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Cofmologia Sacra :
o R A
DISCOURSE
OF THE
UN IVE RS E
As ic is the
Creature and j^inguom
O F
GOD.
Chiefly Written,
To t)emonftrate the T^rut kand Excellency of the BIBLE; which contains the Larps of his Kingdom in this Lower World.
In Five Books. EyDt.NEHEMlAH GREfV,
Fellow of the College of Thyficiansj and of the ^yal Socitty.
L 0 nX> 0 N:
Printed for W. ^gers, S. Smith, and !B. Walford : At the Sun againft ^t.VunJlans Church in Fleetjlreet 5 and at the frinces Arms in St. <faul\ Church-Yard , M D CCI.
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^« IJl O H 1^
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TO HIS
Moft Sacred MAJESTY
WILLIAM
The THIRD,
KING
O F
Great Britain, &c.
S I R,
Tis a J em el of much Lujire^ ^^ in Your Ma j e s tyV Im- perial Crown^ that You are Defcended of many moft Noble Progenitors. And yet a fairer One^ that You are the Inheritor of Their
Princely
The Epiftle Dedicatory.
Princely Endoivments, meeting in Your Royal Perfon m their Centre. Horn 7mtch a Greater Conqueror .was Your Ma J F STY, than the Firft William ; when England , Renowned for Her Beauty^ having made Her Court to You ; You came not to Force, hut to Embrace Her, with Your Arms, And being then pleas d to take upon You, theSafegiiard of Our Ejlates, Our Liberties, and Our Lives ; and of what k dearer to Us than all Ihefe, Our BIB LES : Your M a- j E s T Y., by Your Wifdom and Valour, hath abundantly anjwered this Sacred TrujL For whereas fome Princes, through their Unhappy Birth,Education^ or Coun- fels, apprehend they cannot be Great, without being Cruel-, that their Crowns look but dull, unlefs they are Vamifhed with Blood : It eminently appears, be- fides the Native Goodnefl of Your Royal Mind, Your Majesty confiders. That One of the Princes of the Empire^ upon whom the Senate beflowed the Title of Maximus ^ was alfo the Bell. That^ ^ Optimus
The Epiftle Dcdicatoty.
Optimus Maximus, mas the Style ap- propriated by their Anceflors ^ to the Deity Himfelf. That in Imitating the Pattern given You by the King of Kings ^ You have proposed Your Self a Glorious One, both to Your Royal Succefors, and to all ether Pjinces : the Worji among Us, feeling the Clemency, and Your Majesty V Dutiful Subje£is, the Jufi and Gracious Influences of Your Reign.
In Contemplation whereof I take this Occafion , moft humbly to prefent Your M A J E s T Y, with the Tribute of my Thanks, for that fufficient Share, I have my Self the Happinefl to Enjoy. And ' her emit hal a Specimen, of the Ufe which may be made of thofe Encourage- ments. Your Ma j esty gives unto 'rue Religion and Virtue, Believing, it would be very pleafing to You, if all Your Subjeds, after Your Majesty V Own Example, were, in their Inferior Sphere^ Defenders of the Faith,
May it pleafe Almighty God, who hath raifed You up to make Us Happy
b at
^1 11 -■■ I..— .M -—...— I I' I ■■^■■1 M I ^ -■ ■ ' ' ■..--.■■.-.- ' ' ' ~ ■■ -
The Epiftle Dedicatory.
at Home ; to BleJI Your M a j e s t y V Endeavours, for the Redemption of the Foreign Churches^ and the Peace of Europe.
Your MAJESTY'S
Moft Humble
and
Moft Obedient
Subjed:,
NEHEMIAH GREW.
I
ToHisGrace, THOMAS Lord Auhhifhop of CantCYhuvy, Primate and Metropolitan of all England, and One of m MAJESTYs mofl Honourable Privy-Council.
AND
lo Hi^ Grace , J O H N Lord Arch- bifhop of York, Primate and Metro- politan of England.
My LORDS,
OUR being made Choice of by His Majesty, with whom more efpe- cially to entruft the Bufinefs of Reli- gion ; and Your known Readinefs to allift His Princely Endeavours for the promoting hereof: have induced me, to prefent to both Your Gra- ces the following IVork. And the rather, as being affured , That of Your Zeal for the Ho- nour of God, and the Welfare of his Churchy no Offering added to the Treafury of Divine Knowledge, how Small or by Whomfoever, would be Unacceptable to You.
And
The Efijile Dedicatcry»
And yet, My Lords, I have not forgot^ how much it behooved me to take care, in Com- pofing it, Not to trouble You, with what has been already done by Others. Nor to alTert any thing herein, without good Proof. Nor only to Write, what is True, but alfo Seafonable. And that in other refpecfts, it might abide Your Cen- iiire 5 Whofe Abilities to make an Exad Judg- ment hereof, are Unqueftionable. Which I have faid, the better to prepare the Reader, duly to Confider what I have Writ. If this be done, the Fublick, with God's Bleffing, will not lofe the Benefit hereby intended, nor Your Grace's the good Hopes You are pleas'd to conceive of it.
I am ^
My LOKT> S,
To both Your GRACES
A mojl Humbk
Servant ,
Neh. Grew.
THE
PREFACE.
TH E many Lcud Opinions, efpeciaily thofe of Anti- fcripturifts, which have been publiflied of late Years 5 by Sp'mofa and fome others, in Latirij Dutch^ and En^Hp? 3 have been the Occafion of my Writing this Book. As feeing too well, that hereby, not only Men of Erudition , but the Citizens themfclves, grown of late more Bookifh, are very dangeroufly infeited. In fo much, that every Ap- prentice, who can but get a Play to his Tooth, Stuffed with Vice and Prophanenefs , formeth all his Thoughts, Words, and Actions, by This, as his Bible.
Whereupon, though I confider'd, we have as Learned a Clergy in England^ as in the World : yet I refolved, with the beft Skill I had, to contribute towards the Antidoting of this City and Kingdom, againft a Contagion fo difmal in it felf, and the Confequences of it. Neither Duplejjy a Sol- dier , nor , Grotius a Civilian , were ever thought to have mifengaged themfelves , in the like Undertaking. And if I had not their Examples, nor had ever heard of them j yet the fame Reafons which prevailed with them , are now in being. Nor did I fee caufe to flay at the Refiexi-
which the Lord Verulam makes upon Phyficiins, for ploying their Pens fometimes on other Subje(5ts befides Medicine. When himfelf undertook die Improvement of all other Sciences and Profeffions , more than his Own. And though it is not neceilary , that every one fhould meddle with Hippocrates , or Littleton 3 yet the Scriptures are a Book, we are all bound to Read and Confider. I can truly fay too, That the Writing, neither of This, not
A of
the ? KEF AGE.
of any ocher Book, hath at any time occafioned the omif- fion of my Duty to the Sick. It is very well known, That there is no one Phyfician in London at this Day , but he hath his Spare Hours. And I will take it for Excufable , if I have dedicated my Own , unto this Work. And having addi6ted my felf, to the Contemplation of Nature, from my Youth upward : as I hop'd , I was in fome meafure qualified, for an Eflay of this kind 3 fo I concluded, the applying of my fmall Talent hereunto , to be the Beft life, I fliould ever be able to make of it. . I had therefore nothing further to think of , but endeavouring , the Per- formance might in fome degree, anfwer the propofed En4.
For This, I intended at firft , only a few Sheets. But looking further, I faw it neceffary to proceed from the Beginning of things. Hereby the better to fliew, That there is nothing contained in the. Holy Scriptures, concerning God or Man, the Vifible or Invifible World, but what is agreeable unto Right Reafon.
The Firft Chapter, Concerning^ GOD; I have comprized in as few words as I could. Suitable to a Subje(5t, of all others, the moft Sublime. In which, I have Demonftrated the Nature of God, a Priori ; >/;^. from the Neceflity of his Being. In the following Chapters , a Tofteriori j or from theUniverfe, his Handy-Work. And v.hereas the Being of the Sacred TRINITY, is thought by fome to be Impoffible: I have^ proved, on the contrary, in four or Five Paragraphs, that we cannot have a due Conception of the Deity with- out it. ■ '
Of the Second Chapter , Concerning the Corporeal World , having neither Health , nor Leifure, nor Convenience, Cm the making of Nod:urnal , and other Celeftial Obferva- tionS 5 I have taken the greater part, from the Beft Aftro- nomers of the prefent Age. Not omitting^ to intermix fuch Remarks of my own, as are proper to the Scope I aim at.
For
The ? KEF ACE.
For all the following Chapters, both of This, and of the Second and Third Books 3 fo much only excepted, as is Hiftorical ; Nature hath been, in a manner, my only Book : which I have Read, and Copied, as exactly as I could. In doing of which, I purpofely avoided the perufal of forae Works, of much Efteem. That this Copy of Mine, might be no where Interlined, nor my Thoughts diverted, front their own proper Motion aud Compafs.
When I came, in the Fourth Book, to difcourfe of the Holy Scriptures 3 I law it neceflary to underftand the Nature of the Hebrew Tongue ; the firfl occaiion I ever had to meddle with it. And the Reader may be afliired, I have taken care, as not to miflead him in that moderate ufe I have made of it 5 fo like wife, fully to comprehend the Au- thors I was obliged to Confultj efpecially for the Firft Chapter, Of the Integrity of the tiehrew Code.
The reft of this Book, and all the Laft 5 which further prove the Integrity , and herewith , the Truth and Excellency, both of the Old and New Teftament 3 avoiding as much as I could, to repeat what has been already very well faid by others : I have compofed chiefly, out of my own fmall Reading and Obfervation. To the End, I might be both another Witnefs 3 and alfo be ablcj to bring further Evidence in the Cafe.
One particular I have advifedly omitted 3 and that is, the Defcription of. Solomons Temple 3 the Learned VtUalpandm having faved me the Labour. But I have taken fome Pains for that of the Tabernacle, which, I think, hath hithertb been wanting. .
I have made no Quotations, in proof of any Aflcrtion or Opinion, but only in point of Fad. And havefeldom trou- bled the Reader , or my Self, in anfwering Objections. For, if the things I have Written, are True : as no Authority can make them Truer 5 fo a Thoufand Objed:ions cannot make them falfe*
Whoever
The ? KEF ACE.
Whoever (hall think fie to Read the following Difcourfe, I have this piece of Juftice to reqiieft of him, That he will begin with it. For though he lliould be lefs acquainted with fome of the Subjeds treated of, yet will he be Maftcr of fo much all along , as to difcern the dependance of one thing on another, from firft to lafl:. And \v\\\ then come to fee, that Religion is fo far from being inconfiftenc with Philofopliy, as to be the highefl: point of it.
To fay, that no Man is an Antifcripturift, but for want of Wit 5 is neither good Manners, nor good Senfe. But this I fay, That if any Man will Study the Grounds of Religion , with the like Application , as he doth any thing elfe he takes to be his Bufinefs to think of; I will then give him leave to be an Antifcripturift if he can.
The hardeft Queftion I have been asked, is this. Do you think to Damm up the Thames ? I Anfwer , No : yet a Bridg may be laid over it. And this too, may be fo far from Stemming the Tide ; as only to caufe it to make a greater Noife. But as the Bridg may not be able to flop the Tide; fo, I truft, the Tide, fhall never be able to beat down the Bridge ; but that many will hereby, Land themfelves, fafe from Drowning in the common Stream.
THE
cP
THE
HEADS
OF THE
FoDowing D I S COU RS E
s
BOOK I.
Heweth, That God made the Corporeal World. And what it is.
Chap. I. Of God.
Chap. 2. Of the Corporeal World.
Chap. 5. Of Corporeal Trinci-
■ pies. Chap. 4. Qf Compounded'Bodies. Chap. 5. Of their life.
BOOK II.
Shewethj That there is a Vital World which God hath made. And ivhat it is.
Chap. I. Of Life.
Chap. 2. Of Senfe.
Chap. 3. Of Mind. And fir ft ^
OfThancy.or ^hantaftickMnd. Chap. 4. of IntelleBual Mind. Chap. 5 . Of the Three chief En-
dowments of Intelleclual Mind.
