi {Khar! Boll), and Arabic or Persian into Urdu. In this way lie had gi ve □. a great impetus to prose com position in these languages. It is true that alter Gilchrist left the country the move ms at hung fire, but It is not possible ta doubt that the revival of interest which took place later on whs in great measure due to his work- The names wb:ah Inflow fNosi. 186 lo 196) were ail associated with Fort William, IBS, Mmza "Ale Lutf was a poet of Httle merit, but famous for his biographical anthology named GidlsAati i Hindi a translation from Persian,. He tells as in. the preface t hat it was written end compiled at Dr, Gilchrist's reqoesfi This r tflldAbk work in simple find good U r d giving much information about poets Scad society at that time. The language shows many traces of Etekhni influence, for Lutf was living in the Deccan when asked to write the book* It is in two parts* the first of -190 pages con- tains natiees oE slEty 'good 1 poets, while the seeded f^rt is devoted to poets of inferior rank. f 167, Sayyucj Gaidar BhKm H HaeoakI, of Delhi, who died in 1626, translated many works from Persian ant n Urdu. He entered Dr. Gilchrist's servkc in. IB 01.. His best- known works arc the following i A rdtisk s" Mxkfii (19Qi)* an adaptation of the story of Hatim p £aJ ; /frjjiE jKiAAaF* (ISO!) translated from the Ttiicfiama of M n bam m ad Qadri ; Isas Important translations are Guitar i U&nist from 'Inlyat U llah's Ba/iar z Dmisk, Gu l i AtagfinU from the /tmfaf SAukadS of Husain Vi'tft KhsiuEi, and Tarf-H iN&tiri from Mirsa Muhammad Mahdfs history of the Ecu per or Nlkhr URDU PROSE 81 Shalt, S.ill earlier than these ls Qif$& f Laifa & Sfafttfln. He also wrote a little verse. The language is gcod anil idiomatic, remarkably Like modem Urdu* and there is little difficulty Id reading it. 18fl. If ia AMJiLiX of Delhi in 1301 wrote Bftg a B a/i Hr B which he professed to have translated from L Amir E hu sran 'a CeAdr Damrft? but almost certainly Khuaran never wrote Huch ft work. The £fi£_ a SoArt is perhaps a r e-4e 1 L m g of Ta join's Nan. a mentsuned -fbove (N*. 135)^ which at has siayerseded in popular favour, Mir Amm a n in hia preface gave an amount of the origin of the Urdu language" this Li responsible for the erroneous views which for long prevailed and have not been wholly given up yet, In 1806 he translated Husain Vais Kushif I'a AMJM? 1 Mti&sml, to which be gave the name . f i JSTA ffflr. It is a book of 366 pages, His style is perhaps tetter tlLrm that o i any other of Gilchrist a helpers ; it drew forth a special encomium from Sir Sflyyid Ahmad. Mir Amman’s Style in prose may be said to correspond to Mir Taqi's in. 189* Eahmjob. 1 Ali HusmnI in IflOS told in prose the stury of Mir Hasan's romance Sifir if/ Baysn l giring it the name of jVa$r i A>.wr-fr. His other works are [ A&Atdg 2 Flindi {1W1}, a translation of a Persian Gaston of the Sanskrit /fifffflodstfti ; Yurt tenia g TarifcA ? A ww (18\lS) from Die Persian of Vfill Ahmad Shahab ud Dinj ft little pamphlet on Urdu grammar wiEE various titles, appsiejrtly adapted from some Grammar by Gilchrist. He assisted also in the Orfatfti/ Ftifodisti a translation of some of Fa Mes and in a traftaSaDon of the Quran. 190, Siins L Ao Arsog of Delhi Ir best known for his draz iff i flfa f W , which, though baaed upon the Persian KA ttiSfa ^ tii TamrtM. of Sujan Rao of Pate a] a, is practic- ally an original work, and one of considerable ability ; ip addition to this he revised Nihad Cauda Afai&ai i Bahadur r AJi H usain is Naif i B&m§lr v and Muhammad I strict BaMr i BsuM; filially lie translated the Gulisidx of Sa'di Into Urdu with the name of Btlg_ i Urdu r 19 L. CD Din Ah ?iad of Delhi in 1803 translated Abu! F&gTs Ayar i DamsA calling it ftAi rad Afrits. 6 82 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE 192- Nihal Catnt LabaukS translated M&s&afr s ' I sk $ (lS&2) from a P e rr.i ;i pi veraBao of the Hindi Gut i BsAaSttit, a stoiy reproduced is verse by Dayl Shankar Kaul Kasim in his Famous romanc*, GidsBri HDiil Gand was bom in Delhi* but left it to live in La ho re, on a ccou nt of which lie is fc nowra as 1 Lahsori/ He calls the Urdu of lm trensla- tion 1 Hindi rdchW Is trie catalogue of the Asiatic Society of Bengal the nest entry after Nihal Land's work is ' ateati m&nstlmy Lc. 1 the same in verse/ but thia ia probably by another handr 193 P T . a tjl ii Lal is more f anions for bis work in Hindi, both Khatt Boll and Braj., bit along with Kalins ‘All Javan i >5 translated into Urdu, or Urdu and Kharf Boll mixed, Haiti , sf and ; he also helped Majhar 'All Vila with Bait & Papist and Afadfcmmi (1805),. In 1SI0 he compiled LaftiA i /fzitdl, partly Urdu and partly Hindi. 191- Ka£IM "AlU JAyAN in 1802 translated Sa&mi&te into Urdu with the aid of Lallu Lai whom lie helped with the translation of SMgMsau. £attlsl. His Dast&r a Hmd is a poetical account of the ir. Girths of the year with the feasts tbs I cetmr in each- 195. Mazhak l Ali Vila, apart i ro m a large volume o£ mediocre poetry,, and the works in which LflJK Lil helped hfiti as mentioned above, produced the folknvin-fi 1 transla- tions : At Pavdt {$&{?■ said to be from Sa rh, TdriM i SJu? r S&&M , ffaft G h fs?i ph , Jvfienjfzr S&fifiz r and under the guid- ance of Dr, Gilchrist a little, textbook* Atalig i NittdT. 196- Ikea>i c Au made from a famous Arabic work a translation which hns been greatly praised. It bears the name of the original, IJtkvSn uf $af£L The U td u is on the whole extremely good. The work was finished in 18 10, 197- As i ax at- Uulah Shaiha translated A killer i Jaldii (3804), and tfirfdyal A fsfam (1804) which is partly in Archie. He wrote also a little Urdu grammar in Urdu verse- 198- BenI Haravaj? is the author of Dn&tt £ JaM?o e hihJicgmphLCftt fflathdogy ot Urdu poets (1814)- Three years earlier he translated, a Persian bock isr.der the name of Car Gnhki n?. He is credited also with a little hook of URDU PROSE C. URDU PROSE WRITERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Thfl Fiat Wilttun wri tcrs warts chic fly irans! a to rn : before passing on to Urdu literary prose, we in ay asfifllton £ group of tihree whose works were religions rather than literary. 199, Maolvi IsaiaTl, the reformer (1796-1&31)* was the author of Tagmyyai m I-mUti and a number of tracts. He was killed during a religious war with Lb ft Sitter An English translation of the drst part of Ta^viyyai id was printed in tlse J&fcrn&J pf fk c fiH&y&I SiXiety. xni, 3i6 sl 200, Shah Rirf un Dix (1749-1818) and No. 201, Shah "Ann UL Qin-ia f 1753 — IS15 ) ware the sous of tbc famous b'bah. Vali Ullih,, who translated the Quran into Persian, in 1737. These two brothers were learned and relieiatta ioen- EftCh of them made a trardtation of the Quriln Into Urdu; that of r he younger brother (1790) is math tetter known*- It has boon greatly praised by Nsilr Ahmads who himself about a century Mcr made an Urdu translation of the Qur'an (No, 221), 202. Ullah ESAE Azhk o£ Fai^ihid praftKsd a number of works.. both original and tiYnlslationSv They fire Mw ? fakA&A «/ J j a ; d id (1799, translated from Peratan) ; c Amir Hamm {lSOO,, original} ; Ctdzdy i Cm (lSG4)j an Original prose romance; htii hAM £ Sk t tSmya (1804), a short: original history of AJtdarl the kings of Delhi 5 f’atff &i i a translation of Abu'l Paul's A&6ar ff&wi a and the same author's 7’Jj-rM i A&ksrt J lastly u short t™tia? on Physics, H£jE£& e /FdinSL 203. ifcKzA Jix Taihh produced same verse w h 5 di lias been pnblish&d.and a 2ittic book on Urdu idioms. 204, T rsha Allah Khak (d, 1617) lias been described tinder the poets of Delhi. He did not write Urdu prose, but in D*?y# e Laiatel (1807} he give? several exainpEea of Urdu letters and eortyersalioiis wllieb are remarkable fur the close resemblance te everyday Urdu to-day* They are a tribute to his versatility* (See p, 55.) 205. SaID-AT Y£r KfiAEi Ral-Gjl {175h— 1H34) and Ids poetical works Iiavc been dealt w i th (p. Stj) and his twu U A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Urdu prose works have g& so been mentioned. He wrote -Q. a fluent and easy style* ^06- Faqisl Uij-ah Goya {(]■ between IBIS and 1850 ) was the author of Bast&tt i H a prose tttofilatibii of tile i (1S3-5)-. He also wrote verse. 207, Rajae ‘A ci Bbo SluOr (d. 1867) is famous as the ablest flflfthor of the old rhytihtlltcal prose based on Beapaian modeler He was brought up [n Lucknow, a place for which he ever stained a great affectum His best-known work is the fattciFui story, F*$grw e ' A id iL The date is quite n r. cc r- taim Hi. ^ Shabisffin £ Sttrfir contains -Stories from 1 b. € Arabian. Siekf-u Other tales composed by him Are Stegftfa £ M td b ci W 4 £ (1851) iind S/iarri ftk r/. He also translated from Persian, Suriir i SttffiUtit and G-tAtcr i SmrQr. He published a collection of I e t tera , Imsia c Sfirffr , useful Specimens- ot a now obsolete style, and wrote an ode on the marriage of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VEL His writings are valuable as describing- life and society in Luck- now 100 years ago, and ns the best examples of rhythmical Urdu, but they do not appeal to us eOw, for his pictures l>F Lucknow life arc like a fared fa hy tale, and the style is florid and (ntificiaf. ft m not met with m tlsese days. 2-0S, As ah Ullao Kb: ah £jal[r hag l?een spoken of already (No. !(*?), The fascination uf bis letters lies m their naturalness. He changed the whole course of Urdu letter- writing:, substituting the ffitued for the artificial Many Authors have since then published letters,, but Galib's have never been equalled A part fit>m : CV i Hindi and Urdu a JtfuaUd he hes pot written much Urdu prose of importance. He is the author of tew pamphlets And part of a novel. His reviews, found in £ Hindi along with letters, arc in the formal style which the time demanded. His preface to Mir Lai's Sim f ul Afarif&i is a very good axninple of this style. 2L1&, fltrLADE IhEAu Shahid was a cantmnpo ca ry writer the date cf whose birth and death is not known. He wrote both prose and poetry in a flowery style. He wps a religious teacher with many pupils, and because of his writings in pratoe of Mul.^unmad 3 lias cnlled Maddftlj i Nabl (Praiscr of the Piopl^t), And ‘Ashiq i Rnau] (Lover of (be Apostle). His 1'RDU PROSE 85 works include / fit&a c JSafiuy i B t&h& taii f 1-866), verses on the birth of Mohammad silted Afajmft Va .? flfmtltfd i SAans, and some rather poems, chiefly odes and love JyriCB* 210. Ram Cant?.\e wrote principally aboil r higher ma 5.1 ie- mfitics and allied sublets, on vrbich he published nine volumes. H* was converted to Christianity in 1552 sjid baptised the Eollowmg year- His Silerary works were /&££& f ' /■£ jS# t Afo-gcTr on the marvels uf the nge, find 7 A gk i) it if w/ A r tJ.wa'j7a { L3 4 ft) , fin account in 1! GO Eriges of the lives of famous man. 2 11- 'Abc ul Karim in 3R45 l. ran s 1 a t fid T'/Ji- Nfgiiis for the use of schools. The Urdu is simple and good, being free from ail superfhiOM Qtmnwnk J12, Sayyid Ahmad. SER SaWjTj A TnCAp (]8l7- 9fc) exercised more influence upon Urin than perhaps any other single man Ln the nineteenth century. He occupied many positions under the Government, wro te many boofcas p started magazines, and helped to found societies,. doing mil da to increase friendly reelings between Europeans and Indians. In LSI? he completed Aj&r hi $ a,- i fit fid, on the it np:>rt;!Jit buildings in Delhi, hkI in the foLEnwir-g year began hs history of Hi] 7 uiisr r He was the author of many tracts on religious subjects and of incomplete CDurnicncaries cn the Bible and on the Qpr’aa* Hjs E^vftftoe^ views On religious quest intis roused much opposition an i o ng his co-rel Zionists, though they also met wkh some sup port. In 1 fl 6 ? be founded the Scientific Society, aud in 1872 started the Ta&0f iy/ Akftida, a magazine through which he exerted his greatest influcixcr It met with many difficulties, being twice niven tip ao d routed before finally ceasing pubiiaubn. In the first period of its nrtivity, ae^-en years, it printed articles;, of which 112 were by Sir BayykL He wrote good, fiowtiv and simple Urdu, discarding the fluridi style of his predecessors in journalism. The artificial stylo had such a hold on Urdu writers that his book, Atfirus Smti zdfr/, was first put into literary form by Imam Bakll&b ^ihbiu, the wftll- k now el writer of ornate Urdu, and it was daily at a liter date that Sir Sayyid vefiJtured to write it himself in fab own. □fittUAt, fiitnpJe style. Other marines were started to oppose his, They were sometimes written in the very style Sis A HJ STORY OF URDU LITERATURE which thny were CCindematne— the earoest»eaa of the atsthors made them natural in spite of thcmsel vcs. For a time the issue of the conflict seeaced doubtful, hat ultimately, ho far as Dll Die went, lie wOfl 4 complete victory, and no one now drinks of writing lit the style of Siirur when he has before him its a lj n del the t o rc e hit nod straightforward writing of Sir SayyidL Tlte men who best understood his spirit and most fait hf tl Oy followed his principles were AZ(b£ Hu&ain Uai: and Vahid pd Din Salim. (See Mm. 2 IS. 230.) 213. Qdlam Qatii Blkhajjah flSJM-1305) whs Lorn in Lhasa and tiro Light up in Benares, Most of his life whs spent in G ov e t fli'i i c n t service. His £iJ6tci&t e ,7 T {ga r is in Persian verse, but he has left an Urdu work, Figmi i Arthur (l&U) which is sometimes tllioted OS Fig.an i it lV, Ue a very good let ter wv ri cer i The influence or Fort ftLlham W3B in the direction of simplicity, But the love for an ornate, nrtitkial stylo was •so yreat that at that this simple method of writing was son [fed at. Scrim in his Famita. t 1 A f£ib wrote Egainst Mir Amman. In spite or mockery >* cor.qncred, It whs assisted by the tracts and boohs produced by religious writers like Savyid Ahmad , the YahShl (not the same as Sit Say y id Aijrriad), bis disciple 'Abdullah :n Tattbik vt fr/zFUn ( transJ a ted from a FEfHjan honk writtesi hy fils master Si Ly y id Ahmad), U u I ; . m [mam Shahid, and H aji lama'll in Tfytiyyai nl In&i. Ddhi, at irSt in opposition, aeon accepted the natural style; the objections 0 E Lucknow took much longer to overcome. Ln 1932 Urdu became the lan- Utiage oi the law courts, many legal terms wore introduced, AUd'thusi the language was strung the had in a new direction, Ths primary and secondary schools, liy their demand for simple teitbouka gave E further 5 ti mul □ s to the movement inwards sitflpl icity. Finally, Sir $syy lcI Ahmad threw the whole weight of his influence Oft tn the same side. 214. Ami* A n e. lAjd MlKAJ ( Id 215-1 900 j is ret Let known as a poet (No. 1 7B). Ho published a volume of letters Written in very smooth, good Urdu. H)?. At li&fiflA i Yadgar, an antho- logy uf 410 poets, conncded w ith Rancphr, hoa introdli edema .. ton in the erm-ir « jy| s which wc nauukite w : th By o rde r of V aid 'Ali Shiah he wrote Hyi&yet wj Std^tt URDU PkOSE 87 oj>d InAad as Sulfite wh i-cl 1 brought him great fame- He caii Lin.il/ be said to be a VrT it e r of literary pro.se P 215. Mwamhad HosAibr Azau {<L 1910), professrvr of Arabic jci the Government £ CoJk« f Lahore, is by sm* regarded as the srcatea- of Urdu prose writers. He marts iu a very agreeable., picturesque style, using a go od. maay espresso.™ Hindi words, yet hire and there inUroclricmp aij aufauilllar Arabic or Pej'sim one. T]«re is nothing flamboyant in his writing. Ho often stages his thoughts in a poetical in an, tier, bun tie does not attempt; rhyming words or rhythmical attract ions. His Urdu Rond, ms Bocks, Use Primer and First, Second, and Third Backs, show at] amarim? ability to write the simplest Urdu in the must charming w ay. His volume Cftrai a JSfiW, stories of Indian history, is another example of this. His must famous work is M i ffap&i f s history of Urdu poetry. It can hardly be described os scientific; he accepted tqo read-fy what had been said by others ami relied too much on bis prodigious memory. Same of hi* accounts of peopled lives, and statements about hooks which haw since been published, are now known to be inaccurate, The book contained little Eiterary critidsm 3 but it led the way add as a pioneer work deserves our f&sped. Another important bcxik ls his edition, of the poems of his teacher 2mq. His Dorior i AJki&fl is a large historical wort. He vrfts a meat Persian scholar, and apart from Persian Readers for schools ha wrote two histories ot Persian literature, SukA&rsdan i Fart and Nig&rtMi t Fftrs. His Na&m&g i IC&avai is an allegorical study. Ha made his influence felt in education, joum^hsm and lLtnratnrB 1 ItEs great aofionspliihmcnt Lay in what he did for prose by his inimitable style,, and for poetry by intzuikKlng dong with H§li the new of thought. (See No- 23&) 216. CieSq s Aii (ISM-SB) vfii s a well-known civil servant whose latter days were spent an Hsidarlbaii- Apert from one or two Government reports his work consists almost entirely of controversial and 0 1 her religious books or tracts* His tetters,. Mafmffa £ Fa mil, deserve meet Eon, 217. MuBHTAfl 3na«N VaqIe ul Mule (1S39-1917) bad S3 A HISTORY 0? URDU LITERATURE a career similar to- that of Cirag 'AIL He worked first in British India and aEtorwaids in H aidax a bad . He wrote frjc Ta/&6 ul on social .and rd%kHis. reform, ansi tefuaS 3 ftted t'.vo books on Fmnoe. He had a good com man cl of virile Urdu, but was too fond of big Arabic wort s. 218. Hail. AljIp yrsAitJ Hal! (1837-1914), the great oo aft&ts 13 pfiry 37 .*] friend of As Ad, was fanaons both as poet and as proae writer. He wrote Uiree large vol- umes of biiicrapll y, i JSwt t a life of Sir SayyM Ahmad,, ptih&pi bis greatest prose work ; y&d&Sr a £[0i& 3 a life of <2aEib; md // iv pu. i i .SVrff, a life of tbe Persian peel Sa'di. In the fie I d of ppetks be wrote S&tr o £ I!'i!l pages long’, a valuable introduct ion to bus Dlmu ; in this he discusses tbe different varieties of Urdu poetry. Among his minor works are T iryaq i Mas&t&m (1868), a religions etcntrovftiejal book ; Muftis ww Nm (1874) and Magtimln £ £f all, a collodion of aia£aMiit,a rliel es p orntribated chiefly to JirSaffl *f/ AkjLliii?. (See Na 23 L) Hall's style is free from artificial ornament, a little mnnotanoiis, yet Strai£h1dorWBid and vigorous, as is seen when he writes on scientific m hjeefa . Sometimes it is really good, hot his informality displeased readers, li is remark- able that lie and A d'i d , the pioneers of the new movement in Urdu literature, which, owed so much to English influence, were th*mseh*es indifferent English scholars. 219, J^dufai ul Molk, Savtjb MaheS l All, MugstN ul Mut k (1837-1907) was a friend of Sir Sayyid A toad, whose views he advocated by numerous Articles in at AMfafr He exercised a great IrJtoeiKfi in FJiiidarahad. where Sse was employed after same years of Government sei vk*t, and was largely Instrumental in getting Urdu recognised as the State language. His writings have been collected into a number of volumes. They deal chiefly with subjects of special interest to Minima* and their life and religion. Hls books incluilc cnllectioits of lectures, magazine aitkScs and letters,. ££0. Slxiblir Small Ni/juAXi ( 1837 - 1914 ) was a volnm- inous writer on historiced, religious and sJtfltary subjects. His most important on ntribn tinny to the history of I slim art hss bios ta pb ten, Sfmt u- J i Nh toon, At Fsrftt?, At (r&Jtsoli , URDU PROSE S9 Sra/ tM bl an three volumes, At Aferff.v, / JWSnr&Nfl item. His ehl-ef worts on filmy subject Are v f /talsi J wi ? A fils & Zl:r t'i p ■ , -S'Ai'r a*/ L A fa m atyd Say fix i BBr Tbc first t>f ibgffP, tilt: ,1/pjtt t pWi , Compared Ante And Dafalr to the fidhpantaga of Atlls; ft re.pl y by FaiKj called At fiflmu advocated the cLaima of Dahir- SlfaV VJjFaw* 3s a history of Persian poetry in five volumes. His Shterufima * Miir .? JRnm {? tSkom is a b 0:1 k of travel, deseribrnj his joameyg in Egypt, TuAfly and Syria. He wrote several books rf poetry which are much inferior to lilis prose work. In addition to these he jgflfltshad oo ] Ject ki n * of latter^ articles and Lee tines. Some- people consider him the greatest of Urdu prose writers, His style is stately and I i t firaiy , occasionally stiffs but brighter than Ulli'a. It is '.veil adapted to iJbc religious and historical objects with which he dealt. He Avoids pro IE sir y and esagRe radon, yet sometimes he repeats the KEaie idea over and over again In different words, At one time he gave great assistance to the Ki ad vat ul c Utam a 3 an institution for the study of Muslim theology flnd history ; later on he founded In A^mgSyii the Dir ~j! Mu^mnlfln or Sh£14i Academy, Its diief object ivflS the ETtLidy of Muslim literature, especially AikI'ilc, Persian and Urdu* In this cnnnsotioD it devoted special attention to the collection of MSS. The Throe Npyvftlflf^iuir A h ma d, SinftiBr and .Sh.it-a.if, At the end ot the century these three men were writing novels of very different types. Kasir Ahjr.