And fir ft. Of Science.
Chap. <$. OfWtfdom, Chap. 7. Of Virtue. Chap. 8. Of Celeftial Mind.
BOOK III.
Shewethy That Cod governs the UniVerfe he hath made. And in what Manner.
Chap. I . Of the Nature of God's Government, or of Providence.
Chap. 2. Of the Ends of Provi- dence. Andfirft, in this Life.
Chap. ^. Of (providence oVer ^ublick. States.
Chap. 4. Of the Celeftial Life.
Chap. 5. Of the (I(ides of Provi- dence. And fir ft. Of the Law of Nature.
Chap. 6. Of TofttiVe Law.
BOOK IV.
Sheweth^That the 'Bible, and fir ft, the Hebrew Code, or Old lefta- ment, is God's (poftttVe Law.
(a.) Chap. 1,
chap. 1 . Of the Integrity of the
Hebrew Code. Chap. 2. Of the Truth and Ex- cellency of the Hebrew Code.
And firfij as they appear from
Foreign ^roof Chap, 3 . Of the Truth and Ex-
cellency hereof^ a^s they appear
in it Self Jndjirjij if we con-
jider the Writers. Chap. 4. Of the Contents hereof.
And firftj Of the Biftory. Chap. 5. Of the Miracles. Chap. 6. Of the Prophecies. Chap. 7. OftheLaws.AndfirJi^
of thofe given to Adam and
Noah. Chap. 8. Of the Moi^uckLaw.
BOOK V.
Sheweth, That the New Tejia" ment, is alfo God's ToftiVe Law. .
Chap. I. Of the Integrity of the New Tejhmenty
Chap. 1. Of the Truth and Ex- cellency hereof. And fir fl, O/S they appear from the Writers.
Chap. 3.0/ the Contents. And firjij Of the Miracles.
Chap. 4. Of the DoBrine. And frfl^ Of the ^'Velations we are to 'Belie'Ve.
Chap. 5. Of the Laws.
Chap. 6. Of our Saviour's Tro' phecies.
-rfr;
-rrr
THE
THE
CO NTENTS
O F T H E
CHAPTERS.
BOOK the Firft.
T
CBJT. 1. Of GOD.
I S natural for a truly Wife Man^ to Enquire after God^ ^. i , Whofe Beings is as certainly knowahle, as our own^ x. As he isSelf-ExiJlent, 3. And mofi Perfe^y 4v5> 6. That is to Jay, Infinite in Duration^ or Eternal, 7, 8, 9. In Ejfence, or Immenfe, 10, n, 12. In Power, 13, 14, 15-. In Knowledge, 16, 17. in Goodnefs, 18, 19, zo, xi. And Imrnutahly Juch, zz, 13. Andasfuch, of necejjity. Eternally Energetick, 24. And Omnipotently, 2,5, 2.6. So as to heget the Divine Images of Himfelf, 27, 28, 29^-^ And hy Thefe, td Make the World, 30. to the end.
CHA^P. 1. Of the Corporeal World.
7T was made Perfe^, i. In the Whole, or in its Extent. As appears, ■* partly ^ from theDijlance of the Vifible Fixed Stars, 2. Partly^ of thofe, which areVifille only with the help of Glares, 3. And in its Parts, ioth Great and Small, 4. Firfl, the Greater, whereof in this Chapter \ viz. the^ Planets, &c. As appears, in the Regularity of their Motions, 5. ,A»a their great Variety, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1. In the Suhftance and Splendor of the Sun, 12, 13, 14. In the Command hereof, over all the Primary Pla- nets ; and of Thefe, . over their Satellites, 1 5'. Extraordinary, yet not of that Extent as isfuppofed, 16, 17. But other Caufes, to he added, 18, 19. The Caufe of the Suns own Motion, alfo Unknown, 20. And wherein the Power of his Command lyeth, if/icertain, 21. Alfo the Magnet ick Poles, 4 great Secret, 22. The Rarity of the Ether, of great Ufe, 23. The ma- nifold Ufe of the Air ; and the Caufes of Winds, 24, 25-. The Generation of Clouds, 26. The Ufe of Seas and Rivers, Currents and Tides, 27, 2?.' The Moon, and other Planets, fo many more Terraqueous Orhs, 29. And every Fixed Star, another Sun; having the Command of another Syflem of Planets, 30.
CHAP. 3.
it The Contents of the Chapters.
C HAT. I. Of Corporeal Principles.
/IS far as the World is Extenfible,fo far is every part ofit^ Divijihle^ that is Infinitehj^ i. Proved^ 2-, 3, 4, 5". From hence we may learn^ To conceive jufily, of the Smallnefs of the Principles of Bodies, 6. And from what is ohfervahle of Compounded Bodies^ with a Microfcope, 7, 8. From hence alfo, we may judge of their Qualities, 9. Particularly, in the Magnet, 10. And fame other Bodies which Attra^y xi. The Principles of Bodies like- wife proved. To he Unalterahle, Both in Confiflent Bodies, ix. And in Fluids, i-^. And this, for great Reafon, 14. And were therefore Created fuch, 1 5. The fame Principles, were alfo Created, Regular. Proved In Inflances, in Fluids, 1 6, 17, 1 8, 19, 20. And in Confiflents. As in Stones zi, XX. In Metals, x^. In Salts, 24 /o 30. In Snow, and Frofl, ?i to 3 5-. The greater part of all which, have One certain Angle in common, 164. Therefore Regular, and Created fuch, 37,38.
CHjT. 4. of Compounded Bodies.
n~'HE Compofiiion of Principles, is alfo Regular, i. As ohfervahle in the ■*■ Suhfiance of feveral Kinds of Bodies. In Plants, x. And in Animals. Both the Conjijlent Parts, ^, 4, ^. And the Fluid, 6. Likewife tn the Vifihle Organifm of Bodies. As in Plants, 7. So in Animals. Wherein all the Parts, as well as in Plants, do Originally conjiji of Fibers, 8. Either Soft, or Hard, or hoth, 9,10. By the various Pofition, and Compojition of which Two Sorts, all the Parts of an Animal are formed, 1 1. Cartila- ges and Bonis, 1 1. Mufcles, 1 3, 14, 1 5'. Membranes and Skins, 1 6, 1 7. Glands and Giandulous Parts, 18. Whether Conglobated, 19. Or Con- glomerated, 20. The Tejlicles, x 1 . The Heart and all Mufcular Parts, 22. The Spleen, 23, The Kidneys, 24. 77?^ Pancreas, 25. The Brain, xG. The Coats wherein they are all irruolved, xj, x%. The like Regularity is alfofeen in their Figures, 29, 30, 31, 32. Some further Remarks of the Labyrinth of the Ear, 33. And the Cryflal of the Eye, 34.
C BAT. <). Of the Ufe of Compounded Bodies.
^f^E ^fe of 1'kings further ohfervahle, i. As appearing everywhere^ efpecially in all the Parts of Plants and Animals, x. In the manifold ^airiation of every Part; as for example, of the Skin, 3. The Swim- Bladder, 4. The Cjyftal of the Eye, 5. The Rock-Bone of the Ear, 6. The Parotides, 7. The Teeth, S. The Wind-pipe, ^, 10. The Lufigs,\i'. The Brain, 12. Likewife, in the multifarious Ufe of each Part ; as for example, of the I^ofe, 13. The Eye, 14, 15. The Tongue, 16. The Hand,x']. The Belly -Mufcles, \%. In the Confpinng too, of many Parts mto One Ufe -, as for Nutrition, 18. For a Single Ad, as the Flight of a Bird, 20. Or hut to Talk, 21. Or Laugh, 22. Orjor a Single Thought, 23. As alfo, in the Relation of one Part to another, 24. And between Man and other Parts of the Univerfe, x^. All of them, the Undeniable Effeds 0f a mofi Perfe^ Underftanding, x6. And of Equal Goodnefs, 27.
BOOK
Ill
BOOK the Second.
I
CHAT. I. Of Life.
THere is a Vital Sahftance diflin£l from a Body, i. The Being here- of, Pojfthle, 2,3. Tho" we have no Adequate Conception hereof^ 4, 5-. Reafonaik, 6. Atld Neceffary^ 7. For as much as Body, cannot he Vital, 8. Neither as Suhtilized, 9,10,11. Nor as Organized, ix, 15, 14, 15". Nor as moved, 1 6. Nor as Immediately Endowed with Life, ly^ 18, 19. The Communication of Things Corporeal and Incorporeal, how made, 20, xi,22. And their Union, 23. The feveral Species of LifCyX:^. The Lowefi, that without Senfe, 25, 26. By which ail Bodies have their Radiations and Mutual Inclinations, 27. And are, in a fort. Animated, 28. So as to make one Moiety of the Univerfe, 29. More Remarkable in Plants and Animals, 30. In their Generation, and Nutrition, 31, 32., 33, 34. And in fundry of their Motions^ 35'. The Benefit of this its Independence on Senfihle Life, 3 6.
CHAT. 2. Of Senfe.
CEnfe, the highefl Species of Life, in fome Things, i . Tet the AdjunSl ^ of a diflinil Principle^ 2.. What Senfe is, 3. The Modes of Motion, on which Senfe depends, 4. On which, a/I Grateful Senfe, 5. Sounds, how diverffyd ; in being Bigger, 6. Louder y and Sharper, 7. Mufical, 8. Whence the famenefi of a Mufical Note, whether Strong or Soft, 9. Whence, Mufical Concords, lo. Or Difcords, 11,12. Figures, and Colours, how' they become Beautiful, 13,14. Whence the diftin^ion ofTaftes, and Scents, 15,16. Whence any pleafant Touch, 1 7. The Trouhleftmenefi of Tickling, 1 8^ TVhencePain, 19. The fuitahlenefi of all the Injirume'nts of Senfe, 20. 77?^ Number of Senfe s, limited by the Number of Organs, 21. The Notice they give us of Senfibles, True and Ju/i, 22, 23, 24, 25. Tet not fujfficient of themfelves, to produce Senfe, 26.
CHAT. 3. OFMind. And firfl: , Of Phancy, • or Phancaflick Mind.
Jl4Ind or Thought, dijiind from Senfe, i. The Species hereof, Phancy, and Intelled, 2. Of Phancy, we are to d/ftingui/h the Organ,,^. The Images, 4. And the A^s, 5. The great Ufe hereof, even in Brutes, 6. Tet amounteth not to IntelleLiion ; Becaufe they are not Improvable, beyond their own Injlin£l, 7. Nor do they Work Elellively, 8. Nor by Imitation, nor Drfquifition, 9. Something like them, in Mad-men, 10. Explain d by Inflances, 1 1. Great Evidences of the Divine Art, 1 2. Human Phancy, much more Noble, 13. Defined, 14. Its Acls, 15, The Firft, viz. Per- ception', hath its Species, 16. Every Species, Three Modes, 17. viz. Re* cognition, 18. Memory and Reminijcence, i<), 7.0, ri. Forefight and Fore ^ cafiy 22,23,24. of thefe, confijl the Schemes of Phancy, zj. Either
(b} Anfwe"-
- • !■■ iiM^ii - warn I I ■ — ■ — ' — —
iv* The Contents of the Chapters.
Attfwerahle to Senfe, or Arbitrary, x6. With their Parts, an^ Colours, %-]. And are the Materials of Wit and Ingenuity, i8. Of thefe Alls, which pro- per to Mankind, 29. Upon Perception, follow the f ever al Sorts of Fo lit ion or Affe^ion, 10. Their various Mixture, -^i. And Symptoms, ;^z. Front hence. Habits, 3 5 , And PaJJIons, 3 4, 3 ^. The l^eceffity of an Incorporeal Principle, demonflrated from the Or^n of Phancy, 36, :;7, 38. And from its fever al Atts, 39,40,41. The Office of Phancy, in Generation, ^x. In ihe t/fe of Corporeal Habits, 43. And of Mental, 44, 45, 46.
CHAf. 4. Of Imelledual Mind.