-H.it wrote domestic hot els, chiefly for v-crniea and girls, A&tl advocated the reform of Hfe in the Muslim home ; Sarsltir gave himself to vivid., humorous and aparhlitig descriptkrtl of ordinary Lucknow life \ he had no religions end in new* SharaFs historical novels were written to depict the past glories of lalazsi in Spain, Arabia, Persia and India. 2£l. N A£ i K ApMAIki {1831-1912) was essentially ft re- former. While ardently attached to his own faith he was not a bigot j he felt the need fora pure practical religi'^ and civilised domestic lifer In TovB&f u n JV&piti he wrote of religions repents since, in B&uiti jw AV.flft and 3-f trot vJ ' Ar *4 of daily home life, ld H&yff e and Cmd Pml of 90 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE religions beliefs and practices. In AfufymSt he preached monogamy, find in be ady center., tile re^MirfaSB of widow*. In addition to these he showed hi Eg mis ter y a y er Urdu by his tntnsbli^ of the [fldijfui Penal Code, the In- come Tp Act and the Indian Evidence Act FTe translated the Qftran into excellent Urdu and pu blished the translation without the Amble text,, an unusual tiling am utiq Muham- madans. He wrote several books on the Q □ r ' am and ^fusion religious duties ; in later life he lectured a good deal, and some of his lectures were published. Under the name of Eena&Jr he wrote some vers & of no poetic merit, hut interesting in the fact that much of it deals with nature aubjKtSr His easy familiar style, carefully altered to fit his characters, is well suited to liis novels, which have great literary value, Out it is not so well fitted for religious works, wlvere some of his co 11 0.711 :aJi sms seem undignified ; e ven his Translation of the Quran is net tree cram them. Though he was a learned Arabic sc ho 1 ax he generally avoids obtrud- ing ids knowledge of Arabic. His chief title to fame lies in his having ion ruled a, new .school of novelists and a new kind of novel— the domestic novel. He fins a worthy successor in Rishld ql Khaim. A gentle vein of humour runs through b is stories* but it. never corns much to the surface. 222 - Ratu Nath Saeshau p.§^-l&Q2) was a humorist and novelist. To understand his literary petition we must remember that he was a journalist ; his moat fatuous boot. Fast jn® £ As3d ¥ a novel o£ enormous length., appeared In bis paper,, the AvsdA AtAi^tn and has all the faults of hast? work done from day to day. As a description lively and gay, often broadly farcical, of all oonccivable characters En all rankg of society to be seen in the Vanity Fair of Lucknow it is in Lm i table, hut we do not find in it any carcftiH y worked- tKi't plot or delineation of character. Ho was casual, lazy and careless. For a long time he would remain idle,, then he would dash off a few chapters. In that way he did nearly all bis work. His novels, Hm/isM. Fi K&M n t Ffmri Butt Son, 7* il id** i BtikiffilsE and A~£fttfxi have the same rullklcing fun and Insouciant® running through all of them, URDU PROSE Id addition to novels and a little poetry, which is not devoid of merit, he translated with .great success several worts from English, such as Wallace’s Jimsm and Duffiftrijl’s Laiit'fL irem fJigk Zjifitei (is ; Ills novel,. Jj AudSf Fa^tfSSr 3 fe an adaptation of Don Quixote. Sarshar uses the idiomatic Urdu of Lucknow ; there- is a ceaseless flow of oortversaTional idioms* the language of the man in the street; there is no stiffness or halting in any thing he writes; he is intensely hujnan and his pictures are full pf life. Ra t kb 'Ali Bee Snrur, who described Lucknow Life n g c ncm t in n earliHi leaves the impressEnni of a dream Sarstiar S p k-t u S 0c! tl*e other hand arc vividly real, his style entirely natural and unarti fiend, 223- ‘ A t=;id cl PAT.ru Shaear (IS6G - iStSfl) was a jem maJiatj historian and sovel isL He wrote chiefly bisLurfcal novels about Che old days of 1 dim in d iffe i e nt countries, but one or two deal with modern life in India. Their fundamental Idea odtocs from Scott’s Wfei nrltip Nfftofls* They n amber about 30 in at! ;■ the bast known perhaps rire r-Mtifei na , fia&an am - Attiattu&t Firrfam ? Bn ? i w and Afufif: £ AsIs am VarfmiG. They differ little from one another, the same heroes and heroines iiaffer varying names appear in them aEl; the game sudden attachments and conversions occur over and over again They arc mere stories, not historical studies. He does not recreate the Spirit of the country or people of whom he writes, and in All his novels be is intensely solemn ; none of his chftroetets ever laugh, at the same time they are in teres tih£ 3 and through much fighting, plotting ati d secrecy the reader is carried on to the necessary conelu sion , He wrefcu e large number of books dealing with the early history of Islam and its heroes ; and was sometimes involved 3 n fierce controversy. He wrote ceaselessly for the press, started several magarifles which enjoyed only a brief existent, and <teLive«d many lectures. His lie was one of great activity, His style is plain and unadorned, rising to greater vigour in Ids historical and social ivri tings, aapec- inJly hta articles, than in hi* novels- 224,* MuHAacMAn 2 aka UlXAH (1333-1910) wtfl ntt educationist whose work was mostly translation and coin- 92 A HJSTQRV OF URDU LITERATURE pitatitiiL. He had a good* but not exalted, style ajy3 his trsns.ls:k«:is read as it they were ordinals, He was ujftHrcsted til a in Zy in maifafl maticas and hi&tMy, Hits most “important historical worts are & History rf /Y-rfVffi in many volumes, TA& Bfifi&Jt Pcrmi fftrftfm H tito ry i A f. >? i (tl i e Victorian peril. id),, and a £4fe *?/ Atfn/ Cwrarc^r 225. Imam Bakh^h $ahhai (d. 1057) was, another edu- cationist who tuRd a great reputation as a writer of Urdu in the old ornate style. As we have seen above Ete wtusc S ir Bayyid Ahmad's A ^ d r # .SffiHflJltf in this style before Sir Say y id himself vrrotc it in simple and nllrect Urdu. He was killed at the time of the Mutiny. 226. Saji ad Uusaiw (I 856 - 1915 J was a novelist of some distinction. In 1877 he be£?m the issue of Av&dkPttH£k and hchhnself was the first editor. His chief novels i-.re 'Tifi hurt FmflSi Tar Ma? Tiitind?, Itdy/i Pxtoi 7 Mifk l Ck ur 7 h ffdf , f and JpySrt DuHfSL His style v\- as fresEl and pleasing with plenty of life and humour. 237* S ay yi d AhjujU.i of Delhi (1846 to c. 1920) was the anther of a number of educational works chicdy for women iind girls* and &1 So of dictionaries and other works, including One or two stories. Hi* most important publication is his ffttPOaS Ufdti dictionary, Farkmg i A /iya (1892}. 228, Savyit> 4 A u Bir.onS/ML (185 1-1311 3 is known for two SmportanL tianalatkinSp T Tt&ddu n ^Ar&bitOfia. Le Jion's bcofe on the dvjlissrion of the Arabs, and Tamzdduti i /fmd Y the civilisation of India. 229. S-afIb HiLGbCAMi (1033—?) was not related to the foregoing. He lived a large part of his life in Ant and wrote much verse, prinolpally love lyrics. His published books include an anthology, i and volumes of lyrics called Sa/ir i &dbvl and € Sr/fr. He w r etc a aKwel, P&fr Aftm* waieh was not published. Perhaps his most important work wfl* Jaha r JTA ifr, a history of Urdu literature, which he wrote with a view to iTjrreotingj.vhat he considered the irus-st elements of Asad's Ad i ff ay ilf . 230* Vapid ud Din SaLsii of PanJpat (lL 1928) wflj Professor ol Urdu in the Oamania University ? U^dbttSbiid. He was a follower and friend of Sir Sayyjd Ahmad, ar.d URDU PROBE 90 worked in has spirit. Along with 'AbtJ u] ljs-ciq, secretary oT die A k i i.i in & n i Taiaqq] e Undti, he was lender cf tine Hindi m tve ttLftnt ;n U rdu, and in tiiis ujnnCdirjn lie wr 0 LC the nemartehte bouk h Vaia 4 IsiUaHU oa the t om ; at ion of technicn! terms in Urdu. vn THE NEW AGE Wis toiw seen how Urdu poetry ljecame enslaved to Ppraan m Ode] s, with the result that the life passed out of it, and it became artificial end insincere, Outward expression, mere devemes of phraseology or thought, was every thine : inner tiesa tv, artless simplicity of idea and true seriousness uere absent. To a latgc orient this is the cose even tfr4ay, but a great change has made itself Felt ; side by aide with the old, a new school of thought apd poetry has arisen and! a freeing Urdu from the shackles of the past ar.fl tedding it Into poetic tit; tb and earnestness. Th In is chiefly the result nf English ibfiaenoc, through ednention and literature. The pioneers of the new echo ol w ere ATiaf Jntusuii Hali and Muhammad flusaiB Asad. By a tOrUtoate circum&tancc t be? fevpd themselves Irt Lahore at ; ho same time, working it) the Education Deportment, at the heat of wh icb was Col, Holrnyd, S. man of sympathetic Spirit, At his inatipition they inaugurated in 1S74 poetical gatherings in which poems were reciter] that expressed the new ideas. In Spite of o-JDSLftembte op purifier the work was begun find the new era ushered in, Urdu poetry definitely entered upon a new stage. The lcfttlfirs avoided two dangers, the Scyha of artificial insincerity On which most Urdu poetry down tc timt time had suffered afripw i c e k, and the Charybdis of exaggerated we 5 t emisatlo n into which some of the younger writcrE fell in the end of ths nineteenth century, 231. KcJi. Altaf HraiM 1 Halt of Panipat (1937-1914) went to Del hi a$ a young mum. After the Mutiny be entered the service oE the poet find Clitic, AhcfCa, whose pUyil he became- Ha also received much help from Qalib, These two raen, especially S bet b i , influenced him greatly in poetical T m NEW AGE- 95 mat lew* Stij] greater was the influence of E ng 1 is 1 1 books, w hlcEi 3tc read while wodtmg under CoL Haired- 1 Q ^ pcetira!! meetings of 187+ and. 1875 te read soiyi£ -of the poems by which he wU to hceonDc iarr.OuS* poems nrUdl marked him oyt fi-S a pioneer- Slid) were ffv&& i f c? /tfjs/; A r f$M{ t IfmmeJ and B&rMa A'uL _ These poems and others like them show beautiful simplicity and directness o£ thought, and really attempt to express truth. The influence of Sir tiiy v k3 Ahmad turned Has attention to the Spirit uni uplift of has co-rel s-i i o nrs is r This found fruit in His lowest po e ra. , Afadd ■?■ /oar s /jirwE, commonly known ns the s' j^clffp which with its appendix is 2*800 Lines long- It as a glowing account o£ the former glories of Isl^Tia, a lament arc: its de client coiidit-^n and a trampet call to reform , No Single poem has had eo great an effect on the Urdu-si^aking world, The spirit of reform is shown also in Isis short poems about womeu, B 'em M .1/ rtiulpl ^ Cup &J Dad and $J(i£i'd * Him f and in the elegies on the death of bis friends, Gzl i b, Mahmud Kh an and Sir Sayyid Alpuad, The Afujatfilm is his greatest poem, and next to this come the short poems just mentioned, which arc very popular, Tie published also two volumes of poetry * -Dims ? Halt and M i f l m u ■!?■ *r Pfazm f ff jtfl. In his Muiaddas he shown real power ; the mind is swept along h y enthusiasm for the past with sorrow over what has been 3osb Sonic say be CKAggeratfia ; but the need for reform is ever present* and tbs stirrings of the son! reaching LPUt to better things fire A tribute to the force of his appeal. It is the greatest Urdn poem since the time of Afidk flail is m tbe first rank of Urdu pcets. (See No. 213.) THE ANCIENT GLORJES OF ARABIA From H 33 ['s Mitsarfdfii F In those dftrt days ud etegtooe or spstfch Was 1: n u-wn ; Ehfc pfltbfl Of 'rvere ; Tne- literaiiire of Rwr* c^d^kL in fce, And f* ma J p. oW. icUif inn was lie- mow— W 1 heu surklcrdY" Arhliia. 'fr Lyf lit Dine; b I jpsEd , And craty diia was suittein w klo awake. 36 A HISTORY Of URDU LITERATURE And wtWQ iSmy lruew fcbS A r;ibs 1 fl j mfpff ■ppov-rh, Aod plainly baaxd tbu Ectsiii-aii oE tlifiix upteth. And ttlL tba vfiiBca rating flnHgfL tlieir vclae, Tudr wmwis radii ng Eke t romi in ffrwyj,, T.insc magiu phrases, fifcirrtasd feQfelKes, Tjitn t be y jx* r c * tttu tJlfitLMWlTK- but dumb b*fone ; They n:u3 unt iflOWa bOP they xu I y: 1 i i pr luIj c or blaJtte-, Nor Iluls 1 express r .he : j sadness or cfaedr joy 3 Not how gfpc lirned coanpd ar uanuRanft — Trrasnre of rn lw nil •:] pen \\ L'ii IXlrLtd, lust. Now Am Se taught SbatB tifcHrfuI uutodta, Arabia.^ u t I ci rxj td the tanguc$ ni ra-^o. T WE PRIlSF.NT fiVIL CMttlTlON 02? LSI .AM IN INDIA Fl rr.cn mii'ji .r/.vjLTii'ifj.'r Tbf race tuIksd step I.V-X5. fixer. ms every ShekI, Whose bnneer \v n v tt] id nJL tbe v- LdlL; of 1 1 tn ve n , Triitao boaour ad JiOrtaodS kiiow — 1 Tbe best ol rattans 3 ts-ns cbe&r title proud— Nothing 1 if mains gf tniit proud full: Irct tin;:;, That ws fitiJE gfJvu C-Uri-ti i v H cbe Musdra niirat- Far 0{Llt!rwi38 wiLhtic Ottf ^LUS and EiOixl, In our iDto&ttezB and our March for truth, Out SksUk sod minds sod ijiongbt* sod Son^ucs and speech* Dux nanirc!, laabits. ijisptisii tun, KtmaitE tlier e no ugh t of old lioblhi-y ,. — Or i i t ier & be, It It by chant* alone. For now our every deed IgnobCi sbowa* Qur sietwcE me the meanest uf the 1 oiv :; The fair dame cf *nr fathers ft Mipaefl ; Our ^n, 1 steps dft. grow the place we dwell. Dstionowid k tbe hoaoiir ol tbe past., Archil's, gremtpew smik beyond - 233- Amd- MtJOfAli MAD 1 Ju£Ain Azad fc. lS3i-l9lO), wh& has bscn dealt with more fully under prose writers (No. 213), ss litrpoiiant also as a post, paitictrtady beefluaa hu was a pioneer. His poetic output, was small ; Mud, not 5 ,000 fld£9 of Ills have bet:a published* He presided uver the first rr- g?°t i □£ of the poetic. OSSfimtily m 1874* ddii^ered a lecture and rend a postn, 5/.'*^ p In the early days he did even more than HSU to In&oduoe the new dew*. Though the meetings ceased v-dtMfl a y^ir B it ntss liiitwssible to Stem the tide. Other* Uiraw id their luL with Az-ad and THE NEW AGE 9? BB3 a &nd in simile of checks from time tn t ime, daft DMraneflt grew In strength. Asiad’s poetry is in one SeH 3.I1 volume called £ ,4 j;iS/£_ Ii captains a number of poenaa on subjects like Love of Country, Dawn of Hope, Night, aad the Lhcam Ol Peace, some love lyrics of less value, arc! a few odes. Like Ball bft deplored conventional exaggeration and strove tube m t n ral K to i si press in Forceful language thfc feelings wlifch aatenated bam, and to describe what Lie saw. He ivould be better known its a pcet if he were not so Famous as a prose writer. £33. M L" # a u ?, [ a nl i :d A ‘ I L (1844-191 7) teionfisd to Mcratb and worked in the Etkc^tion r^ixtrtmerit, for which be wrnte books. Hu gave his Mpncft to the new Scqc-lJ and always kept the new [deaa he Fore him. His poctiy has been printed in one volume, fCttlHyitt i which, ton to ins a large number of short poems. T w o of them rma in blank verse. He wrote on everyd ay subjects with great direct- ness said simplicity, avoiding the defects of the old style. Shibli hod a very high opinion of him and put him after Bata a maty I its poets of t lift J raw school. As a pro^-Hvriter be ia kami by a number of excellent Urdu readers which have been used- with success in the lower classes of schools. 234. Akbar AeSAE BuBAUW Rl?Vl AJEHAH. (1846-1921), named Lisin tal 'Asr P Mouthpiece of the Age, is the lost but one of the front-rank Urdu poets. He spent many years in Goverasnent service,, ana on retirement In 1903 devoted himseH to literature. He belonged to the new school h though at hist he wrote in the old style. He was a fervent patriot,, who preached lfirt not Only for his reb^ion but for the East AS a whole with its customs and peoples. He published three volLtmes of letters, valuables examples of good prose,, and three volumes of poems, each called fCuli- fydir His chief characteristic is his use of humour and satire to enforce his views on national,, political and radial subjects; in this ho was both effective and popular. His command cf pure Urdu* his ability to bend to his purpose strange words, whether English or vernacular, his Appeal to his country men P both Hindu and Muslim, both Jeatf.ad and m tom fij, his humour and hte wit,, his flow of language and m A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE charm uf styles tnsfl him oat as a writer of eminence. He was a master of mom], didactic and political verse. 23i- Suruf, DcrGa Sahab SdtlGe (1873-1910), usually known as Scrar .1 a han a bad e, is One of the most remarkEble of recent poets. Ilia life was sad; to secure a living he sold fugitive verses to anyone who would, buy them, Happily two volumes of poems liave teen preserved, Jfim t SurRr and Xkw mkAffrut e .Suritr. He disliked the u urea 1 images and meaningless qxbk&Imb of the old poetry, and did not care for love lyrics, but, like Kfaglr of Agra (No, 125), delighted Id everyday subjects. He was r.n Indian first and foremost; betas a Hindu. 3 k wa& able to enter Erato a phase of Indian life little touched on except by QulT Qut b Shah {No*. 20) and Nazir, He loved the old hercct, and the stories of Hindu life and religion; his poems arc full of national sentiment- He w« specially food of u sOws^bjecte aod those which brought out the inherent tenderness of Ms eharadser ; his iningin^ticm was in v id 7 nod his command of language great- He liked simplicity and preferred! vernacular Hindi worth to those taken from Arabic and Persian. He never had a poetical teacher and was therefore free from die fetters that bound many of his fallow poets. Urdu poetry suffered a great loss in his premature deaih- 230L Nlnra Al! Kwak Nadir (1867-1912) is another prominent name in the new movement, He was a much better English scholar than Sumr and show's more western influence in Ids writing - . He was. a patriotic writer, hut wrote more cn iroagmativc subjects than, cm (he things of everyday life* 237, Muham.mad M Hc^uu m (1825—190.5), called KakanravT after his native village* was a lawyer who gave his leisure time to literature. At first he wrote odes and love Ey ries bat he gave them up Eor ?s&% poise of Muhammad, in which Sie gained great fame- Ho And Amir MlflSI are the best writers uf this kind of poetry- He was a friendly roan of old fashioned ootutesy. In verse he combifled high sounding words with fertility of ideas, happy metaphors and allusions to well known stories. 23fi. Ahmad ' A iX Shadq Qiovac, is one of the chief poets THE NEW AGE &9 of the last 50 yea rs , He wrote simple anti beautiful pD^ms on nature aod love, such ss Tarwm £ &Aaup 9 GafftfrUt a Mrfpisaiy f /ffiffl&j/, *Alaw* t fif.' m'vi also the plaps, j , yijcMd™ i M airr L Key find Qtisim & In his revolt against artificial ornament and Person oonstfuctions be did a real service to the language, 239, ' At-i Mopmuc Shad of F ataa* wh o died in 1927, lor nuariy years took part in all tbc life of hm city. He wflS a prolific writer, vt ry fond of writing congnitnlstory od es and other pOMftS on occasions oi public Or dcumstic Importance, He is the author of many elegies which arc noteworthy for their freedom From exaggeration- His poetry suffered from haste and over-preductim, for he gave no time to revision and coo™±lqpl 2 4 0, ‘AgT-rAT U ix ah Khan oi Delhi ( d .. 