HTHE Intelle^^ hath its proper Ohje^s, andA&s, i. Senfe, andPhancy^ ■'■ have nothing to do, ivith the De^nition of the Deity, z. Nor of any Thing elfe, 3, 4, 5. Nor with Univerfals, 6. The forming of which, pe* culiar to the Intelle^ual Mind, 7. Intelle^ion defind, 8. Its Ails, 9. The firfl, viz. Perception, hath Two Modes, 10. The firfl, Duhitation, 11. Attended with Difquijition and Collation, ix, 13. The other, Invention: Improperly, or Properly fo called, 14, 1 5, 1 6. Attained, either by Senfe, 17. Or by firfl Theorems, 18. Or by Confequence, 19. All Knowlege , truly fo called^ of equal Certitude, lo. To fupfofe the Incertitude of any, but that of Senfe and the Mathematick, abfurd^ zi. Tet Demonflration, and Comprehenjion^ Two Things ; Jhewed by divers Inflances, zx, z3, z^, z^. Next to Perception y Volition, 26. Its Modes, 27. And Concomitancy with the Underflandingy 28, 29, 30,
»
CHAfP. 5. Of the Three Chief Endowments of Incelledual Mind 5 And firft, Of Science.
HTRuth, the Obje^ of the Underflandin^ , 1, 2. The feveral Sorts of ■*• Truth, 3 . Theoremick Truth, Twofold, 4. Tofitive Truth, the Chief ground of Science ; which confifleth in defining the Effences of Things, 5, 6. The difference between Geniu and Generality, 7. Definitions of Things Simple, or Senfble, themoji Perfe^, 8. As of Quantity ; which we may confider abflraSly, 9. In Geometry, wetnufl, 10. And of its Relations; VIZ. Equality, XI. Proportionality, iz. And Commenfurability, i^. As alfoy of Regular Figures, 14. And their Relations, viz. Similitude, 15. And Coexijtence, 1 6. The Definitions of all other Things, unattainable j proved by Inflances, 17, 18, 19. Definitions fo called, are no more than certain Titles or Marks to know them by, 20, 21, 22. Nor are the Ideas we have of Figure and Quantity, abfolutely Perfe^ ; proved by Inflances, 23, 24, &c. to 30. Much lefs, that we have of the Deity , 31. Tet are ive not to flay, with the Schools, upon meet Titles, but to go as far as we can, 32.
<: H A P. 6.
I
The Contents of the Chapters.
^
CBAJ>. 6. Of Wifdom.
T/fffont, wore JlreBly looks at the Caufes of Things, i. AJI reducible to the Efficient, x. Whereof there are Four Cardinals, 3. Each of which , have Four General Ways of Operation^ 4, j, 6, 7. The difiin£l Ohfervations wheTeof are the Elements of Wtfdom, 8.
#/ the Firft Cardinal, the Firfl v)ay of Operation, is that of Body upok Body ; Either ly the Bulk, 9. The Figure, 10. Or the Po fit ion, n. On which are grounded, not only the greater part of Mechanick Operations ; hut the Mechanifm and Motions of Animals, 12. And in a great part, the Produflion of Sundry Difeafes, 13. As alfo the Internal Anions and Operations of Bodies, 14'. Seldom knowahle, faving in their vifible Ef-
fe£ls, 15,16. The Second way of Operation, is that of Body upon Senfe, 1 7. The Third, of Body upon Phancy ; whereof, divers Injlances, 1 8, 19,' zo, 11. The Fourth, of Body upon Reafon, xx.
Of the Second Cardinal, the Firfi way of Operation, is of Senfe upon Body, 13. The Second, of Senfe upon Senfe, 7,4, z^. The Third, of Senfe upon Phancy, a6, 27. The Fturth, of Senfe upon Reafon, xB. Further Jnftanced, in the Operation of Beauty, 19. Cloaths, 30. Speech, jr. And Gefture, 32.
Of the Third Cardinal, the Firft way of Operation, is that of Phancy upon Body, whereof divers Inftances, 33,34,35,36. The Second, of Phancy upon Senfe, 37,38,39. The Third ^ of Phancy upon Phancy; /hewed in fundry Inftances, 40, &c. to 46. The Fourth, of Phancy upon Reafon. By its Perceptive Ails, 47. And thofe of Volition, 48, 49. Among other Phancies, Four efpeciaUy, often fuperier unto Reafon ; viz. Wit, 51, 5 i, 5" 3. Opinion; whereof fundry Inftances, 54, &c. te 5-8.
. Ilove, 59,60. And Pride, 61.
J Of ih& Fourth Cardinal, the Firfi way of Operation, is that of Reafon upon Body, 6 1, 6 3 . The Second, of Reafon upon Senfe, 64, 65-. The Third of Reafon upon Phancy, 66, 6j. Which it Governs, andUfesfeveral ways, 69, 70. 77?^ Fourth, of Reafon upon Reafon. Either in another, 71,71. Or in a Man s Self. As one Truth begets another, 73. Either Proxi- tmate ; whereof divers Inftances, 74, &c. to j^. Or Remote, 80,81, iBx, 83. And often builds high, upon mean Foundations, 84, &c. to 88. And as the Underftanding operates on the Intellectual Will, 89. How all Wifdom founded in the Premifes, 90.
CHAf. 7. Of Virtue.
/^Oodneft, what, i. Hereof, many Kinds, z. As more or left Certain, -i. ^^ Or Comprehenfve, 4. Or Enjoy d; Wiiether Senfual, 5-. Phanta- Jiick, 6. Or IntelleUual, 7. As one kind, or degree, is related to ano- ther, 8. Or to theUniverfe, 9, 10. In the Choice whereof, confifteth Virtue, 1 1. Which is one Immutable Thing, 12. In chufing the Beft End and Means, 13, 14. And is the higheft Wifdcm, 15. To be Virtuous, more than to be Innocent, 16. Is joyned with Refolution, 17. And is the Force, both of Reafon, and of Phancy, 18. Therefore the higheft Wif- dom, and fomethingmore, i^,zo. Mediocrity, not hereunto neceffary,zi^
Bui
vi The Contents of the Chapters
But Proporiiorty r%,xi. And Uniformity^ 24. Confifient with feveral Degrees^ z^. But with none, under its being Intelledual, 1.6. With Reafon^ the Affe£lions hecowe Firtues , 27. Which receive their Names ^ from the OljeBy 28. Three Virtues, fo called^ rather lelonging to all • viz. Prudence, 29. Conftancy, 30. And Love or Charity, 31. Four^ mar^ eminently Ufeful, \%. The Firfiy Humility ; Founded upon great Rea~ fon, 33,34. And of great Ufe^ ISih^iM- The Second, Magnanimity ; alfo of great Ufe, 38. Chiefly, as it begets Indufiry, 39,40. And Sa- pience or the LoveofWifdom, .41. The Third, Juflice ; likewife a Ni^le Virtue, and of Great and Publick Ufe, 42-, 43. The Fourth, Fortitude^ afewelcompofedoffeveralGems, 44? 4^. viz. Juftice, ^6. Prudence, 47, And Courage, 48. In all, we are to fhew, the Dignity of Virtue^ 49. As the Workman fl^ip, and Image, of the Deity, 50, 51, 52.
•~V' CHAT. 8. .Of Ccleftial Mind.
B
' T the knowledge we have of the Divine Perfeflion, i . And of our own Imperfetlion, 2,3. And of Nature below us, 4. We may come to the Knowledge of Nature above m -, viz. the Exiflence of a more Per. fed Mind, 4, 5, 6. As aljo, from the Plenitude of the Vifible World, 7. And its Indefinite Extent, 8. That there are feveral Degrees of Supe- riority herein, likewife indicated. From our Selves, 9. An^ Jrom the Creatures below us, 10,11. .7'/'^^ they are of Two General Orders, ix,. Embody d, 13,14. And Pure Mind, 15-. The former, not without Senfe, 1 6. Nor Phapcy, 1 7. And that of a higher Species, than the Human, 18. But withfuch an Intelled, as js Coordinate with our own, 19,2.0. And capable of Moral Evil, 21. That Pure Mind^ is either Compomnded, viz. of Phancy and Intelle^, z2, &c. to 26, And both of a Superior Species, 27. The Latter aBing by Dire^ Intuition, 28, 29, Or Simple ', that Ji, Abftra£ied Intellectual Mind; viewing Things, with ■a Contemporary Intuition, 30. Whereof, we have the Shadow in our Selves, 31. P erf ed in its Nature, 32. And in its Extent, t^t^. With the PerfedioM of Will, 34. And of Happinefi grounded hereon, 35-.
88 c^ ,
■ vv. :i *.,
BOOK
The Contents of the Chapters.
VII
BOOK the Third.
CHAT. 1 . Of the Nature of God's Government , or of Providence.
PRovidence^ what^ i. The Being hereof demoHjlrated from the Cre- ation, i, 3, 4. ^fom the Imperfeiiion of the Creature, y. And the Conflitution of the Univerfe, 6. The Nature hereof 7. Of Vniverfal Extent^ 8. V roved, 9, 10, 11, ix. Of a Becoming Form, 13. With the Minifiry of Second Caufes, 14, 1 5-, 16. And their due Order ^ 17, 18. In their Dominion feen among Corporeal Principles, 19. Among Motions, xo. In that of Celejlial Bodies, over the Earth, zi. Parti- cularly, that of the Sun, x%, z^, 24. Of the Moon ; feen in thofe Ef- feds, efieemed Natural, %^,z6,zy,zS. And Preternatural, x^, -^o. In the Dominion of the Vital, over the Corporeal World, 31, 3 x. tet tvith Limitation, 33. And in that feen among all the Parts of the Vital; as among Brutes, the Phantafiick, 34. The ArUtraty^ of Man over Brutes, 54. And the Civil, among Men, 35,36. In that dlfo, of the Superiof World, over the Minds of Men, 37. Proved, 38, 39,40. Tet t»ith Limitation , 41, 41, 43. And that of the Superior World within it
M* 44> 45-
CHAf. 2.
Of the Ends of Providence : And firflj^ in this Life.
'THE Ends of Things with refpeii to Providence, i. Not always •*■ feen, z. for divers Caufes, 5,4, 5, 6. Tet our Enquiries into thef)i, not to leftinted, J. No real Contingents, %. What, fo called, (). What meant, ly Fortune, 10. No Accident, really Minute, ii. AsGodworki hy Accidents, fo iiy fi^pending Good Counf els, 12. And frufl rating the ieji Precaution i called Fate, 12. The Synmetry of Providence , hoiV feen,. 14, i^, 16. To he owned, in the mofi Natural Ejfe^s^ 17, i^. And in all /^reealle Events,, 19. Providence, Good and Jwfi^ 46, zi. Notwithfianding the Permij^on. of Moral, and the Forecaft of Penal Evil, az, zjy »4, Which Men commonly hring upon themf elves, z j-. The ofie, Jomefimcs vifihly cmgrnom to the other, z6, zj. The Divine Goodnefi apparent, in over-ruling of both. Sundry Infiances ; In the Body of Man, 18, &c. ^i» 33. In the greater Parts of the World, as the Air, W^- ter,&cc. 34. In Minerals, Plants, and Animals, &c. 35. to 40, All which, we are fitted to Command, 40. In fitting us alfo, to ferve one another. By certain Similitudes in Nature, 41. By fome Difimilitudes, 4Z, 43. And the djfferent Difpenfation, of her Gifts, 44. Tet fo, as that every one hath, or may have, the Suhftance of all Good, 45. In hinging Good out of Evil j whereof fundry Injiances, In the greater Parts
CO ef
viii The jCon tents of the Chapters.
of the World, 46. In Minerals^ Plants, and Animals, 47, 48,49. Things Hurtful, hy Accident, 50. The feeming Faults of our own Bodies, of great Ufe, 51, 5:1. As alfo thofe of our Minds, 53, to 56. Lafily , In the Alternate Diftrihution of Good and Evil, 57, 58.
C fiJT. j. Of Providence over Publick States.