1927) must he mentioned. chiefly on Ac do li n t of his resolutely t umi ng to Hindi models in language, thought and metres Some chink that in this respect he. will have a great,, even an epoch- making influence on Urdu poetry, Though not a poet of the first rank, lie is well worth reading* He wrote in a rather feminine style, VIU CONCLUSION \Yb have now conic to the end of onr survey of Urdu Literature. In dealing with English influence we have spoken Of tbK weak of Fort William Loitcge in Lhu begin- ning 0 f the ainteonth century; Col. HclrOyd r.ad his connection ’with u&h and Azad have been referred to on Tir £4 in fixplanatiun of die characteristics of the New Age . jtfEnrinr. should also he made of the Delhi Coliege, 1827 57, 10 which Sir Eayyid Ahmad, Na^tr Ahmsd, kS Ullah and ?jya ud Din Owed so much. English ini! it aioe is aetn In the increased Attention paid to thought a : id matter as opposed to tiingnHEre Aftd frnm> in more naturalness and Less conyeu- tionaliij, and, generally, :u grater breadth of subject and treat meat, f^oing muie Into detail. me may tote the i d flowf ni as duo to it, («) Study of nature. Formerly descriptions of nature were largely conventional and artificial. EsceptioiM may he found in Quli On lb ^hnh, Nhjot of Agm, m £ l Dul^A Snhac Surisi. Xaalr Ahmad. Na. 2J1, wrote many oature poems, but he is little esteemed A3 A poet- Other students of nature were Hall, Asad, Isma'i!, Akhar, Sfcauq Qadvai and Iqbal, (£> The same writers are prominent in poetry cf tlcscTip- (ion. They write of IfOwCIS, insects, birds And: Other living Creature^ occasionally of festivals and famous otiMin^S. {c) Another form of poetry which Owes iiA inspiration brgely to English sources is that which bKfltJvM love of cocutry and true patriotism, perl. raying the glories mid beauties of Scenes and events loved by the author, but not deerving or be! itt L ing other lands find peoples. id} HorAl and didactic verse has mueJt increased in popularity of recent years ; its poe fj c value j& net great, blit CONCLUSION 301 its ethical value is eniQmoc& Indian opinion has ea £ e * Fy ftvftiltd itself cf the support given by English literatim, and the difference in ane-j-al tone between Urdu writings of t L^iiA y iiid those of days gone by is almost beyond telling. Indeed. the sjytapaiJiy between the best senttment in India and the greet writers in England,. gartieukrly in moral asiMTstUMSb h a happy augury for the days ter come. Religious poetry, when, as in HaJT's MhssMu, it is free from bigotry, helps to this end { for ft then reuses men to a read isa don of -ill t he t ls best in t hens T including love for others. (f) As regards poetical form and language, Urdu has not changed much under English, influence-,. There was a time, a felv years ego, when it appeared Likely to ml opt many western models, but it has not done go, am! it remains pearly as it wflS. Tin? dislike of change has encouraged the Dontinuatice of n v e r- Persian i sa t too (which, as we have scoDp is one of the greatest hindrances to the true develop- ment of Urdu poetry), ai;d has prevented the employilKat of new forms of verse, PruSc lias made more advence than poetry in the last twenty -five years. It is less shackled by eg n vent ion „ and though it suffers from the h Eight of Persian and Arabic, whicll efit cat its vitality, it is freer and more vigorous than all but a small part of the poetry. Novels are Ejeoucdng more and more numerous but no great novelist baa yet arisen, otic capable of delineating growth of character and developing a plot. P re tn Cand, who writes both Urdu and Hindi, nearly achieved greatness in this respect, before he gave up hEs short stories* which were admirable, for his long novels, which are tmencpridCmg and improbable. He wit] never attain the heights which a.re within his reach unless he goes back to his tales of the village life which lie has lived, and the Hindu villagers whom he understands. These tales alone ring' true, and only thay enable him to express Ms sot;]. The range of Urdu poetry is abitl very circumscribed* We have seen that epics cun hardly be -said to enist, the only substitutes being the elegies relating bo Karbala (p. 61 ). There is no dramatic poetry. Plays arc being 102 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE written in ever jpcreafidnff ixiimha^, hut they are not titera- rure, II th* Urdu writers of today would make a study of Shakespeare^ Milton, Tennyson and Browning, they might create a wbcle new world for their readers. In prose we m:ss philosophy, impartial history a n q pene- trating urEUeiam. There are works on historical, subjects, hot genemiiy spec kins? they show® lack of genuine r e soa r i ;. h ■and ueMeindijced InvestigatiMr Criticism tends to confine itself to qneaEloaB of verbal cleverness and linguistic correctness. Little or no effort is made to discuss on author's thoughts and pining* or estimate Ida poetry as a wholtip and when lines are quoted front Iris poems, we are not told in wh at poem they occur or when they were written, We must,, however., mcognise a certain improve- ment of late, which gives encouragement for the future. Many of the Urdu msmizrn.es., which ore now rjuipero^s* arc devoted to literary subjects, anti the level of criticism is getting higher- About 250 anibeps have teen, mentioned in this work. Apart from Prcm Garni, who bis just been alladed to, only eight arc Hindus, the rest are Muhammadans- The eight are Nos. lfi, 132, 19* 1EJS, 210^22 and 235. The only famous writers among them are Day it SIiAnkAr Nasim, Ratn NstbSaisbaraud Du rg a Sahae Sunbv Hindu Authors of real ability piefer to write in HSndL To e r, p] nin the sEtuntion we nifty liken Urdu, with its Hindi, Persian and Arabic elements, to English, with Anglo-Saxon, Latin a aid brock:- Hindi, and especially Sanskridscd Hindi, is what English would bo if we excluded wards of Latin and Greek Oofrfn And introduced Augfci-Stxofl, while Urdu corresponds to Ei^Siah with eel excess of Latin and Greek words. Hindi is written in Sanskrit letters, Urdu, in adapted Arabic Eetteis. Aetito, Sanskrit is the sacred lanmiAgo ui H ind n a , Arabic of Muhammadans. Instead oi having one strong, virile language for both coramuni::es, we find two languages, rendered stifi and almost unintelligible by the over-use of Sanskrit in ope and Persian or Arabic in the other. It is perhaps an illustration of tbe need for f e tral c eckica- tkin that them am no women in the list, though we saw on P- ttjsut Princess Rhadria ma a, great natron of letters* CONCLUSION 103 and on i% 25 that a hdjr En Sid hot ba<3 ordered a copy of /MAfow from Rtistunu, The future of Urdu depends chiefly on the great mass ot its speakers and writer, hut ateo cm the Osmauiya University in Hiidarsbacl ; to some extent, t qq , on the Anjum&di i T a ra qq i c LI rdu* with its headquarter in Aui'ang abhd,. And the Hindustani Academy. Connected with the University is the Oar lit a translation bssreau which exists for the purpose of familiarising the Urdu reading public with scientific work in Europe, and especially in Great Britain, The Anjnncran_iE purely Liter ATy, Afid, under the guidance of its secretary, 'Abd ul Hacjq ? Professor of Urdu in t] i e Gsmaniya ITruversity, serves the interests of Urdu litemrure by the issue of its quarterly mega^ing, l/rdfi, and the praduudon of hooks, old and now. It is related to the MaLiaaitnadAu Ethical ibnR] Conference,. which is a predirct of L All£ a fh UiriversStyr The Hindustani Academy, under the ftUSpfosa of Government, bus two branches Kindi and Urdu, the iii embers being exclusively Indians, Two fiuadcterly maga- zines are published, one for each taojjna^ and valuable work la^ being done. In KKlitioa to these institutions them is the Shih-L Academy in A'^amgnjh, which es^denvoLurs to give to India not only the test of Muslim thou girt, but ate the philosophy of the west, and thus in some measure to supply fi want which has been :cfcrmd tn above. We have hitherto no! referred to living authors cxeep: Incidentally^ bat it seems fitting to girt some account of ore who occupies a place among the great Urdu pouts. £41. tqhalr Sik M rr^AiTM An Iqbal (IB75— ) is a Pan- jabi. He was bom in Sialkot, where he- received his education till he reached manhood. He took his degree in Lahore*. From 1905 to 1908 he was in England and Germany. TLiese years in the west left a permanent mark Mpon his life and thought. He has written in both Peisinn and U rdu, but for scorns tiros now has devoted himself to philo^phi- ca! subjects and hag not written verse. Hi a first pc e m . Odd /.■:* fid r wag written in 1901, At one time he w [shed to give up poetry, but on Sir Thomas Arnold's advice, took it up again. His poetical writings 104 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE show wcesslve Persian influence which unfortunately is mo ft t clearly seen in his latest poems. Hi* best work is contained in Bdit r t Dir^ 1U24, which 33 divided into three parts amording to date — (i) before, fl[) during, and (in} after, his visit to Bttrope, 19 US -8- He 3s food of nature subjects, such as flower* and animals, the moon, the sl&rs and the clou.*, evening and night,. the banks of the Ravi OTfi the mountains, A]] his poems are short The beat known arc ICk irr i J!aA t Tapir £ Haiti, $&£km t Javafr £ S& i £ fti i and his Cfc&j to ffimal&yas, £& G&Hfot&f&i ft? to4 F mfly and to fAs Cloud. Ha sings the praises or Muslim ftchie rem e nt „ for ho is no t a notional but a Muslim patriot, one who h;is imbibed some of the Cml tore of the West, but holds himself rather aloof., not so much antafioofatEc to it as saa^niom of its effects on bis oo^elieiopists. Lite HaEi„ be looks back tg a golden age. but he feels a greater personal pain at its passing away, Latterly he appears to have espftrl&noftd si neb did lets lon- gue ot and become somewhat embittered. However, as Lie has hardly passed his prime, ]kt mil y once Rgain write poetry, and he may then be able to view the world with greater optimism. Skitne o f bis admirers have named him Tujoinan i Sbq Iq ftt. Interpreter of the Truth. I 1 IBL 1 QGR. APH Y ROOKS n>] URDU LITERATURE The following books ere known lu (.Lit; writer personally r From this Jiut r.m excluded PerstiU Anthologies, booxs dca\- Ld£ witli individual pot: tn, arid volumes uf poetry* whet be r iii ith or wttbmaE an introtluctLoti. Uedd Booee 1. At i H<zy£. Bf M. Htisain Anad, 55C pp. c* 1SSQ. A brijbt chatty account m teautiM Urdu o£ 70 poets down to 1S75 ; contains many *mr**ng Btcrtei ; about 200 pp. of quotations from E&sah ; hiatus' sent WKter r 2, Oat iRatta. By 'Abd nt f,iaj Kadavi. 5+5 ppr 192S r A long introdnetien on the course of Urdu poetry, mention- mg. a f £w Mbembnii Dak h n I pneis,; account of seven Dtikhnfl 3 nd 63 north Indian ports ; historical order- 3r vrrJc/ian 0 * Jimed* By Sri Rara. 4 ^ols-, 1^,550 pi>- In aJph&brtScal order of teh hali ng, dealing with 2 fc 0 54 versifiers ; completed down. to the letter J&rc, the test name heme Shu ur- Many bi^ginphical detsily, tait little stout poums or style ; il completed wilt comprise about 4,600 pp- and contain notices of about 4^000 writers. First volanic out o£ print. 4- S/t/r?dffmd m By "Atd us Salim Naciavu 2 vols., 9flff pp. Gr 1926. VoL I deals wit fa selected poets in historical order ? VoL II speaks of different kinds o£ poetry and the mem who wrote It. Both vols. have copious quotations. 5* M i Haw, B>- Ja WAli Nishto, 280 pgu 1918. Telia of 25 poets chosen at random, and has a chapter Ou Rampur. 6. Siyarul Maqatmiffte.. By M. Yahya Taetfia. 2 vds. Q79 p p . 1924 and 192S. On Urdu prose writers from 179S to present day ; long biographical account of later writers, a 106 A HBTORY OF URDU LITERATURE refers to their chief works* and quotes f mm sort: ie« Very flew recent writers manriDoiri. 7- w* Jlaatwatt- By ‘AM til JflbMr Kh &n As&f^ 2 vd]s„ 1^42 pij. cl 1S70. Out of prints LleaEs with Dakhni pacts ; much binsraphicsl detail, but little about poetry- & Until eQadl Mm By Sbflrtas UBSh QSiisi- ISHpp, 1S>B7- Usefi.ll i n f c pr, a Li on. a bon t early writers And the carl y history o f Urdu* _ !U Z?*tc 2 tf wtf /£ Urdu* By Kasir nd Din HashimL 312 pp. lf>:26. Like the last mentioned. 1U» Urdu kt Aviifit x BftySn. By £tLlim Muhiyyud Fttrt QidrT. 204 pp,. 1027- A clever book on selected prose writers and t li ea t style ; does not mention, their works* 11 , Ar6a6 f JYasr*. By Sayyicl UuhanniHd- 306 PP- --*-7. On the early Urdu translators OffiaKtecl with Fort William College, Calcutta. L?« /■'liv/iVL' wpl-w; £Ww. By Mahmud Shirani. 327 pp, 1Q2& ji i u ch intcrestirtSf material.. Claims a high place tor the Pttnjib in tlie development of Urdu from early times to the present day* 13. SAt 'r&SM T>r. By Atyif Husain USE, 107 pp, 10116* Monograph on Urdu gpetfc; style and various kinds of poetry. 14. IfiwiUfT Skfirt* By Maa'qd Hasan Rizvi. 132 pp. It'i23, Sketchy assays irt defence p£ Urdu poetry. 1.5, y\w$7ik Afigifidi* By author of No. 10. Essays in nriHpifcm with illustrative critiques. 16. UrrffZ S&afifiartL By HntbDr of No. 10. 365 pp l 1 !J29. Urdu literature to die time ot Vail ; copious, well chosen extracts ; a ^luahle hook- 17 , Ihmya e A fifing By “AM u! QMt Saivaii. 215 pp- I!B7. Bngusi a ten Ebbhch Boons IS. Histtrv rfe !& Litltrahtre //cvstwfr A ffijtfU&ttif&ftiOm By Gamin dc Tossy. 3 vols.* 1^840 pp. 1870. Founded on Fcrsien and Urdu antlwlagwa ; in alphabetic order; deals wtfh Urdu tnd Hindi writers and shows At raring industry tor one who had never been Ln India. 11 JHi&t&rjr of Urdu Ufcratmc. By Rflm Eahir Sfttsenfl, APPENDIX 107 385 pp„ 192 7 - A good hut cli&cuisive account i veryiqBeFul to thc«ic who cannot read UilIli. 2 Cl- Influence &t£-UiJi LiigrAh&t ^ 6 W « By 'Abd ul LairL 146 pp, 1324. Brightly written from the new standpoint ; a ££>Gd dial of in toLT^ation. 2 L Aa/Afrgmr i?/ AfiMtoABirt A/SS, m tAe Li&rsry of £&£ Jiirftii Of fit f*. By Jwnea Palter Elumhardt. LH 3 pp. 1936 . Many useful biofophic-al details. 22- // tH ff?t L hl.K t A it rt ‘ii fit rf / In the j 'f / p/Ji tftfdnX Bri- tmuica (9th Edition, Vo3. XI, pp. M3 ft). By Kir C* X Lyalt A brief acocnmE of Hindi and Urdu literature. SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION OF URDU LETTERS Urdu AlplMtbet Rupioen tsuiiou by Rrimc l I mrac".*! t Urdu Alphabet Repxts^ a - tiLtkia by Kflitoflft sbanctef Urdu Alphabet K «: preseii- intion by R i :cnnn dajfacter INDEX OF PERSONS In uarf] cnse entered under the bcsL-t down name. The first number given is the conscetslivc number, when them is cue ; the anmarala f olio whig refer te pages. K,“ h inj ; M.“Mu ham mad. Abad, Kahili EasarL jsT., No, 144, ‘Abdul Ilflcra 93, 103, f Abd nf Ksitm, No, 211, ‘Abd Hi Qadir, Shah, No. 201; 12, ' Abd uigadir J ilini, IS, 31.42. 'Abd us Sal am, Nadvi* bt, ‘AbdT, No. 19, ‘Abdullah, No, 10 ; 78, 'Abdullah, S6. Abru> Najm 11 6 Ilia, No. 96, 'Adil ShSh, flbrabim. No. 43. Afsou, Shir ‘All, No, 190. Af tab, Shah 1 A lam. No. 127. Affftl, No. 93. Ahmad., No. 95. A hiv a d , liikni, No. 23, Abroad, Gujrali, No. 6$, A httiad , felnflfi. ild Din, No. 191, Ahsau, Muhammad Ahsan, No. 101, Ajfeah, 3, 7, 10, ‘Ain ud Dia, No. i : 78, ‘ Ajir, " Ati E uti Din,. No, 87, 'Adre, M. ‘AN, No, 56, Alihar, Akfcftt Eusajn K. k vi „ No. 234: 3, 4, IDO, Athbar, V^jid ‘All Shah, No. 143 ; S3, 67, 86. Akhtai. M, gadirj K., No. 251. 'All Ibrahim, K. f 13, "Ali Jyu. Shall, No. 13 ; 15. Amanat, Agfr Hasan, No. 150, Amin, No. 45 : 26- AroTn. No, 61, Amin, II., No. 37, Alulii jd Dsn A‘la, No, 3: ls, 17. 30, Amir Ahmad Klii&i., Nos. 176, 214; 4, 50, 66, 98. Am mtuU M lr. Na 133 ; ^ 86 . W Aida, Esbar ‘All, No. 152 j \ 4, 47. 01, 53, 69, 39, 95, Anvar, Uoiriun Mir*?,, No, 176. 'Arif, ‘All JM., No. IBO: 57. ‘Arab, 11. Aiiu. 39, 45. Asir, M, Kir, No- 120: 4, 43 . 68 , Asblt, Khalil Ullih K, No, 203, 110 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Ashiaf, Smjjyid Aahrnsl, No. I Blirkan, Shah, No. 6: j*, 15, 83. 13. 78, AsiET, M<tga5H “AH K., No. US, At j sb, Haidar 'A?i f Nu-. 133 t 4, 48, SO, 59, 61, 62, 8-1-6, _ **■ Atj le-Jjt , No. 44. Auranenehi 16, 26, 27, 30-2, 37, 42, 43, 46. Afcfld, Faqir Uilali, Nu. 72 : 39. M. Husain, NuS- 213, 232 : ra, 4, 46, 43, 34, 53, 70, 79, 88, 92, 94, 100. 1 Affmat U1 1 H.I i K„ No- 240, A Ell n:l a , Sadr ud Dfn K. No. 168, Babur, is, 11. Bahadur Shah I, 38. Bahadur Shah II, see jjdfftr. Bohr, Jmdid 'AIl, Nu. 14.1, Babri, Qa£i M- Nu 6?.. Bfijah, Shekl) Bsha ud Out, No. 12 ; 12 , Ik E«lAi NavSs, No, 2 : 3 r 15, 26, 78. Haqa, Baqa Ullah, No, 112, Banq, M. Itiza, No. 139 : 67, Bsiyais, AhSsKn ULI fill K.- No. 110 . Beeiuit, No, 59, Eodar, MirMuhauirnad:, No. 111 . Eck h aba r, fi u 1 anr: G.&u.| , No. 213. BihsrEELL, Sain:, No. 229 : 64, B eLt atn i, Sayyrd L AH, Na 226, Carr, Mayir M.VL r „ 27. Dirag !Ali, No, 216. Dablr, SaJamat 'All, No. 153 : 3, 4. 47, 62 t 85). Uif, Naval) Miraa I£„ No. 175): 4, 50, 74. DaraiJjRhBrt, "AJi K., No. 145), Dard, Mir, Nol 107 : 1, 4, 41, 42, 46, 43,51,57, Hand, Mina I>aud, No. 89. DauMShab, No. 46; 26. FfldK, No, 40. Faah 26. Fhkferj F No.«5: 39. Farid ud Dm S:lhk;irgiini, Shcli, No, II: 15. Pauq, 89. Paali, No. 183 ; 79, Pigan, No. 1G3 e : 53. Pirac, Sana Ullah K., Nu. 109. " FrrOs, No. 21, Gfffdn do Taaay, 31, Gilchriat,. 11, 48, HO-2, Goya, Faqlr Ullah, No. 206. Gabb, Asad Ubib K. t Noa. 163, 208: ia, 4, 50,60, 65, 67,70, 73-6,83, 94.93. No. 25:4, 19,22, 25. dtaJaroi, No. 80. Naidorl, Sajjyid H j i d A f Balthah, No. 187. INDEX OF PERSONS HI 9 fl !i:. A2jt&f Husain, Nog. J u rat. Oaimctar B akh sh, No. 3M, 231 : 4, 86, 88, 94, 9$, 117 : 64. 97, ]0O, 101, urj4. Hasan, Mir, No. 113 j 1, 3, 4, Kflifi, Dnkm, 4. ■42, 4a, 50, 61, 62, 67, 68, Salim, M. HnSAa:, Nds. 105, 79,81. 183a; 57. Haarjui 'Ali, Nt* 76 : 4. Kama], 50. H a shi m i, Miras, No. 54; 35, Sha ll fa. Princess, 2S. 102. HASrai:, Ja L far 'Ah, No, 116. £tahi, Mir Ibrahim 1C, 1 H&itn, Ziihrur ud Din, No. Khalil, Dost 'Ali, No. 143. 100 : 41 , 42 , IChflliq, Mir Miista^siii, No. Hkliyat, Hjda^t UUah K n 129 e 4*61,62,67,68. No. 121. Khfflb M., No. 14 : 15. Holrayd, Colonel, 94,95, 100. Mushmid, Malik. No. 47 : Hnsaini, 'Abdullah, No, 4 ; 29, 15, Khu srsii, Amir,, 4,. 8, 9„ 12, HusainJ, Ealaidnr 'A1I P No. 28,, 47* 73, Si. IffihSL UI.UIr»Mi Ibn I Nistae. No. 31 : 19, 22, LaUD UU P No. 193 : 9, 24. La|Jf fc No,4t Ik ram 'Alp, No. 19®,. Lull* Mvm e AH» NcklflS: I« Imami, No. 77, InSha, InShst Allah K., Nos. Ma^hub \Alam, No. 73 ; 19, 115, 204: 19, 41, 42, 59, Mr hm&d B e £, No. 64. 53, 55, 56, 59. Mahmud, <]aznavl, 5. Intel, Sir M„ Na 341: 4, Mahmud. Sot jid, No. 22. 100, MajriJh, Mir Mnhdij No. 177. “Iraqi, No. 71, Malik, Shah, UK 51: 19. J Isbq. Russia Mirsia, No. 15 7. Msrrman, Nijaili id Din , I ritis il, llau.NI, Nd,l99 : 86. No. 128, I Email, M., Nr*. 233 ; 4, 190. Master, Jin JSdUq, Na 102 : 25,41,57. Jalal, Z &n id "AJl, No, Ml; | Mahmud* Shari nd Din, No. 4, 75, J&n Sahib, 56. 1 a. v A tj , kajim L AJl, No, 184. Jniiajd, ShckL No, 17. Junrbdi, ‘All Alter Ahmad, No. 39. 98. M : hr | Ratlin ‘All Beff, No, 140. Mir TtefU No, 164 : 1-4, H, 1], 25, 38-1?, 45-53, 57, 59, 63, 67, 72, 75, 78. 8L 115 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Mntis Jl> Shams y] Ustehitf], Nhsl ir p Nsrfr od Din Shall No- 5 ; lx, 9, 15 7fl. No- 126 r 10 p 65, 70, 7? r Mir&n Jj ? J£liud.amjmLNo- 7. N-Asir, Vail M. , of Agra. 2s a Mirim Ya'oab. No. 32. 125 : 20, 32, 41, 43, 98, 100, Mira, No., 50 1 4, 19. Minsa* Abal Qifim, No. 38, MohinL IJaS-tflt, 77- Ma b&mtnacl £ari P 5 ? 7. Muisin, Hi Mitijfito, Noy 257. Mulls ia ul Mult, Sayjid Mahdl "All, Mo. 2 19. Mu jdml, Shah BlrUlllh, No. 70. Naafr Ahmad* No. 221= til, 100, NihsJ Cand p UhaurL No. 192: HL Nsri, No. 35, Nftri, No. 36. N'u.^rflJtE, No. 49 : 4, 19, 25. Piem Caral, 101. 102, MumJu, 'Aba ul Mfunio, No. 53. " Qidit, No. 91. M&itufl, M. M fhnin K., No. 163:4, 70,73-5. Munir, Iama/H UuHain, No. 143.. M mris, Mir M* Nnv&Jb, No. 154: 4 67,69. Mu qiinl, NOs- 29. Miifi-hafi, Cxiilam Ham ad ini, No. 114: h 4 S 11,41,45, 50 ? 54 ? 55 r 59, 61, 62., 64. Mirny?, Mufesin 'AIL 72. Nadir. NSdir 'A1 I K, No. 236. NfcHi Shift, 58, ^ Nairn, Khurahid 'All No. 156 l 87, (39. KajjjM. ti ha l.:Lr, No. 97. Narayao, Sen I, No. 19S. NasJtb;, Imam Bahhsb. N&. 131: 3,10, 50, S9.ti2-S.JO, n: Naaim, Ajgar Ali K,. No, Kasim, Dava Shahtar Kaui, No. 132 : 4 . 33, 102. Qailrf, Shah Pd_ No. 55 : 7S. QflOri, Valt Liiah. No. 57 l 78. Qfijso, Qivam lk! Bit, No. IQG : 1, IV CNafl, Arshad Ail K. : . No,. 147, ’Qapssi, Saji p i d ‘A'ndu I ' nil . No. &2. QadraL, Qndiat Ufll hJ.i a No. 122, Qiili Qnjib Shaii. M., Kg, 20 : 1, 4, 10. 19, 22. 34, 10. 39. 98, 100, Quib Sfclh, J AbdylU(l3, No, 27: 17, 22, 24,28, Quth Shit* If., No. 26: 20. UutbT, 25. Qutbl, No, 28. Rofi' ad Din, Shah, No, 200. RftfetlahaD, Ziya nd Dia, No. 170, KEiiti C r. e.