W
THerein God deals with the Body Politick, as with One Man, i, %. Exhibiting both his Juflice and Benevolence, fundry ways, 3. Shewed in divers Infiances. In the Spartan and Meflenian Commonwealths^ 4. In the Athenian, 5. In the Babylonian Monarchy, overthrown hy Cy- rus, 6. In the Vex(\3in,fupplanted by VhiM^, 8. And overthrown by Alexan- 4^r, 9, 10. Who afterward, was left to dejiroy himfelf, 11. But efpeciaUy, in the Komzrx State, i%. Eminent for their Virtue, 12,13,14. And the^EJleem they had of Virtuous Men, 15. Their Courage, 16. Pru- dence, 17. 'Juflice, efpecially in their Wars, 18, 19. And Moderation ivith their Victories, zo. And thefe their Virtues, as Eminently attended with a Divine Favour. Remarkable upon fundry Occajions, ri. Efpeci- ally, in their Prefervation from Ruin, by Averroefles, 22. And by Han- ' nibal, 23. And in the Extent of their Empire afterwards, 24. And their Crimes, as Remarkably Punifljd. One, in relation to the Gauls, 25", 26. The other, in relation to the Carthaginians, 27, 28. And after their Advancement^ growing worfe j were left in conclu^on, to de- jiroy themfelves, z^.
CBJT. 4. Of the Celeftial Life.
n^H E Certainty we have of the Future Life, i. Proved, From the ■'■ perpetual Identity of Corporeal Principles, and of Motion, ,2, 3,4: From the Convenient Tranfition of Corporeal Principles, from one Eftate of Being to another, 5, 6. And from the ftrong Conception , which the Mind of Man hath, of Futurity, 7. The Future Eftate hereof, fuperior to the Prefent, S. Tet to be.Invefted with a Body, 9, iq. Of another fort, 11,12,13. But capable of Senfe, 14. And of Phancy, i^. And this, as well as Intellection, more perfeSl, 16. But with the fame Incli- nations, 17. According to which, ever-^ one will be dealt with, 18; At the Divine Tribunal, 19. And before all, 20. Either to a fad Eftate, 21. Or Happinefi. Depending Chiefly on the Perfe^ions of the Mind, 22. As refpe^ing Things pafl, 23, 24. . Or then prefent. Efpecially in the Enjoy- hrent of God, 25', 26, 27. As the Fulleft Good, 28, 29. The Near eft to ttf , 3 o, 3 1 . And the moft Certain, 3 2. And in the Imitation of him, in the Energy, San^ity, and Regularity of our Virtue, 33, ^0 36* In every Celeftial Eftate, 37, 38.
- "■•' -' 'f- ■"■ ■
•A - V '
:^:, CHAP. ').
I
.The Contents of the Chapters. ix
CHAT. 5. Of the Rules of Providence. And fir ft, of the Law of Nature.
N on/er to the Future Life, we are to enquire into the Rule; nf<? are to go ly, i» ThiSy i. Reafon, is one Rule, andthefirft, 2. By which ^ we make a judgment of Good and Evil^ 3. And are account allc unto God, 4, Notwithflanding the pretended Superiority of Senfcy 5,6. Our Sulje£lion unto Whorn, according to Reafon, that is. Nature, is our Natu- ral Religion, 7, 8. Either in the Duties we owe to our Selves and Others ; as for example. In the Ufe of Temperance ^ 9. Sobriety, 10. Qka- Jiity, II. Diligence, iz. Contentment, 13. Or in fhofe, we owe im. mediately unto God; In Learning to Know, 14, if. Love, 16, 17. Fear, 18. Revere, 19, ao. Obey, xi. And Adore Him, xi. And herewith, to Rely upon him, x^, 24, xj. Chiefly, for our Future Hap- pinefi, z6,z'j. To be always hereunto ready, efpecially in our Service of Fray er, z8, &c. to ^z. And of Praife, 33.
. CBAT. 6. Of Pofitive Law.
^T'Hough the Law of Nature, is of feme force, i. And is the Foundation *•■• of all Pofitive Laws, z. Tet the giving of an Exprefi Divine Law, veceffary, 3. To add Light, unto that of Nature, 4. Overjhadowd with Darknefi, 5, 6. Even among the Wifeft Men and Nations, 7, 8. And to add Strength to it, 9. And unto Human Laws themfelves , xo, &c. to 14. Nor was it fit, for the Supream Reafon, to leave Men entirely to their own Reafon, 15, 16, 17. Nor to their own Will, 18. It would Impeach the Wifdom of his Creation, 19. And of his Provi' dence, xo. And Eclipfe his Goodnefi, fundry ways, xi, xz, xt,, 24.
BOOK
The Gontents of the Chapters.
BOOK the Fourth.
C H A^. 1 . Of the Integrity of the Hebrew Code.
THIS^ very provable^ i. From the fafe Cufiody of the Original Books ^ -i.^ T,. And their frequent Pul>licatioM, ^. From the Ma^ ny and Early Copies taken of the faid Originals, 5-, 6. From the Many and Early Tranflations of the fame. As firfi, the Two mo ft ancient Pentateuchs, viz. the Samaritan and the Greek, 7. Next, that of the Septuagint, 8,9,10. Which took in the whole Hebrew Code, n. And whereof we have now the True Copies. As appears, from the fafe Cuftody of the Original for a$ove Two Hundred Tears, 12. From the fe- deral and very early Editions hereof, 13, 14. And the Antiquity of the Manufcript Copies now Extant, 1 5:. Next to this, the Targum or Chal- dee Paraphrafe, 1 6. Then the Syriac Verfton, 1 7. The later Samari- tan, Ethiopick, Vulgar Latin, ^c. 18. Further proved. From the M^~ fora : as containing the Ohfervations of the more ancient Rabhies, 10 ^.o. Of theVoii'T2\m\xdLick Rahhiesy xi. And the Hebrew Puntiation, zz. The Tukkun Sopherim being allow' d, 23 : And fame few Errata of the Scribes, 24 : Tet by means of the Three Letters, called Matres Lecili- onis, the Text is everywhere tfncorruptcd, 7.$. Which none could poffiblv have Corrupted, if they would, ^6. Nor would they, if they could!, xj. Nor are the few Errata herein, inconfiflent with its being cf a Divine Original, 28, to the end.
CHAT. 2. Of the Truth and Excellency of the Hehren> Code. And firft, as th^y appear from Foreign Proof.
^^HE Hebrew Code, a True Account of Things, as well as a True Copy, 1. ■^ As appears from the Agreement ofProphane, with the Sacred Writers, 2, 3. As for Injlance ; In what is faid of the Creation, 4. Adam'i Food, f. The Serpent, 6. Adam J Cloathing, 7. CainV Offering, 7. The great Age fl/z/^e Ante-diluvians, 8. The Mofzick Genealogies, 8,9, 10,11. The Flood and 'Soah's Ark, 12. The Tower of Bahd, iS. The Ci/y 0/ Nineveh, 14. The Burning of Sodom, if. Divers of the Pa- triarchs ; iM Abraham, 16. Jacob, 17. Job, 18. Jofeph, 19. Mo- fes, 20. Jofliua, 21. The Land of C'dnazn, 22. David, 23. Solo- mon, 24. The Babylonian Captivity, 25. Nebuchadnezzar, 26. BeJ- fliazzar, 27. The Taking of Babylon, 28. With fame other Particu. lars, 29. Which Agreement, though fomewhat obfcured, 30. Tet fuffici- ent, 3 1 . Many particulars, not only Reported, but Imitated by Men of other Nations : as in their Fables, 3 2, &c. ^035. And Poet ick Sayings, 3 6. Much, /j Homer, 37,38,39. By Philofophers , 40,41. Efpecially Plato, 42. By Princes and Legijlators. In their Occajional Policies, 43, &c. /o 47. And in many of their Stated Laws, 48,49. Anjwering to thofe of the Decalogue, and other Mofa ick Z.<7U'J, 50, &c. to 6'j. The ConcluJ (ion from the Premifes, 68.
C HA P^ ;.
The Contents of the Chapters xi
CHAT. 3. Of the Truth and Excelkncy of the Hebrew Code, as they appear in it felf. And firft, if we confider the ^v riters.
THE Truth of the Old Tcjiament, though hy fome doubted of i. tet appears, vot ordy from the Teliimony of Prophane Authors, as we have feen, z. But further, from the Sacred Writers themfehesf Their great Antiquity, 3. Mofcs, within the time of Longevity, 4, 5-, 6. And not the jirjl'Sacred Writer^ 7. Some fort oj Writing, prolahly in the Churchy from the Beginning, 8. The Pentateuch, except fame few injerted Paffa- gesy Recorded hy himfelf, or his Order, 9. Both the Legiflative Part, 10. And the Hiftorical, 11. Mofl of the ether Books, Writ, or Dilated, ly thofe wkofe Names they bear, 1 z. Whoever were the Authors of the reft, 'tis certain, that the Contents hereof, were Recorded in the Puhlick Jout- nals, I 5 . Whereof, they who had the Making and Cuftody, were the Priefts, 14. And the Prop,hets, 15. The former, excellently qualify d for this Office, 16, And fo the Latter, 17. And their Writings, have all the Mvks of Truth. Exathiefs in their Chronology, 18. And Genealogies, 19. In their Defcriptions, zo. Simplicity of Style, %i. Their Narratives, jufl, zt. Pertinent, 23. Not pompoufly amplify d, Z4. Nor vainly re- pea ted, Xj. Their Speech, proper, z6,z7. Of Men, one to another, zS. Of Men, unto God, z^. Of God, unto Men ; where, the Prophetick Style, is confider d, 30, &c. /<? 35". Their Harmony, ohfervahle everywhere, not- ■withfldndingmany feemingContradi^lions, 36. Chiefly, through mifohfer' ling the Sacred Story ; as in divers In (lances, 11, to 40. Sundry notori- ous Mijiakes of Spinofa, 41, &c. to 48. The Agreement between the Old' Teftament-Hiftorians, in ivhat they Write, 49, 50, ji. And between the Prophets, ^z, 5-3. In the JEnd they all propofe to themfelves, 54, 5-5. And the Agreement between the Old left ament and the New, 56.
C HAT. 4. Of the Contents of the Old Teflamenc. And firfl: , of the Hiftpry.
CCripture-H/ftory, Singular, i, a. In the account we have. Of Man s ^ Primitive Perfe^ion, 3. The coming of Evil into the World, 4, The Holy Line, ^. The Longevity of the firft Ages, 6. The Univerfal De- luge, 7, Noah'j- Ark, 8, And the Original of Nations, 9, lo, 11. Scrip- ture-Hiftory, other wife Remarkable ; Jhewed in fundry Inftances iz &c to zi. Not Blemifhed with any Immorality : though there feems to he fome Inftances hereof, ix, &c. to z%. Nor with any thing Romantick or Ab- furd, notwithftanding any feeming Inftances, 29, to 52. Further ft^ewed, 33, &C. to ij. Nor with any thing, to be accounted Trivial, 38, &c. to 41,
Cd} C HA P, s.
xii The Contents of the Chapters.
CHJT. 5. Of the Miracles.
T"HE Truth of thefe, fpeciall^ proved^ r. By diftinguijhingthe Mira* culous Works of Creation^ from Miracles^ commonly fo called^ x, 3,4. By laying down the fever al Properties of a Miracle^ 5, &c. /o 13. Jppli- cable to all thofe reported to us in the Scriptures. As the feeming Change of Aaron'j Rod^ into a Serpent^ 14. the turning of the Rivers into Blood, And bringing the Frogs into the Houfes of the Egyptians, 1 5-. Turning the DUJi into Lice, And bringing the Swarm of Flies, 1 6. The Murrain, And Boyls upon Man and Beaft, 1 7. The Hail, Locufts, Dark- nefi, and Peflilential Plague, 18. The Caufes of all ivhich, were Limited^ 19. Andfuited to their Ends, xo. The Truth of the foref aid Miracles^ further proved, xi, ai. And of fun dry others. As the drying up of the Red Sea, x4, 25. The Pillar of a Cloud by day, and of Fire by night, x6. The defcending o/Manna, zj, i8, 29. Bringing Water out of the Rock, 30. Bringing the Quails, 31. The'Earthfwallowing up Corah, ^c. t,x. The Fire which confumed thofe who offered Incenfe, 33. The Bloffoming of Aaron V Rod, 34. The Sanative Power of the Brazen Serpent , 35. The Cutting off of the Waters o/Jordan,3 6. The Fall of the Walls 0/ Jericho, 3 7. The ftanding fiill of the Sun and Moon, 38,39. The Suns Jhadow going back, 40. Afjd the Confimption of the Sacrifice, by Fire from Beaven, 41.
C H Af. 6. Of the Prophecies.
PRophecy, herefpoken of in the firi^efl Senfe, i. Suppofeth, the non- being of Contingents, x. The Definition hereof; with Proofs of the Divinity of Scripture-Prophecies, 3 . From the Manner oj their being Re- vealed, 4, 5, 6, 7. With the Affurance the Prophets always had, of the Revelation, 8. From the Matter herein contained, 9, 10, 11. And front the Evidence, wherewith they have been Fulfilled, xr. Both thofe, which ■ relate to the Heathen World; As the Ruin 0/ Nineveh, 13. O/Tyre, 14. Of Egypt, 15. And off&zhylon, 16, 17; Nebuchadnezzar'^ Dream, of the Four Heathen Monarchies, 1 8. Daniel'^ Prophecy, of the Grxcian, 19. And thofe, which relate to the Jews. Either to particular Perfons, zo. ' Or to the feveral Tribes ; VIZ, o/Reuben, 21. Judah, 22. Levi, 23.
Jofeph, or Ephraim W Manafleh, 24. And the reft, 25,26. Or to the Whole Jewifti Nation. With refpe^ to their Sins and Punift^ments for the fame, 27,28, 29. Chiefly, upon their Captivity, 3 o, 3 1 . And after- mrds, 31. And with refpeil to the Bleffmgs they Enjoy d; Chiefly Three, viz. A numerous Offspring, 33,34,35:- The Land of C^n-^^t), -^6. Re- markably, in their Return thither, 37, 38. And after, 39. And the Efpecial Prefence of God, as their King , 40, 6fc. to 44.
CHAP. 7.
The Contents of the Chapters. xiii
CHAf- 7' Of the Laws. And firft, of thofe given to Jdam and ISloah.
'H E ReafoH of the Law, to he fuppofed of great Extent^ i . Four Difpenjations hereof z. The Laws given to Adam lefore the Fall j CoiKerning Food, 3. The Sahhath , 4,5. Daily Labour, 6. Modera^ tion, 6. And Marriage, 7, After the Fall ; The Retrenchment of Li- lerty, 9. The Suhtraclion of Food, 10. And Addition of Labour, 11. The giving of other Laws not mentioned, to he fuppofed^ 11,13,14. Chiefly, about Sacrifices ; not taught by Mature^ if, 16, 17, r8. But of Divine Jnflitution, 19, lo, 21. With other Laws, anfwerable to the Corruption of Mankind, and the Promife of a Saviour, ii, 21. Laws alfo given to Noah, 23. Fiefh allowed, 24. Raw Flefh, and Blood, forbidden, %^. And Murder, z6. Befides thefe^ others not mentioned, to be fuppofed. Proved from Pajfages recorded of the Heathen World, 27. \And of the Holy Seed, z8, &c. /'o 33. Chiefly, c/ Abraham, 34. As given unto All, jj.
CHAT. 8. Of the MofakkL^w.
JI/HT given only to the Jews ; and what, in general, i. This Difpen^ ^^ fation, admirable ; if we conjider the Preparatory Part, 2. The De- corum wherewith it was accompanied, 3. The Method in which it was writ, 4. A«d the Reafon of the Law itfelf, 5. Firfl, In Temporal re- fpe£ls,6. As the Duty of Children, J, "i. Of Servants, ^. Of Subjects, loi The Leffer Sanhedrim, 11. The Court of Appeals, 1 1. The Greater San- hedrim, 13. The King, 14. . The Military Orders, 15. The Laws againfl ■Murder, 1 6. Manflaughter, 1 7. The Dietetick Laws .- partly for Health, 1 8. As appears, In what was allowed, ig. Forbidden, xo. As alfo, for Good Husbandry, zi. AndContinency, zx. The Laws againfl all forts of In- crdinate Venery, 13, 24, 25. Divers other Laws, hereunto relating, z6, zj, 28. Laivs relating to their Goods and Chattels, 29, 30, 31. Their Real Eflates. The Eflates of Each Tribe, 32. Of Each Family, 3 3 . Par- ticularly, of the Levites, 34. Some other Laws hereunto relating, 35-. For regulating the Courts of Jufl ice, 7,6, Tfj. Againfl Extortion, t^^. Op' preffion, 39. And other Injuries, 40. To be Benevolent to all, 41. Thefe Laws, further Singular, In being given together^ 42. And in few Words, 43. The Advantages thence arifing, 44.
Next, In Spiritual refpeHs, 45-. Again]} Polytheifm,'%^ Idolatry, 47,48. Blajphemy , 49. Gods Attributes, alfa to he obferved in hh Works. Of Creation, 50. And of Providence, 51. Efpecially relating to themfelves. Here, 53. And in the Future Life, 54.
The Ceremonial Law, further infirutlive herein, 5^5. The Defcription of the Tabernacle, in general, 56, 57, 58. Of the Parts ; viz. The Boards, 59. Bars, 60. Curtains, 61, 62. Floar , 63. The Figure of the Whole, 64. Of the moft Holy Place, 65. The Furniture within the Veil; viz. The Ark, 66. The Mercy-Seat, 67. The Cherubims, 68. With- fiut, viz. The Altar pf Incenfe, 6^. The Table, "/o. TheCandleJlicks,yi. Their Situation, 72. And^ the Vefluary, 73. Without the Tabernacle; the Brazen Altar, 74,75. The Laver, 76. And the Court, 77. The
Numbers
xiv The Contents of the Chapters.
l^amlers and Meafures in the Talernacle, how they aKJvoer to thofe in the Body of Man^ 78, to 86. The Ornaments of the High Priefl^ 87, The Breafi.PIate, 88. The Urim and Thummim, 89. The Arts ufed for making all, 90. And the Materials, 91. With the Service hereunto he- IcKging^ 91.
Of all which, there was a Myflical Intent, 92. To Exhilit the Power and Wifdom of God, 93, 94, And the Excellency of hu Works. Of Cre- ation, 95. And of Providence, 96, 97. As alfo his Omnifcience , ^"i. Jnflice, 99. Sovereignty, 100. Holinefb^ loi, loi, 103. And Good' ;/(?/}, 104. To Exhibit likewife fomething of Heaven, lo--^. The polluted Eftate of this Lower World, ic6. And the San^ity whereunto the Jews were called, 107. For which, the Prieflhood was Ordain d , 108. And the Priefls abundantly Qjialify d by their Confecration, 109, no. And the Ufe of the Urim and Thummim, 1 1 1 , 112. For which likewife, fundry Laws were given, refpetling the refl of the People. Partly, in appointing certain Marks of Spiritual Uncleannefs, 113, to 116. And the Degrees of ity I in. UntoAvhich Ufe, the Dietetick Laws were alfo referrd, 1 1 8, 1 19. And partly, certain Rites andCeremonies for Expiation, no. The Intent whereof, was both Dire£l and Oblique, 1 x r . Diretl, as in the Burnt- Of- fering; Which was either the Continual, ixi. Or Occafwnal, 1x3. The Meatoffering, 1x4. The Peace-Offering, 1x5-. The Trefpafs-Offering, \2.6. With other Rites, forPurijying of divers forts ofUncltannsJs^ 117, ii8. Efpecially, theLeprofy, 1x9. For Capital and Prefumptuous Sins^ no Sacrifice, 130.
But thefirongefl Fort, was that raifed againft Idolatry ; By flrid Inqui- fit ion, and fevere Penalty, 131. By many Ceremonial Laws, 131. By prohibiting Intermarriage with Idolaters, 133. By the Dietetick Laws^ 134. And hereby^ as well as by other Means., in making Medicine of little Ufe to the Jews, 135". // being Evident, from the Original, and State cf Medicine, under Ofiris, 136. Orus, 137, 138, 139. Athothus, 140, 141, 142. With the Improvements made by Serapis and other Chief Priefis, 143, 144. And efpecially by Hermes, 145,146. That it was either wholly Magical, or fuch in a great. part, 147, As in Egypt, fo all Over the World, 148. For which Cauje the Jews ivere prohibited medling with Phyjicians, 1 49. But encourag'd to Study the Nature of Difeafes and Medicines, I $0. Miraculoufiycurd, 151. And placed in a Country, every way conducing to their Health, 151.
There was alfo an Oblique or Typical Intent, 151, 153. Of the Taber- nacle, x/j^. Of the feveral Parts, 15-5. ^0 158. And of the Order wherein they were all placed.^ 159. Of Perfons, 160, 161, i6z. And of Things appertaining to Divine Service, 163. Of the Anions, 164, 1 6 J, 166. And of the Numbers 6 and ^, 167. This Ceremonial Law Injiitutedy not to Humour the ]ews, 168. Nor to imitate the Gentiles, 169. But for fundry great Reafons, mentioned from ijo to i8o.
BOOK
The Contents of the Chapters. xv
BOOK the Fifth.
CHAT. I. Of the Integrity of the New Teftamenr.
TH E Divine Authority of This, equally provahle xvith that of th^ OUTeftament. And frji, from its Integrity^ i, z. Of the Seven artif Twenty Books, Twenty were always acknowledged, 3: viz. The
Gofpdof St. Mmhew, 4. Of St. Mark, c. O/S/.Luke, 6. 0/-5/.John, 7.
The Aits, 8. , Thirteen of St. Paul s Epiftles, 9; The Fir ft of St. Peter, 10.
And the Firfi ofSt.]ohn-, 1 1 . The other Seven, though the Authors dbuhteti
ofy.M a. few, 1 2. • Tet Authentick : viz. The Epijile to the Hebrews, 13.
Tht?t af'iSt. James, 14. The Second of St. Peter, i j. That of St. Jude, 1 6.
And'the A^oz?.\)y\h, 17,18, And fo the other Six, ih'id. Their hein^
puhlickly Recvfft}ized, not hefore the Council of Laodicta, noOhje£lionagainJi
their. Ajtrtarity^ t^I . Which was owned hy Hereticks and Injidels, xo.
Tl'.-' .i j,o'<^rapha ibewfehes, for feme time in the Church's Cujlody, xo.
And the Copies were Innumerable, x\. AuJ fufficiently Attefted. By the Apcftles and ApolloUcal Men, 2Z. And iy the Prophets, -li. Nor have thefe Copies been Corrupted, 24. Neither hy the Catholichs -, for want of Care, 25. OrofPrclity, z6. Nor iy the /-fereticks, zy,toi,o. And as appears, from the many Verfions made hereof 3 r. Next to the Greek Gofpet of 5/. Matthew, theSyxhc^ 32. ThernoftAncient'Lznn,y^. TheCo\inc\<. a;?^ Ethiopick, 34. 77?^ Arabick, 3 5-. //-'^Perfian, 36. 77;£' Gothick, Sclavonian, Armtnian, Dalmatian, 37. As a!fo from their Agreement with theQjiotatiof^s made hy the Ancient Doctors, 38. And from the Agree- ment of all the Manufcript Greek Copies among themfelves, 39. Notwith- fianding the Various Lettions, 40. Either the Emta of ScriheSy /^i. Or fuch Various Ledions , as were purpofely made; By Addition, 42, 43, 44. Omijfion, 45, 46, 47. Or Corretlion ; In conformity to the Latin, 48. To the Writings of the Ancient D odors, 49. Or to the WorJs moft in ufe^ where the Scribes lived, 50,51. The Conclufion from the Premifes.
I^f CHAT. 1. (Of the Truth and Excellency of the New Tedament. And firft, as they appear from the Writers.