< 1 r. No. 210, RthgiEl, SaVlat Yfcr K., Nos. 118, 205. INDEX OF PERSONS 113 Rashid. Mustafa Mirza, No- I Shad, ’Ali M.. No,. £39 ; 4 159. Raslik f 4 All Ausajj, No- 138. Rashid ill Kliairl. 90. ShahJj Sash Qnli K n No. 39. Shahid, ftulam No. 209 : 36. Rati^J^ilul&m 'AH, No. 124. Shahid i, Kararmt, No. 131- Raza, Nln 78, SlttJdif AmauaL Ullah,, No. Rind, M. K,> No. 137. 197. KostumL Earn tl K,, No. 48 ; S-hazmr, ' Abd ui Halim, No- 19. gaba, Vazir 'All, No. 136. Sfcauq, A] 6abai s No. 69. ' 6, IDO- Sabir, No. 90., Sbauq„Na Sadal 9, Sbefta, M m S&hbai, Imarti B akfaa tu No. 50, 94. 225 : 85. Shabll, Nu Sail, StAj ud Din, No. 173. Shu nt, N Ssjjad EJiisain. No 226L M Si raj, Sid 5fi]ik P QwrhJLn 4 Ali p No. 169* 19. W Salim, Vahid ud Din. No. SltaL. 8, 9. 223: 89. Sharf, ASK BUM, Nr, 135 , ShanqpAtaanfl^M, No. 238; 6, IDQ- Staauq, Navab Mirza, Ko. 1 55 . Sbeffca, Muatara 2L P No. 167 ; 50, 94. Shibli, Nd'itftflia No, 220: 97. ShuNlr, No. 41 , Riraj, ftjraj ud Din, No. 36: 19. v 230: Hr, Soz, M. Mir, No, 106 : 48, 53, Sami, GulN Q adi r, No. 87. Sumr, Dntura Sabae, No- 235 - Saoih, SLiajiab ud Din, No. 17 L $arim, £ AbdullahHatK,,Nu, 9i. 100, 102. SsrCir, Rajab C AH Ifcff* No £ 07 : 36 . 91 . S&arshlr. Rata Nath, No- Taasbshac, Sayyid Mind, £22 : 89, 102 No- 156: 69. Saudi, M. Raff, Nos. 103, Taisln, Shuja ad Din, No. 364 l ix, 1, 2' a 4, 30 P 41. 42, 4fi— 53 P 57-9, 63, 64 p 67, 75. Sayysd, No. 79. Savyid M., No. SB- 172- Tab't No, 33: 4,19. TahsEtv, 'Ata Hn sh iu , No. 185 1 8L~ Szyyid Ahmad, Sir, No- 212 : Miizft Jan, No, 203 81* 80 p 88, 92, 9$, 10G. Sflyyid Ahmad, die Vahabi, 86 , Sayrid Al i mad, of Delhi, No* 227, S$V&i No. 52. Talib, Abu T»ibL No. 68 . Talih Ahmad Sa id IL, 74. TSui Sbdh. A bill tiiusau, No. 34, Task Jn ? Mir Hamlin, Nn. 166. Taaliru. No. 190:4 a 75* 77. 114 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE . M „ 7, 14, Iff, 25, J Umr, Mu*b)Ur K„ No, 34. ‘tr^man, No, L6, Vajdi, No- 74- V la j id YlIl, sec Ak h tor, VAjhI No. 24 j 4 P 10, 12, 19, 22, 24p 26, 27, 3rip 37, 7& VaH 3 Mi- FayyBft Na 63: 32-4, 3fi. VsH Ullak Shams ud Dm. No.. 75 r 1, 4, ::;i, 27, 32. 36* 37p 39j 40, 45. 4& Vali Ram, Nq- IfcL Valih,. SaiyyEd M J( Nd- Vaq&r ill Mulkp .Molitaq Husain, No. 217- ^ Viteir h M- Vazijp No- 1 36a ; r jjlpr ViULMsudMir ‘Ali, Wo. 195. Yaknuig, MngtaJ& K., IN o, 3Q, Yfltjiiif Ia'ani UHaH K. ; No. 113, YaCirtl Ahmad, No. 32. Zafar, Bahadur Shah H, No. 164: 70-2, Sabir, Zahir luI Din, Nu. 175. Saiii. Shell h Dead, No. 5H. Z<ita U ]] ah, M, N& 2 14 : 100. Zaki, Mabdi ‘Ah K., Ny. 148. ZhIzI, 11. Zdkariya K,> No. 171, ZuO'iir, MizEflfJar hlnsai n, K q. 13(1 : 4, 61, ZataTli, Mir J a ' Ear . Naa. 04: 1SZ: 73. Zayf! f M. Ibrahim, No, 161, ^ 4, 57, 50, 50, 72, 74-6, 37. ^auq l, Sli ni] ^Insain, No. 60. Ziva, Zjjra ud Din, No. 123: ICO. INDEX OF WORKS (Only rteil names arc entered) Ab i JJayit, 79, 87 h ft?, Af tab i Dag , Ttf. A lil-: am ng Salat, 2ft, n ,, Salavat, IE, 78.. Ain i 32. Ajgamlmfl, 48, 49. Afchbfrr i Rartgtn, 57. Afcfelaq i Hindi, 81. Ralt&risfin i Sufejis-o, 66, Bate Sin, 28, 2ft. Babrla o BhjlQ tlusru 2G ? 28 P Bakftl Pacisi, 82. BwjffBb Nama, 31. ' Basil m Na'sh, 89. ! Harsh Ma&a,42, ’ Barkbl Rut* 95. Akbliq I J*m 82.. A1 FaruqrSR AE SawSli ^8. Al M&nun, 89. A1 MT rihi, flft. - A]am i KMyiii 9ft, \AH Naina, 2$ Alania i ttern^hsha^., 65. Amir ul 75. Arliah i Mahfil, {a) 90; (Ll) 8J- ' Arabian Nights, 24,62, 84 s Arabian Nighty Intro, to, 75, Agar i Sanidld., 05, 92. Afixir i J Ishq» 30. Atoliq i Hindi, 82. At Pasdii5tns 3 82, AvftdSa A. k hh£r. 90- „ Punch, 92, “A Tflunii 90, Bag i Urdu, 81. j, o Bahar, visi, SU Babar i Danish, 8L n i 'Ishcfp 68, Bay in i Khnsran, 89. Ucva ki Mnnajit , 95. Bifihp Dtilhan, 90. Bcstin l Hikmat, 84, „ Kh ava], 36, British Period oi Indiart Bis- tQt&i 92r Cand Pant! 3 89, Car Gnlshflrtj 82. drag i HWiyat, 57*. Cloud, Ode to, 104- Cup ki Dad, 05. DaEtar i FajUfyat, 64*. » 77, 1B Pareyhan, &3. Dab Majlis, 34, 78. Dthez Nima, 53. Darter i Akharl, 87. Dard Nama, 32, Darya c ! IsiK^48- „ Latufbtj 85, 03. Uaartur i Hind, 32- 116 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE Dal o Jaa. 77. ©trSlb ul Lugat, 39. Qivfln i QiasiM, 35, (Junea e Ar^lL, <34, DJvto i j3Mp a S2» DSvflosid^ 4.5 ,. Pais i ‘Am, 37., Fflrcb i Tshci, 68. Parham* i Adilya, 9J, Fulfil I Pag, 76, F^ann e 'Ajuib, S4, S6, al AsM, 90. Figan i Efckbatar {Bc^abrJ p 88 . Piqb J Hindi, 19, Fir da us i Barilla 91, Firefly., Ole tu K 104. FU3&9 u] Hiim, 50. Ganj i Khabl 81. „ MaJdici, 18. Gan jinn, 90, Gu3kuuda+ Ode to, 104- GllflSx i Bhbh Amin, 18, 1 a Gul i Ekfagbrat. 80. Gul Eis ( . 1 7. Gulda&ta c ‘Ishq, 29, 63 Giilistan i Sukllao, 74. Gulshan i B^k h 3Lr , 73. p H!nd a l a S<j, I? Husn j r>i\.12, „ 'Eshq, 2S, GuIeoX I C IT: r S3. ., Daft. 76. n Danish,, 80, Hadis i Mufa^fal^ 63, Haft A y rax, 15, 16, Haft Gu2sJran f 82. » Hatrat Ajrza* SO, Hiji Bagol, 92. IliLajfLT L Salikp 73, Eksan aur Anjadina, 91, Hnyat i Jlvodi * Bn! d[ f as, Hjclayat t Hindi, 3L M Mima, 16 y 78. Hidayat ci JaLam, 82. I+ ns Salman, 85. Hirn^la^as, Ode to, 103, 1CJ4. Histury of India! 92. Hublj i Vatu* 95. Hirjjat a] Eaqa, 17 + irlurmat i Giisii 51- Hnab^i, 90- H us n. a DIL, 31. i Ak ntajj 66. f frsan ul Qm$* S3, I4HiV3a as Safi, 92 l Imtihan i RaaygJa, 56- Indai Sabha, 67 P fash a e ]?ah ar : 85. Irniia c Scmr, 84, Inlithib I Sulliiuiya. 83, „ YSdgir, 76, 86. „ Ibrahim,. 1, See Irabad Nanaa,. !7 a n r \ dar T a;-kkiir« Its hid uh Suljan, 67, i, i Imu a 42 a 52. r Nash si, 6 2, 72, S2 ; . Jahangir Shahl,, 62, GuEzir i Sujar, 84. JaE Tarsal I7 h 78. INDEX OF WORKS 117 Jalva c Eh*?*, 92, J am i SurWi 98 a Jang Nairn, 27, Jang Nima c ^kidajf, 36, Javib i Sbibs r 104. Javahir ul AsriF.r, 19, „ Afirir Allah, 39. Josb i - is b% iS, Life of Lord Curzuri, 92. C— - . Ma ari] ul Ma^emiQ, 6b. Mabap H am a . 31, MacphejaM aur Lucy, 99, Madid o Jaar i I al £ii 31 , 95 Madhuml, S3. Mnb F n i ifir , 2 5 Mflhahflr Nima, 33, KahiiiT mth Hind] M e n . ! Mahtnb : Dag, 76, 55. K&limai ul HaqMq,, 17, 78* Kaimn Dham, 90. Kays P&lat, 92, Kitfib l ‘ Aj h. ilj i Rosgar, 85. Kbuvyf N£ma, 28, Kbirad Afroe, Si. Kb]>.L' i. Rih, 104.. Khedai Fa^jdar, 91. Kbdb TaiRng, 19. c ItbuLiikhins c SaElr, 92* II Surur. 93. Khiiisn Nftm;i a 17, Elldahnlg^ 17. K by jib N&fcia, 33* Khyfrb 0 Khaval, 42. 57. 09. IS 71 La.il e Majniin, 22. Laiaif i. Hindi, 82, La££at 1 Ishq, 68, Letters, Akbar 3 97, Aklstar i 8BL- Amb;, 76. 3i Eekhabar, SB. 3 * Ciraji ‘AFc, 87. * fliBhv 71. 76, 84. n lush a. 83k u Mnhsirt ul Mull, 88- Shibli, 89* SorQr. 8 4 , 17 Mnaih&m e SSlik, 73, MajaSis i Rangln, 56- M&JIb \m Nisa, 88- MOajmu’a e Matilud i SLai-if Majmu*ac Rasai'1,87. MaEtz^n i Nikat, I h 11, 50. Malik Aziz mt Variaria, 91. Man L&fian, 31, MansQr Mohana, 91, Ma'rifat 3 Suluk, 31 , 78. Magnairi e Dilpsz'fr, SB. Jliis 11 o "Isliq, 56, "Ishqi E>ari r esh : -S J j. ,, Jihidiya a 72. „ Mir Hs am a 52, Mau'mi e At^isb i Ma'shuq, ir ‘•i 44. - r Mazhab i lahn, SI. 82. Mas bar i Ma'am, 75. Mazamln i Hh. 1 l,. 88 . Httzmun i Aqd&s, 59 . Miftah ul Kll^irnJt, 18, 7S. Mi - r|) Nama, 29- Ml'ffii id 4 AflSii<jin r 8, 16, 17, 78- Mi rat ul Qaib, 75. Anis, 89. Mltbi Cbnri l i 92« Ma'amcilat i "Isho, 49, 113 A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE MufcyyM til 12- Mtiazma e Ania o Dablr, 89- MuM uah Stni'ara* 77. Muhabbat Nania, IS. Mu bibb N arne* IB. ft! Lillian at, 90, Munaiat, -32, ^mitakltub til Fmicl, 83. MilntakUUt E ‘Alanip 6£t- Musaddas i Hslu 1, 9i f 101. Naig nl LugP.U 05, Kaiiangr i Jemal, 99. n Khav5L 87- NaJa t Tasllm,. 77. Nap i Henafjlr, 31. Nepn £ A t j mood, 7 7, „ DSafroz, 77, 7 , Girami, 65. n Mubkrf.k, 65- „ MlicfTi 66. Na i.3 Tars i Murapja',, 79, Si N&ttr&J? Kgroa, 22, 27. Nay rain i Rangi n, 56. Navadir nl Fjjz, 39. Nigarigtam i F-hts, 8 7« „ T&hg, 06- NikSt ruda Sbutri* J ? 31- Nish^f 3 Tii d 1 Tnhq a IS. Knr -Mama-, 15= PhRll:^ 35* H. Kah&n, 90. Pviti Dunya* 92. kkissa. e Abu SbatinA, 26. „ Amir Homan, S3. „ BilhrAm o Gut Art- clam, 26- „ CfUOitoblldiH o Mab- ySl, 25. , 7 F\iqz Shabj 39. Lajla o Mkjnun, 81. , K Lai Gnuhar. 32. lh Malika c Mop, 30, „ Rata o Pafim, 31*. 1B B*H nl Matfik o M 1 til Jnid, 24- „ Snrv Shimsh&d, 36*- n T&lib a Mol i:;a|p 36- Qisaajai, 82. Quran, Translations of* 12, “ SI, S 3 , 99 . Qpfcb M us h tar 10, 22 , 23. Rabtn o Ir.Stff, 95. Rflmx 143 $atfc£, 50- Rautft ueh Sliuhada, {j} 30 (ii> 33, 34- Risata a KSiiuit, S3. ir Qurbk’a, IS, ij, Vujydiya, IS. Rizvan Shah o Ruh A r e i: , 27. Rub Afza, 92. Ru iti iiz nl ^Axjfan, 53. us Salikin, IS- Rfiya e Sajcliya,. 89. &ibRas, 12, 22, 31, 3Z, 7& Saeima e Navlb i Rim- pUtfj 77. Qanun i Ma ,m a 30- i SLafamama c Map a Runs 0 ■Qusim o Zuhra, 99 , S aaiu , 89 . Qav&'id uf MuntBkNK 77- j Safir i Bulbul, 92, Qkm l Hind* $7. 1 Safcuntali, 82, INDEX Of WORKS 119 SciJavat i KbK 92, Saflarn kTySria e 1 [ g. h q , 76, SAyl Nairn, 48. Sarlpa Sutb^n* 72. Karrnaya c Zaban I L'rdo, 77. SavaniLi E Maulsna Runt, 69, Shah i Qftdr p 96. Sbahtefcan i Snriir, 84, ShflhiOftt til Hfejiriat, 17+ Shamall nl AtqJS, 26, Sharb i Margiib nl Qulnb, 17. *, Sharh j Tamldd, IS. Shariat N ama, IS, 29. ShaiT i 'Ifcihq, 84. Shigufa c Mubebbat, 64. Shikvfl, 1M. SUbi & Hind, 95* Shir o Shi B M, S3, » Li i 'Ayu-n, aa + SLinW'1^25, 48, 79, h Mihr,fi5. Sihr nl EaySUa 42, 52. 53. fif, 68, 81. Sioghasfln Bfflttfel, 82, Siraj uf Mfl'rifet St S&flt Utt Nabl 7 SSL Sir*! ttfi Nasaan. SB. Subh E Khanda, 77. Sukh^mdan i Pare, 87, Sulubt 43. Sariar i Still Ini* R4. TaJjglb n] AV h1ftr|. 85, 87, Tamaddnn i 'Amh, 92. Hind, 92, Tanblh ul Kb ay Si 49- ii, fiSBlSq, E2 7 36.. Tftmrir it] Adrfur* 66. Taqviyyst li! I man, S3, 88. Tafftoa e ShaLicj ? 99. Tar^dfir Lmrf if 52. f odkJt i Afctorl, S3, „ NRflHpSO. „ Slier Shalil, 88. Tann maeTank h i Assam* 81 . Tails' a Dard, I U 4., Taubal an NagihjflS, Ta^kim c Gnlsaj i IlrSbltfi, 11 . TaKkirfl * Gartlczi,. 1 . ai Htncli,, 1, „ Skvu'ara e Hindijl Ta^kErat a! K3m£iin> 35. Ter ah Mas a,. 25. Til km E Ulf at„ 66. Xilkmi FanEis, 92. Tirylfcj i Mftsmifd, Bft. Tcfji KriliHTii, 36. TttMn i netamM, 90. Tuft to e ‘Artiflfo, 33. TuhFai un Nascrih, 24, TutT NazauL, 24. c Dd i Hindi, 71,75,84, iMa. 71, 84. ViQfat i Akbnri, S3. „ Karbala, 67. Vasa’ £ Istilahat, 93- Vi^al nl 'AsMqrdp 31* Yad Cir 7 66. Yadgar i Dng, 76, Yadgar i Qalfb, 88, Ynanf Zidekbs^iJ 28 ; (n) 30; i (30 3 L Zofnr Nanm, 27. Zabr i ‘Isibrj, 68. INDEX OF SUBJECTS ‘ATigifh CJuhersfty, 103- Anjnniim i Tflimcsql e Urdu, 103, j Anthologies, 1,1ft 50, S3, 73 s 7ft 30, 82. Biblicgdfdiy, 105, DdM, begtpnings of poetry. In, 3ft 34, 38-40 ; flight of poets from, 39 K 4ft 48, 5ft 52, 57, m H 70 p 72 j and LniJoiow, difflmnet be- tween, 4ft 4 1 3 60, 61 , 70, 73, Delhi Coltefie, 103, divao, 3. Fort William Coflege 3 4ft 80-3, 8ft 1G0, ,g35&ftl, £ 3 64- Hlndfp 5 ft* 1ft 42, 87, gft 98, 99. Hinda writer^ 10 2 r Hindustani Academy, 103 r ih&m, 41, IndL>aryan languages, 13, Shflp Bo>H 3 yB. 5 fL, 80, 82. iodliyat, 3# Lucknow and Delhi, See DdltL uirgm ft 34-ft 61 3 62, 67, UL maguayf fl 2, metre in Urdu, 1. MugalEk, lx, 32, 30 ft, 38, Muhnmmadciii Educational ConferaKS, 103. GsmSaija Uniwraity, 103# PflnjSbl, 6 P 7, PcrsiaciidsatjDa, 39-41, 4ft 54, 63, 64, 71, Pft T9 b 84, 94, 1CHL PilUra of Unlft The Four, «, 4ft 50, Foe+3. the graatEBt, 4 ; pai ra of, 5ft 02-4, fl7j 75* qaalda, 2. rekhta, 3, 6t rddni, 3ft 42, 54* Re] i g in els writ cts, early ,11: ft ShibLl Ac&dccny , 103. gufis, 41, 45, 4ft 50. tnk hallu^S, tasldra, 2. Urdu, hi st cry a r.d Origin of, via, 5 Eft 14, IS, S3, 8ft 100- 3; the nftrde a 10; place among ImigaageSs 12r ASSOCIATION 4=. f -4 Ckthj Rs , 2 egcfi, THE tilCIHr Rev. V. EL A kaw i j.ii, LL-.D. (Cantab.) Bhtop erf Danuta L JL C. DE?TIQE«.HA K. C. G Aistcrc. v , MA.. Ditriiia 5» I t/i ' ? . By T. Gftjvu x 11 BaLLES, MA. r D-Li^. r Pmcriaar n4 L'rd-n ufc t«= ScJwci h! OriniiBfl Sru rt k* in LoatocL ^ Mafo^p 0/ FdWu ZJfrr«a ftr re Hv P_ CKEKtaiua, M- L- . atari Raj.\ Bhpjajoga Rao , Elicit. ' Tht WFtbnri. wtm oil- led scbnl&rc n! njp£C, Mvt i* h i u v ri : ® -a a £■ 1 1 d jlL- I l: aTJIviii. . . 1 TtiC££ lirru Tt -j;u I i 1« r mi i .: tk i:xc=i:I i.Lii k+Kiur 1 . ikti ;>i:nlvr «jtvr th* xir¥- rwrmrin. qttrtpiiKd in It* riEnJ cbnplvr cS chia «l» 3fcile tovuw . . . « DlHjafeE -ind Vrlcbt iBrtb Tin- U'-ri::- Ic ti lj> 3 rcdlploi^ bul- ^lOUEd pr.-MUICd I u CjjipL-jr II J| VeIL:i!::v. —71** N.r, < JLra. A History of PC n mi r esc UtcrQluFe By Eh r. KiCE, BA Ssmtd Miw. Trie fi'.Jc -ft! Eh* Jtt I ---j n ! KWfc im nHf f4 A -»m il I tnrTq hr * r.‘ ipurr-ilHkiir^ IcMara. -n-ho hwa Vs but : i /:i f BteMd raj-tlhff cbe K Miered I at n r m ad oa wn- c-TLitd. ;a lascrlptices oc scon* qei! rapp t: un d * LUt- eoi l- i : i ic-h a and. ubet al puu> Iti! ui ± Si= i p : s. ^ <?/ Literature By F. E. ECEjLV. M A, D.Ll- 2. -ft'ipc-r edition on!: dt print.) 'Tea LHtk busk rt Krf ub^ nsrcl s'r.es a tfit in:«iHha 7 mh) k th? i»± h *iii xrrni m ?. r y n? Kipt-jJ Ilhecsyfurt doi>L CO aL-O . . L Lit eltfbtl d n: J Df tb£ LftSC CM- fury.’— Am nUCJ li-J' r.4i jtOrjd, J .-lai.i.'i't ivjWr- Poems 6c,i /netpn 1 l^bnien fefitEi: t«l reixltitd bv I'a riL< ls iJLLtAii’uTJ, n. qci tdilta uy Mi it- CJ.EET ikcnflfiiL. I^KjS P. & S.E., Pi A^a, r WiTh Ironed piece- Cn^Ti tti i.m r s p iual in. tot ludbin Tbt dDn:c>!'.iT t>rlc^|d m^Liifc o*. tr one bafdrtd HUretkiBi keiIil- til Lj:c Eepllib Du:u Lhc Tn'-tic i:l fllEy-.i-.lx v.in:ii- ii |>:':uly cf l i.-iiLl Jilicrj- !r_-u .ij) ELC. I t x ]K*uat day. PtoDiiPH «r# M^ri^, i^lltHhv Ct*ik- ii!i:?fl h*¥P Ita «rra3e c. Hie- pi^ms uc dJvIcLtd tedn Vcdic JDdli. Earlv K’jddbkc -asys-. ’■ I l- li o.- •, a! Judit. lad 5kikf a liidbi. while iii I a uad u at-e n dHr ffiblfi. :He OliuACluriiilzcii rd ^ci-n't |k-:si ry in. ■■rh ul ihvr iwriirVi, nid .■j-riv- !n d ^ wJ 1 1; be c c- ck rl bu in □ s- ^ cl>f- irrl nij ? eh : 1 . 1 J m. Tbmp**i!i beirlldeitfiff wzk£f c< Iii4rii^«. end- bduev in b trrri^r I Lip: viiiCr;." D! lftf*S_ rtafll y.t :h»T* sic. bucKi:h «xx ry iL.icruajc , at *zsi!y id' Hpc t L:h inui pru^ahrM ;h#n- all is children of tee nsrtti tr fc ha Ira c= f * cirak hpnfjtc^.'- Tbr K'.UHr iVMAf ™ft L A530OAT fO ' -r PRESS V.WXLA-. 5 B^SSF-U- CA UCUTTA ASSOCIATION PRESS YMC.A. BOOKS j yjn n& oj Ins AfiJdrfl By j. B. 1L HK5-PER, 31 A, Ir'rinc-ipcJ, Wesley College,. Madras, TL-4 AlW* AA Snsp^TOilt Ebooefa sve^-hilL pfcft?i rm ibu snain, Mu.- pf rim | tym u K of Ew i “ ji v j ajt i:i ifl :nd:a. Tbelr wort: fails Imo IfcspLant icCBCKD cN ll!u till SoiLirnnlHi lor Ihiqfc zattwr lian fijurutnnjB, mck erf it'Jod ta t-t cadfcd rhe 1 .vJctp a if Set ' af Che M&Uf ov«un^ Tbit v o i «i nw prwmp-s * nnni ItffcdiiCfktK. IoIIitwm! bjr i ntrhJxiluu- stf cm of clw Tara!: lip riel. mealy runlriud A ilb r J liodi; 04 1 0 n -UmI petal. Strife ruscifis !ih wptt utfd emtrUxiEkii to chp ooJIwzrtna or -j com n- r^irr-H -c | : v us i£uuN ns* Put! ]n. His ib L'LU uv_ I'.-r - . r iA: t r u r |':' n lii' J& rT £ '. r trf Mtu itffl- I j mrirtoti r- jzx This Hllfl Tcsili-r ji -.y hi fill VtM reUttjcia poflrp -'— l /rim d Se kc ttt] iud TTK-Crk-fiLlIv tm-3Sii"wl by A. A- JJaetX'KS^L, ALA,*. Prr.P., He*. LL1>. Tils VDlmui ctt n lit ni ! ■:« y by mux selected » w » Ik mpnwfitiJdvi re Ihe -A-hi'slu l 4 3hE" EttradA Hl¥l rn.n-IUtfd ilED viiiir OCrLUpMUHE? US E Mil V IS Is pCf3»Ue to sriiiuLl altered Stdkinl inmdcctinp is jl«u liven 1u rank* ih* hynjus -slly I uhH J taini ■ Hy m JH of the Tamil id fa ? ie Saints By F EUSCTS Tf ra nnarmy _ B.A. el oil Cs^Ub&fcY EL BEjLLLJPS. A HikSiOd nl 138 ■telNfc iSvn rritrmorfbh AH^WUIV A|k1 Vi nViii rmiMr. urhferi fra Tiuiaii v. I Li Eltfliah stfirf I : JJXH& OKI IlDfi 1h* =Kes- **ry l^i<s—L or COGLZECJTt 1 Sc+^t-sn^ ,/vrwr*." y. "ht iKCriaD kfflX WffEV 0 F™ K 0 l-lM Thiri 1 ! ofiiriitEl, ^tfu to d n c y iivm l n r FnriiiJj yll'jk. vnlidb fi ver i f€ewznf i — cW'T&'fi i £%>-&* !asn lHu ii fi" ill 1 . i l tz r.Wm. Psalms of Marafhn Saints Njllii. IVIaL:-; JQOL , 7iF,A, D.L]IT- Cirs 'n*drrf -ini hi i h i v p ^ Bit. e hi cJl v ‘- 1 - Ibe Ivckhl! known m at>k* trs, SisMJtu fjAU Uu TJrttfrigl m sis 3l sr*i:l«i 3 ai*tj. lad CrsldhSilii! lum EnsUUlVBHL The Sacr&i Kum l Or The Taznil VtOa u i TltfbP-illcpFBf- gebtoiec aod TrjiEKJatecI, witb l-nL^jdudjori Notts, By 13. A, FDELEY, SuNffcary, V-M-CA- cl loclu, bzimi and CevJxir Cottit^tb Ti«n «l h PtciLCe. TrltHit-i w tbt JtoK bv G. 13. Ftapt; ~n gi r=h EdJOins :f Qk g,-sr*5 e T^miL EdJduu at ibt Kucnl : Tisdl Cdiixhd> tSntkk uisl SsaikS nr Che: Kelt! JUG. 3hS Autbor ; It* r>1 n C 1 1 rm ; TrxE«±aden nJ Ceu 3<«5 (feriMfidl a la sf GdcIe Kwx U fe - Lo v e , bLT.s:By B^&scb, Graiiude. Jiidtt. Bel I -Co ntr o I . K-jiI LMta. Ghf l:y, TruiMubuiu. Ih^ Trcih, Elogtr EjnclkDCc. Rl^tcecns Mule. rtOi fleeted fij»d T r sa wJii. ted by EDwaUB TbqmKOH* M A. IE. "Ii m u -a i m i vrbx it husctidJ^. lymptUit^c sad dchdjrlv bool MHiitnt GViJrirc, CALCLTTA ASSOCIATION Y.M.C.A., 5 ASSOCIATION PRESS YA1C.A. BOOKS The Heritage of India Series Pdfar, J?<. t -4 li K-i Orff], Rj 2 Goiama Buddha A Bfograpl-ty ( L^i £*d Crn the CuttmialJ .& rib of tfit TbtrtLT Oddi } By KfcjjucTH S ai :. v D elr a . M.A., Lat.D. (Canuk). JL brUi idrajT i-zb y ni “he toUIHkr Si &*M 5 lsm. Miarnru. *pon paJ h *tie . ! muri n p p t? . pn.i svcc^rilut . An ckm-IIdd! mnnuii for C» bt^inre:. beir dfo p rtMdblfl nd iHscIrlm T^zJijme £nr rhtidnufiid s!nJ±rt'. ' ]U S CailftfiJa. :J.v!l- L jd I li bjinf a, cm^E-^ b tpowsJ V u. Ll jj jMk'r Lue 3 i'::::i xlit i-:! jl-cl-lKl! m ^m+aniin:: ho- ihn rHifli r .ill Itm < Trmthy rti fcntmiTsir hi :h* !:N <t Oat T/rnil.T-nil jrr1nr» »d T«.'i 1 1 n < r.- hCT ‘ — .Tw >*i iAv^'i'V .W:c«Biif. A&?k& Tty J. M. IJACiPHAit. 11. A., MAX TMrtf 'A WfTJl -it>“rl. study of n ^r-wl n b J« r, Bi Is Hflttf f-PUc- fa E< *Plnt- :ind ;^T’r itreufi <£ iht inres! re-sirthas- » Ehr tafcbii. ' TM, h'A; OrJ :a ■_■ Jt&ia.- Thc Heart of Buddhism Htiuj na AnthfJi^' itf tmltTMEV VMW, J iu n A it- J nM H KESSSFTB i- J fYI'EHtE, ?i ,A . L JlE . U- (t&EJtaJbJ; ' T.1/S- bMk Is la '.tc'j j 1 1 lui*. uLb-L y ui JB a dd& 1 t LtfAlkELi IliiiriLui L Vi i!:i t brlE:' trul hy:i:|aC ' h!ii-i.I a;:|ir#r::-il nil -t 5 L.^ !\i:i!rE*n mj r v J? r ^c- K4 S iril . 1 - j ifai* !« i A i , ■ /'• ■.!>:. ■, *¥ jMiiehoj i.r..:is / Ac Carrrj 0 / /rraEr'a By C. J. Kftrp.rs, SI.A-, Ca&Blflg L'n D* £c. LwfcKiU' Pftgfe pint OP « i*psadis£dai» Of Cuirlis, airf ifrM wth 12 full- lT !■.! : .1 ■'V '; - - ;>l mm -Mgjmas, A !>rn Mil Oil v-y . ja A t-. cn.'r u-J (XuriJ. ti Iht * : i u 1 1 : tiiSLCf y and dtr'Eii;C£D?m •':i [nOils La=i^pi Inrminr a cnliln? diiEi 3 a.y rf <riw id t liniie!i. u: rihJ HL.Tr -i! A. Ir- v.i ::r H- *WTC>UBtK I'J IliWTV !-■ ^rrs - RC«:?»i- Sm Jpbs M ap shall. Dirtier - r p^r-al ■?! . Arc to: I o c v In Ip 3N imhii: May ] >: n a- jr 6 1 u I i.'i yen i 5 n liiii BdaLTa^e Jink siii^'leflike i*. Zlrn»?o 1 1 Ht hli 'lOisc .l Tuit HTPi&r in I pci Li n A r: h h= n ■■" *■' V hy Ehi: jjtl-J '"'J Ihlf hmciJbAah.' 1 It sc r. lc n latf-d in wfvi- > tttv iiHhll I nr b^iiaaOm ia EbC lhidy cd IndJunctdita, rxdJrtn tmlva Bales aUo. It H npeeM. ^vtll rind itanfry ic n pm r lUA ewESook C« ■ l- riii_-n i £■ watJL’-* 77 ie Ktodfru Sttri*zu„ CeLc D t! n . Indian Painting Kji Pb*«?T RKPOffli, La'y rri&Cipfll OE tfcy CkWOTawiU SdiogL Ar1 s CfllCfclEn, With 17 platen ' I*ff. P«vy Brim Ih i fAdi^uiHcL bu 1 1 rt r i It on ils* Hibfccc. ccd Te ivr I rc-i mLii :=■>::- lit Pal Kvrnn-vifiv. 'iVv nin L^cdlaJi-x rhcim-jun-j ili:4 !ix: Jv VIOTC' J5 wiLi. r=Aii;nl k - fL Kyrnpirhy. A'p pul imeuIuIv rnnn'jau “.rilJ likidy '^HnniD IS jm :+^i.:nMin priHSlai cn o! 315ln Cruras- Iprflwi Ari .'— Jwtwv S&Lrfl ' TherT \i i>: bcca 1 kbodDctka ia InJcu Filatftk' l»wn rarc-^l wr^n < Sludy lc Slit >*j h-Tfr: E_‘ — /i r I'.Tifu: ' t r JfaHh ASSOCIATION! PRESS V-HCA-. i RUSSELL ST. 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Lxr.^war Finish thudua fir* wlicki hisixey ci the Pt'an, nod npftsA li* eV: rt tit, In dix-iiL The KamarMimimsa in !.iv tarusn-ilimifinii ilio exiwihon of the t?*ts -.tsu.-V. onJii ihe tiiirin Tls r Jfjz :s UT,Chl 4 mri Inlu £ ijbl-.Iil UkUch noall* pC'-Vrf rr* cCflgiflrrHbfe ti:- fcdtisfittfc Ecr i r -i.‘ Iv . I+li : ’-■ ' " • : 7 am; lur, . [r Clii: Li illif:i:l Lo-lkif! Elbe r^-ttfED >9 OlWTtF irTTp. - i»d £ -1 fitdilS. !ll9|r>r? 1* pql|!n*. E-j* EDWARD THOMPSON. MA. (Ox*.] PHU- JfrpfStr :*? &rA$afi. Uuivc' irl j fit t'Jfft+'V fijd^fldEnsnaift 7 a gore. \\m T.a» »%fi iT Wrerl! . VoriTa'It Crntr. 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