* ^T'Hefe dcmonftrated. In that the Writers could not he Decervedy 1,2. Ai -*■ being Prcfent, when every thing was fa id and done, or Reporting from thofe that voerel-n,.' Mofi Attentive, 4. And very Difcreet ; no twit h- flanding that in fome Exprefions, they feem to he other wife, from 5 /o 14. Their Record therefore, fofarUnqueftionahle, 15. As alfo, in that it is in its own Nature, credible, 16 to zi. Neither could they have a mind to Deceive ; If we confider. When they Wrote, 22. The Cotjfequence to them- felves of What they Wrote, 23, 24. Or the Manner of their Writing ; With Brevity, 25. Simplicity, z6. Modefty,z'j. Impartiality, z'^. If ure further confiikr. Their Agreement with Human Writings, 29, 30. With thofe of the OldTeflament, 31 to 34. And one with another. The Agree- ment of the Ads and Epifiles, with the Gofpels, 35. Of the Epijlks with
C e } thi
xvi The Contents of the Chapters.
the A£ls^ 36. And of the Go/pels one with another^ 37. Notwitb- Jl an ding fame feeming ContradilUons , from fundry Caufes, 38, 39, 40. Whereof many Injlances, from 41 /o 57. Their Way of Writing julHfyd^ from great Reafon, 58/0 the End. '
CBA^. 3 . of the Contents. And firft, of the Miracles.
n~HE Truth and Excellency of the New Te (lament demon flr at ed from ■'- Thefe, i, x. Confidcrd firft^ In the Evidence we have of them ^ itt point ofFa^i. Either in the Scripture itfelf; As to the Number of Difeafei Curd^ 3. The Number of Patients^ 4, When Cur'd^ ^. In what Manner^ 6, 7, 8. Before Whom, 9, 10. And by Whom, 11, iz. Or i» the Wri- tings of the Ancient Chrijiians, 13. Or in thofe o/Jews and Vzgzns, 14. Confiderd next. In their Caufes. In general, 1^ to xo. And in particu- lar, XI to x8. And confiderd. In their manifold Reafon or Ends^ 29. Whereof fundry Injlances, from 30 ?o 43.
CBA<P. ^. of the Dodrine. And firft, of the Revelations we are to BeHeve.
n^^FIE Do^rine of the Gofpel, anfwerable to the Miracles, i. Of the ■*- Unity and Nature of the Godhead, 2. Of the Sacred Trinity, -i^. The Second and Third Perfons hereof, Typify d many Ways in the Old Tejlameni^ 4, 5, 6. More evidently Revealed in the New, 7. 'jefus Chrifl the Second, by his Divine Attributes, 8, 9, 10, 11, ix. By his EJfence, 13. And Name, 1^. Hjs Appearance among us, was Becoming, 15. The Marks of his Divine and Human Natures, given us in a Becoming Conjun^iony 16 toz^. And his Appearance was Necejfary : on God's part ^ x6. And on Ours, xj. The Divinity likewife of the Holy Ghofl, proved divers ways, x8 to 33. The Being of Divine Providence, perfpicuoufly ajferted in the Scriptures of the New Teftament, 34. As alfo Election by the Father, 35. Juftifica- tion by the Son, 36. And San^ification by the Spirit, 37. With the Mi- nijlry of Good and Bad Angels, 38. And the RefurreUion, Life, and Judg^ ment to come, 39. Of all which, the Scriptures fo far plain, as is neceffa. ry, 40. But alfo Myflerious, as this Word is commonly underflood : the de- nying whereof y dangerous, 41, 42.. The fame Revelation, with refped to divers Capacities, may be more or lefi Myjlerious or Plain, 43. And more or lefiufeful, ^<^, ^^1). Further proved in general, ^6. By particular In- Ji antes y from 47 to j6. Knowledge and Comprehenjion differ not in Na- ture, but Extent, 57. That the Scriptures are Abjirufe in fome ThingSy no Faulty 58. But our Difputes about them, a great Oney 59.
CHAP. S'
The Contents of the Chapters. xvii
CHAT. 5. Of the Precepts.
''T'H'cfe another part of the Divhie Revelation^ i. Wherein their Excel- ■*• lency appears, 2, To Repent an^ Believe, the Two Principal Laws of the Go/pel, 3 . Ami were Myjlicaliy taught in the LeviticalLaw, 4. Re~ fentance defind, 5. Faith defind, 6, 7. All the other Precepts, a Com^ ment hereupon, 8. Both of themfet forth in our Saviour s Sermon on the Mount, 9. The Former, in the Seven firfl Benedi£iions, 10 to 16. The Latter, in the Three folloiving, 17, 18, 19. Specially recommended to his Difciples, zo. And diflinguifhed from the Corrupt Glojfes, made upon the Com.mandments hy the Scrihes and Pharifees, xi. In doing which, he paf. feth over the Five frfl, and Why, 2x. He begins therefore, in Shewing the Extent of the Sixth, 23,24. Then, of the Seventh, 25-, 26. And condemns Polygamy, 27. Next of the Ninth, 28, 29. Of the Eighth, 30, 31. And of the Tent h^ 32, 33. He then diretts them infome efpe- cial parts of P rail ice, 34. As in giving of Alms, 35. In Praying ; as to Words and Meafure, 3 6. Method and Matter, 3 7, to 4 j. In Fajling, 46. And with refpett to Worldly Affairs, 47. And then, how to judge of others, 48, 49, ^o. In all, to depend upon the Grace of God, 51. To recoiled what he had Taught, 52. To ufe great Refolution in ohferving the fame, 53 . To take heed of Deceivers , 54. And of Self-Delufion , 55, 5 6. Befides there is afufficient Store ofGofpel-Precepts,forallPerfons andOccafions, /^-j. The Manner wherein our Lord deliver d his Dotlrine, grounded on the heji Reafon. On a Mountain, but not with Terror, 58. Nor in one entire Sy- Jiem ; that many Things might be the better Repeated, 5-9. Metaphors the better made ufe of, 60. And Parables, 61. And fome Paradoxes, 62. As alfo Arguments, 63. Allujions to CuflomSy and the Sayings of Noted Men, 64. That he might give them Occajfionally, and Extempore, 6§. And that his Life, as an Illufirious Example of Practice, might be Interwoven with his Dodrine : Whether we look upon it, as A^ive^ 66, 67. Or PaJ~ five, 68 to 71.
CiiAT. 6. of our Saviour's Prophecies.
•
/N which, he forefels the Effects of his Dodrine, 1. Firjl, his PaJ/ion : which, though Seemingly Impoffible, 2. Tet was contrived Infallibly to come to pajs, 3 . And then, the Great Things, which followed hereupon, 4. Firft, The Preaching of the Gofpel unto all Nations, 5. Notwithfianding all the Oppofition made againji it, 6. For which Work, the Apofiles were admirably Qualify d, 7. And favour d in Judea , with Equal Succefi, 8. And upon their Leaving of Judea, dividing all Nations among them, 9. And being Eminently ajpjled by St. Paul, i o. Preached the Gofpel all over the World, 1 1 . Next, The Defolation <?/ Jerufalem and the Temple. Both the Forerunners, 12,13. And the Manner hereof, 14,15,16. Then, the following Perfecutions, with the Caufes of the fame, viz. The Defama- tions cfChriJl's Perfon, and Religion, 17 . And the Corruptions of the Church, 18,19. Upon which the General Perfecutions arofe,xo. And La{[ly, his Coming to ejiablijh Chrifiianity through the Empire, 21, 22. The Signs ivhereoj] were Confjikuous : viz. His Striking of all the Heathens Oracles
dumb.
xviii The Contents ot the Chapters.
dumh^ 23. Continuing Miracles in the Church, 2-45X5. Injpiring the Martyrs with Invincible Courage, %6. Stopping the Mouths of Wild Beajis, 27. Setting the Marks of Divine Vengeance on his Enemies^ z8. The Operation of all which ^ very admirable upon Men of all Sorts, %g, ]o. On the Emperors themfelves, 31. But the great eft Signs of his Coming, iv'ere thofe Exhibited in the Days of Conftantine : Qjtalifyd by his Vir- tue, and a Celejlial Vifion, 32, 33. For the Overthrow of all the Grand Enemies of Chriftianity, 34. And making it the Religion of the Empire^ 35,36,37-
. ^
Z6e E R R A T A c/ the Trefs.
P/)ge ti. £:«« 4 y. rwi, Friable. P. 35. A 37. r. Adventitious. P. 36. /. i(S. r. Still in. P 37, A 10. r. Modification. P. 58. /. 14. r. propofeth. P. 61;/. a8. r. as in the Chapter. P.6g. A 13. r. 37tb. P. 77. /. 43. r. Arc. P. 81. /. jo. r. and whereof. P. 87. /. 3. r, doth not. P.iio. l.-j. r. than Fear. P. 113. /. fenult. r. Operations. P- 154. /. 12. r. potivetit. P. lyy- /. 31. r. Shews forth. P. 161. /. 41. r. could propofe. P. 196. /. 49. r. eiFefted. P. j^g. /. 22. r. the mention. P. an. /. 42. r. asfpeaking of ihe Nile. P. a8i. /. 47. r. Qioip'ofQ-. P. 299. 7.38. r. Invidioufly. P. 332. /, a. imit , And firft, of, the Precepts which equally concern all. p. 354. /. 15. r. Invidious.
THE
THE
FIRST BOOK.
herein is fliewed, That GOD made the Corporeal World. And what it is.
C H A P. I
Of GO D.
T is very natural, for all. Men to defire, in the enjoyment of what is agreeable to them, to be Happy. It is therefore as natural fcr every wife Man to enquire, ^ Whethef there is not a Supreme Being, ^1 who is fupremely Good, and communica- ble to us-; in the enjoyment of whom, our chief Happinefs muftconfift. ; , z. Now the Exiftence of this Supreme Being, upon the ufe of found Reafon, becomes as certain to us, as our own. For it" is mod certain , that there never could be nothing. For if there could have been an Inftant, wherein there , was Nothing: then, either Nothing, made Something: or Spmething, rnade it lelf:and fo, was, and adlcd, before it was. But if there never could be No- thing : then, there is, and was, a Being of neceffity without any Be- ginning.
V And therefore without any Caufe. For how can that Being have any Caufe, the necedity of whofe Exigence is in Himfelf ? And if he were his own Caufe, he muft then alfo be his own Effed or Creature : which is nonfenfe. So that there is a Fir ft neceflary, and never-begun Being, before, and above, all Caufe or Caufation : tliaf is, a Being which is Self-ex iftent. . "
.4. Whence it alfo follows, That this Self-exiftent Being hath the Power of Perfedion, as well as of Exiftence, in Himfelf. For he that is above, or exifteth without, any Caufe ; that is, hath the Pawer of Exiftence in Himfelf: cannot be without the Power of any Poftible Ex-: iftence. Becaufe, that no Pofiible Exiftence, nor therefore, State of Per- I'edion, can be more above another, than Something is above Nothing- Having tlien, the Power of Self-exiftence : He" muft needs alfo ha.vfe the
B Pow-
Oj GOD, Book I.
Power of any fort of Exigence : And therefore, of that Way or Man- ner of Exigence, which is the moll Perfed,
5-. And becaufe the fame Self-exiftent Being, neceflarily is what he is ; as hath been proved : 'Tis therefore evident. That what he May Be, or hath the Power of Being ; he Mufl Be. If then, he hath the Power of Perfection ; he is, neceffarily a mofl; PerfecSb Being.
6. Again ; Self-exiftence is fo tranfcendent and perfed: a manner of Being; that itcannot be conceived, but in conjund:ion with all other Perfedlions. For otherwife, Perfection would be wanting to it felf ; that is, Perfedion would be Imperfedt.
ji This Perfect Being, cannot but be every way Infinite. And firfl of all, in his Duration, For that is Infinite which is without Bounds. But the Duration of a Never-begun Being, can have no Bounds.
8. Now that Duration, which is without Bounds • mull: likewife of iieceffity be without Parts. For nothing can have more Parts than it hath. But there can be no number of Parts fo great, to which another Part, or number of Parts may not be added. Notliing therefore, can be Infinite, which hath Parts; except it hath more Parts, than it hath.
9. Therefore Time, which confifteth of Parts ; can be no Part of In- finite Duration, or of Eternity. For then there would be Infinite Time part, to Day, which to Morrow will be more than Infinite. Time is therefore, one thing ; and Infinite Duration is another ; before, in, and after Time, a perpetual rh vw. Which we mean, or ought to mean, when we fpeak of Eternity ; and of God, as of an Eternal Being.'
10. Moreover, He that is Infinite in Duration, cannot but be Im- menfe. As alfo. Infinitely Powerful, Wife, and Good, fje may be fo. For it is as pofiTible, for a Being to be Immenfe, or Boundlefs in his Ef- fence, as in his Duration. And all pollible Infinities are as conceiva- ble as any one. And what he may be ; he mud be ; as hath been proved. For otherwife, he were neither a NecefTary, nor a Perfed Being.
11. As therefore Infinite Duration, hath no relation unto Motion and Time : So Infinite or Immenfe Eflence, hath no relation unto Body ; but is a thing diftind, from all Corporeal Magnitude. Which we mean, or ought to nciean, when we fpeak of Immenfity ; and of God, as of an Immenfe Being.
12. Now, as Nothing hath no Parts ; fo neither hath that which is Infiriite ; as hath been proved. When therefore we fpeak, not of Body, or Quantity, but of God, as Infinite or Immenfe, properly fo called, or >)v'ithout Parts : the Ratio between Infinite and Finite, is the fame, as be- tween Finite and Nothing. Wherefore, this Infinite Being, is as much above any thing, which hath Parts ; as Nothing is below it ; that is, as much more, than the whole World j as the whole World, is more than Nothing.
■' 13. The fame Perfed Being, mud alfo needs be Omnipotent : Both as Sdf-exiftent, and as Immenle. As Self-exiftent. For he that is Self- e'Xiftent, having the Power of Being ; hath therefore, as hath been pro- ved, the Power of all Being. Equal to the Caufe of all Being : which is^ tp be Omnipotent.
^ 14. Again ; He that is Self-exiftent, exifteth without a Caufe. But if if be pollible, for fome one Being to exift without a Caufe ,• then it is
poffi-
Chap. I. Of GOD.
poffible, and much more conceivable, for all other Beings, to exifl: with one. And therefore, for that One, to give Exiftence to all other Be- llas; that is, to be Omnipotent.
1 5. He is alfo Omnipotent, as he is Immenle. For having, as he is Jpimenfe, the Power of Infinite Being ; he mull needs likewife have the Power of all Finite Being : which is, to be Omnipotent.
16. The fame Being, moreover, which is Immenfe,- cannot but be Omnifcient. Becaufe, as he is Immenfe, he is mofl: immediately and intrinfically prefent with every thing. And fo, comprehends the E(- fences, Relations, and Operations of all Beings. And therefore, all things knowable : which is, to be Omnifcient.
17. Likewife, he that is Omnipotent, cannot but be Omnifcient. For having the Power of Making every thing, that is Makable : if he had not alfo the Knowledge of every thing, that is Knowable : he would then Make or iiave the Power of Making he knew not what.
18. He likewife that is Omnipotent, or he that is Omnifcient, cannot but be perfedly Good : For all Goodnefs is founded in Truth, or fome kind of Congruity. But it requireth more Power and Wifdom al- ways to Will and to Do that which is Congruous, than that which is otherwife.' Should he therefore at any time Do or Will any thing Ihcon- gruous, he would be lefs Great and Wile than he is, which is a Contra- didtion.
19. Again, the mofl Perfedl Being can never Do, or be made to Do, any thing but that which pleafeth him bed : But all Evil of Being, A(3:ion, or Paffion, is fome fort of Imperfecftion. Were it polfible then for God to Do or Will any Evil, Perfedion would be pleafed with Imper- fedion, or that which is contrary to Himfelf.
zo. And he that is perfedly Good, mud needs be perfedlly Jufl: : For Juftice is a certain Congruity between the Deed and the Reward ; and fo between any Evil Deed, and the Penalty due to it: Which Congruity he Wills, but neither of the other. If then he were not perfedtly Juft, he could not be perfedily Good.
zi. His Veracity likewife is hereby evident : For could he be Falfe, it mud be becaufe he either Dares not, or Knows not, or Wills not, to be True, that is, through Impotence, Ignorance, or Malice j all which are contrary to the aforeiaid Perfedions.
zz. And in all Thefe he mull needs be Immutable : For were it poffible )r him in any manner or degree to Change or be Changeable, he would leither be a" NecelTary nor an Eternal Being.
z^. Wherefore the Supreme Being, whom we call GOD, is a Necefla- y, Self-Exident, Eternal, Immenfe, Omnipotent, Omnifcient, and bed ^Being : And therefore alfo a Being, who is, and ought to be edeemed mod Sacred or Holy.
Z4. God, who is thus every way Perfedl in his Being, cannot be con- ceived ever to have been, and not withal to Operate : For the Excel- lency of every Being fit to Operate, lieth in its Operation. The Na- ture therefore of a Perfedl Bemg implieth not only an Aptitude unto Operation, but a Necefllty of it j as that which is included in the Effence of his Perfedion. So that to have a Power to Do every thing, and yet to Do nothing, is to have indeed no more than a Poflibility of Perfedion, without the Perfedion it felf ; which is a Contradidlion : If then we will conceive of God truly, and as far as we can, Adequately ; we mud look
upon
Of GOD. Book L
I .III II I 11 I I I !■ ■! I nnM III I..I ... .1 I ■ ■■! I mmt -HI I ^— — i^M I ■■ii.-iiii I II- -
upon him not only as an Eternal Being, but alfa as a Being Eternally Energetick.
-L^. Neither can we conceive him to Operate otherwife than in a man- ner fuitable to his Perfection : That is, there is no Senfc in his not Be- ing and Doing, both alike. We are moft certain of the Perfedioh of Ijis Being; Yet we can have noPerfed, that is, Adequate or Comprehenfive Conception hereof, in regard it is Infinitely above our own, and all other forts of Being. In like manner we are certain that he cannot but Ope- rate, and that he cannot but Operate like himfelf. But the manner of his Operation, we can by no means comprehend, as that which Infinitely tranfcends the Manner of our own.
x6. Now, if God Exifteth not as weExift, and therefore Doth nothing as we Do ; He then Thinketh or Mindeth not as we Think or Mind ; but in a manner tranfcending our Imitation or Adequate Conception hereof. As we then our felves do Operate when \\t Mind, but yet in a manner anfwerable to our own Eflence ; fo God in Thinking or Minding doth al- fo Operate, but in a manner fuitable to his own Perfection. As far therefore as the Power of a Self-Exiftent Being exceedeth that of one which is Dependent ; fo far the Operation of Mind or Thought in the Former, tranfcendeth that in the Latter : So that we are to look upon God as one that thinketh with Operation infinitely Perfect ; that is, with an Omnipotent, as well as an Eternal Energy.
zy. And nothing being Eternal but Himfelf, he cannot poflibly Think of any thing , but of Himfelf as fuch : and in Thinking of Himfelf, he muft of neceflity See and Like himfelf, juft as he is : that is to fay, he mufl in Thinking, beget the Subflantial Ideas or Images of himfelf, or of his Omnipotent Underftanding and Will, and of all Divine Perfedion in them both : And therefore alfo theJe Images muft have a Necedary and Eternal Exiftence ; for otherwife they could not be Perfed Images of himfelf : Nor would his Energy be Infinite and Eternal, and full of all Per- fedion, as it muft needs be.
18. And as God's Underftanding and Will are themfelves, tho' Incom- prehenfibly, yet really DiftinCt ; fo the Subftantial Images of thefe muft likewife be really Diftind: ; And not only Diftind one from the other, but alfo from himfelf; for nothing can be its own Image.
xy. Yet neither can they have a Separate, tho' a Diftind Exiftence, no more than the Ideas of our own Mind can have any Separate Exift- ence from the Mind, but have a Co-Exiftence therein. As therefore the Ideas of the Mind of Man are One with the Mind ; So God^s Ideas or I- mages of himfelf are one with himfelf.
30. Together with thefe Images, which God hath of the Perfedions of his own Being, he muft of neceflity, as he is Omnifcient, have the Images likewife of all other poftible Beings ; that is, the entire Idea of the Univerfe, as the OfF-fet of the former.
^ I. But becaufe nothing can be Eternal but what is Infinite ; it is there- fore impolfible that God fhould think of the Univerfe, or of any thing therein as of a thing Eternal : Nor can he therefore be faid Eternally to Think it into Being : Nor can the Univerfe, or any thing therein be truly faid, as are the Images of his own Perfedions, to be one with him : For how can things Finite and Infinite be One ?
3z. The two Vifible Parts of the Univerfe are Matter and Moti- on J botb which, with all other Beings, were made by virtue of the
Divine
I
Chap. I Of G 0 D.
Divine Ideas aforefaid ; that is, by thefe God did Think them into Being.
33. That Matter was thus made, is moft evident : Forotherwife it had been Self-Exiftent : But that which is Self-Exiftent, having the Power of Being ,in* it felf : and therefore the Power of any Being, as hath been proved ; it would alfo have the Power of being Perfed: : And confe- quently, not only the whole Corporeal World, but every fingle Atom, ha- ving the Power of Being, would alfo have the Power of Perfedion; that is, would be a God.
34. Again, Body cannot be Self exiftent ; becaufe it is not Self- movent: For Motion is not of the Eflence of Body; becaule we may have a Definitive Conception of Body, abftradled from that of Moti- on. Wherefore Motion is fomething elfe befides Body ; and fomething, without which, a Body may be conceiv'd to Exift. If then Body Could move it felf, it would have the Power of Making Something of Nothing. And one fmgle Atom, by multiplying its own Motion Infinitely, would have been able in time to make all the Motion in the World. But, td liippofe Body to be Self-Exiftent, or to have the Power of Being, is as abfurd, as to fuppofe it to be Self-Movent^ or to have the Power of Moti- on ; there being as great a diftance between Exiftence and Non-Exiftence, as between Morion and Reft.
35. Moreover if Matter and Motion were not made, then they are Eternal. But this we cannot fuppole ; for if Motion were Eternal, then Time, wherein Motion is made, muft be Eternal : And fo, there muft always have been Infinite Time paft : And therefore Time always paft, which was never prefent : For how could that ever be prefent which was always paft? To avoid which Contradidion, it muft be granted, That there was a Beginning of Time; andfoof Motion; and therefore alfo of Matter. For to what end ftiould Matter have been Eternally without Motion? And confequently, that the World was Made, and that God did Make it, or Think it into Being.
36. Andbythefaid Divine Ideas, Matter, and Motion, and all othet Beings do now Exift ; in that nothing Made, Can continue to Be, by vir- tue of its own firft Being : For, as the Extenfion of Body is the Con- tinuation of Body upon Body ; fo the Duration of Being is the Continu- ation of Being upon Being, As therefore a fmall Body can no more Magnifie than Make it felf; fo a Begun Being, can no more continue it felf, than of it felf begin to Be. If therefore the World hath Power to give it felf Continuance, it would be Self-Exiljent, or without Beginning ; Which, fince it is not, it is then continu'd in its Being, by that Divine Power, whereby it firft began to Be.
. C CHAP.
Book L
CHAP. II.
Of the Corporeal World
1, 13 UT albeit the World being Made, cannot be Self-Exiftent ; nor J3 therefore Eternal, nor any other way Infinite : Yet being made by God, we are to look upon it in every way of Made Perfedion, to be Indefinite : For we can never define the utmoft or anfwerable Effed: of an Infinite Caule.
z. We can never come to its utmoft Extent : We fee enough to stdmire in the Vaft, and to us, Unlimited Diftance of the Fixed Stars, which are Vifible, The Parallax of the Pole-Star fubtended by the Diameter of the Orhis Magnus^ is not above a Minute : Therefore its Diftance from the Sun not lefs than 3400 Diameters of the Orhis Magnus ; or from the Earth, whenneareft, 3399. So that the Diameter of the Earth being near 8000 Miles ; and the Diapieter of the Orhu Magnus loooo Diame- ters of the Earth. The Diftance of the faid Star from the Earth, is about four hundred and feventy Millions and eight hundred and forty thoufand Miles.
• .3. Befides the Vifible Stars, there are others difcover'd only by the Telefcope : As thofe which compofe the l^ia Laflea^ the Nehulofte in the Head of Orion ; the Prafepe^ a Clufter of above forty Stars ; thofe inter- ■ fpers'd among the Pleiades about as many ; and thofe adjacent to the Sword and Girdle of Orion about 80. Of which, and all other Stars, our Learned Profeflbr Mr. Flamfled in a Printed Letter of his to Dr. WaHis, faith indeed very well. That it is not neceflary we fliould fup- pofe all thofe which feem lefs to be at a greater Diftance : He having found, that the Parallax of tht Pole-Star is greater than that of Syrius ^ which is therefore more diftant than the Pole-Star^ tho' much bigger and brighter. But, as .the fore-mention'd Stars were unfeen before the ufe of Glafles J fo, no doubt there are others, which as well from their greater. Diftance, as their lefler Bulk, are ftill Invifible: For that which is Indefinite, tho' it hath Bounds, as not being Infinite, yet thofe Bounds, to us, are undefinable.
^,4. Neither if the World more admirable in the Whole than in its i^arts : And in thofe. innumerable Relations they have one to another j whether they are Great, whireof in this Chapter j or Small, as will appear in the Chapters following.
5. Thofe Greater Bodies call'd the Planets, are all of them regularly mov'd : For albeit they move in Orbits, whole Plains lie oblique, or are inclin'd to the Plain of the Ecliptick ; for which reafon they are call'd Planets; yet they all move in certain Regular Lines, with certain Degrees of Velofity, and at certain Diftances one from ano- ther.
6. And their Motion is regular with great Variety. All the Mafter Planets move about the Sun at feveral Diltances, as their common Cen- tre, and with different Velofities. This Common Law being obfcrved in all of them, That the Squares of the Times of their Revolutions are proportional to the Cubes of their Diftances. And the Lunar or Sub-
Pla-
C H A p. II. Of the Cor -pored World
Planets obfefve the fame Law in their Motions about their Mafter*
r Planets. As alfo in* this, That Lines drawn from the Foci of the Curves they move in, to their Bodies, fweep over equal Areas in equal Times jpn the Plains of their Orbits. ,
r 7. It is alfo evident from the Spots fometimes obferv'd in the Sun ; and from thofe in the Primary Planets ; that befides their Circulati- on about the Sun, the Sun and fome of the reft, have alfo a Rotation upon their own Axis \ and always tha lame way, viz. from Eaft to VVefl. 8. But withal, that they make this Rotation with very different Ve- lofities. The Eartii making one Revolution upon its Axis in one Day, the Sun in about 15 Days and '^i, Mars, tho* lefs than the Earth, yet re- quires fomewhat more than a Day; Jupiter, tho' much bigger than the Earth, yet makes his Revolution in about lo Hours, or two Re- volutions and } p^rt for one made by the Earth.
9. Again , of thole Planets which move upon their Axis , they do not all make Entire Revolutions : For the Moon maketh only a kind of Libration, or a Reciprocated Motion on her own Axis.
10. The Axis likewife of the Earth, and of thofe Planets which revolve, feem to maintain a perpetual Parallelifm to themfelves, but not to each other.
1 1 . The Motions alfo of Comets, tho' formerly fuppos'd otherwiie , yet of late are found to be Regular, as thofe of the Planets : And as in the Planets Lines drawn from the Sun to their Bodies, fweep over e- qual Areas in equal Times^ on the Plains of their Orbits; fo in Co- mets, Lines drawn Irom the Focus of the Curves they move in, to their Bodies, do the fame in the Plain of their Orbits.
1 1. The Subftance not only of all the Dark Planets, but of the Sun
Hit felf) is confident. As fitteil for the Permanency of its Figure, in the Ro- tation it makes upon its Axis. 13. And it is that which makes its Splendour to be the more admira- ble ; in that, among all other Luminous Bodies, thofe which give the brigh- teft Light, are Fluids; as Flaflies of Lightening, and fome other Flames.
14. And (till the more, beeaufe that for ought we know, the Sun
gives us this Light, without any Intenfe Heat. Which Heat, it is pro-
: bable, the Beams of the Sun do then firft conceive, when they come
m^ tQ be mixed with the Air or Atmofphere : Fot as fome things will be
|Hl|[ptenny Hot without giving Light : So Rotten Wood, the Glo-worm,
■^^^nd fome other Bodies give a brisk Light without any fenfible Heat :
To that Light and Heat have no necelfary Conjun!dl;ion ; at leaft, not
in any fenfible Proportion. It is known too, how necellary the . Air is
Bfor the making of Fire, and even of Light it felf in fome of thofe Bo- dies which (hine in the Darkj but lofe that Property in whole or in part, upon their being fecluded from the Air in the Air-Pump. It is alfo knowny that the Sun-Beams being colle(3:ed into a Focus by a very large Concave, will melt Gold, or any other Metal in a Moment : But it doth not ieem, that the Heat of the Sun- Beams can by this CoUedion be fo much augmented, as by their being diflufed in palling through the (pace of tienthoufand Diameters of the Earth, that is, ten millions of Miles, the Sun's leall Diftance, it muft needs be diminilhed. If then the Sun were
a burn-
Of the Corporeal World. Book 1.
a burning Body, dnd the Heat it hath fo much greater than that we feel of it ; as to be in proportion to its Diftance : how comes it to be fo little altered in its Subftance by fo intenfe a Heat ? and to hold this Heat in a contrary manner to what we fee in all other Bodies, Fluid or Confident, with fo great an Equality for near fix thoufand Years ? Whether therefore it be or no, we cannot but wonder, either in feeing fo Glorious a Body as the Sun without Fire; or, if it be a burning Body, without any material Alteration of his Subftance, or his Heat in fo long a time.
15. Neither is the Command which the Sun hath over all the Prima- ry Planets, and that which thefe have over their Satellites lefs admirable. 1 lie Regularity of their Motion is Vifible, as hath been lliew'd ; but the Caufe of it lies deeper. It is fuppofed to depend in a great meafure. upon a fort of Gravitating Power in the Nature and Motion of the Sun, fomewhat like unto that in the Earth, by which all Bodies are made to defcend. And that the Sun is the better fitted to command them at (o great a diftance, by its Bulk. For as the Diftance of the Sun from the Earth, is fuppoled to be about ten thoufand of the Earth's Diameters ; fo the Bulk of the Sun, with refped: to the Earth, to be at leaft as a Mil- lion to One : And therefore alfo that this Power ©f the Sun is greater or lefs, according to the Bulk and Diftance of the feveral Planets. As all Bodies gravitate more or lefs, according to their Diftance from the Centre of the Earth.
16. Yet there are remaining Difficulties : For tho' the Sun be allowed a Power to move the Planets, yet the Co-operation of fome other Caufe, feemeth necefl'ary to dired this Motion into a Circle, and this Circle always the fame. For why elfe fliould not all Bodies within the Compafs of the Gravitating Power of the Earth, alfo move in a Circle about it, inftead of defcending towards its Centre ?
1 7. Nor doth it appear that the Power by which the Sun is fuppo- fed to move the Planets in a Circle about it felf, is alone fufficient to give them a Rotation about their own Axis. For if it were, why then Ihouldnot the Earth by the like Power give the like Rotation to the Moon >.
18. It therefore feemeth probable, that for the better ftating of the Diftances of the Planets one from another, and from the Sun, there are as many feveral Spheres, and therefore kinds of /Ether ^ as there are Pla- nets which fwim therein.
1 9. And that befides the faid Power of the Sun, there is fome other in the Planets, which co-operates in diverfifying the Species of their Motion.
ao. Again, we will fuppofe the Sun, with refped to the Planets, to be the Primum Mohile ; But what is it that gives the Sun its Motion * Whether the Sun it felf be mov'd by fome other Celeftial, but Dark, orotherwile Invifible Body, is more than we know, or can dif- prove.
XI. And wherein the Moving Power of the Sun lieth, or of any Planet, or other Body, we are yet to feek. Thus much is plain ; That the feveral Species of Moving Powers are all of kin to the Magrie- tick. So is Gravitation it felf. They difagrec indeed in fome Properties : The Attradive Power of the Magnet is reciprocally proportional to the Cube of the Diftance from it, nearly. But the Gravitating Posver of the
Earth
Chap. II. Of the Corporeal World.
Earth, is exactly as the Squares of the Diftances from its Centre, re- ciprocally. The Magnet operates more remarkably, at or near its Poles; the Earth, near alike in all Parts of its Surface. And in iome Properties they agree. The Interpofal of no fort of Body, hinders the Attradioit in the one any more than in the other. Both attrad moft at the lead Diftances from their Surfaces. And it is fuppofed that the Earth, as the Magnet, attrads a little more ftrongly, or that any the fame Body is a little heavier, near its Poles than at a diftance. Whatever it is, the ufe made of it in ranging the Celeftial Bodies, and in keeping the Parts of each fo coherent, was a Defign well worthy of the Deity.
zi. The Magnetick Poles are alfo a great Secret ; efpecially now they are found to be diflindt from the Poles of the Earth : As alfo not to be fix'd, as the Poles of the Earth are, but to be moveable, varying vi^ith us, about a Degree in fix Years, but with much Regularity. We are yet ignorant both of the Laws of their Variations, and the Caufe of them. Our Sailers make fome ufe of them in their Eafl-India Voyages. More than we can yet forefee, may probably be deduc'd from them in future Ages.
z^. The /Ether likewife wherein the Planets move , befides the Di- verfity of its Species before-hinted, is alfo of confideration, with refpedC to its Rarity ; wherein perhaps it exceeds the Aer zo fold more than the Aer doth the Water. That is, if Aer exceeds PT^/f-r 860 times, then the /Ether \xs.-i.y exceed the Aer 7x00 times. And it is very likely, that if there are different kinds of Mther^ they have all a different Degree of Rarity : By which Rarity it becomes fo fit a Medium^ for trajeding the Light and Influence of all Celeftial Bodies at fo great a diftance. Compu- ted to be done with that Swiftnefs, as to pafs ten thoufand Diameters of the Earth in ten Minutes of time, or the 6th of an Hour : And by the fame means it moft readily yieldeth to their Revolutions, and the making of them with that Evennefs and Celerity as is requifite in them all. In he Earth, for Inftance which moveth in its Annual Orb about zoo of ;s own Diameters in a Day ; which is about 1000 Englifli Miles in the inute of an Hour.
Z4. Of how manifold ufe is the Aer^ as it minifters to the Generation of Winds, and of Meteors above, and of moft Bodies here below, and to the Confer vation of Life it felf. The Trade- Wind which blows be- tween the Tropicks, from the North-Eaft and South Weft all the Year round, is fupposM partly to depend upon the Diurnal Motion of the Earth, which there makes a greater Circle, and fo a f wifter Motion. And there are other Winds, efpecially from the Weft, which will blow fome-- times two or three Days upon one Point, fo as to drive a Ship before them 1 50 Leagues, or 450 Englilh Miles in that time : And Hurricanes themfelves move, at leaft fometimes, in a Dired Line : And the North- Weft Winds, call'd Aquilones^ as they are obferv'd by Pliny^ z. 47, ufu- ally to blow about 8 Days before the Rifing of the Dog-Star ; therefore call'd Prodromi : fo afterwards, then calla Etefite^ very conftantly for 40 Days.
z-^. To account for all which, and other Regular Winds, ([and perhaps all Winds are Regular,) we muft have recourle not only to the Earth, but alfo to the Phafes^ Motions and Portions of all the Planets, and to fome of the Fix'd Stars. All which we may reafonably fuppofe to have fome Degree of Moving Power over the Earth, like that of the Sun,
D fo
lo of the Corforeal World Book I,
fo as to be able more or lefs to alter, tl:|e Pofition of the fame. NotoF its AxiSy which the Sun lleadily commartds, but with refpeit to its Di- flanee. Whereby the Figure of the Surrounding Atmofphere, in prefling more or lefs upon the adjacent yEther^ will be cjiore or lefs alter'd, and therewithal the Motion hereof. . . .
z6. Nor arc the Celeftial Bodies more admirably fitted by their various Motions, Pofitions, and otherwife for the begetting of Winds, than Wa- ter is, by making two of its Properties, wz. Fluidity and Continuity, to be confident, for the begetting of Clouds. For were it Incapable of be- ing expanded into a Volatile Bubble, there cou'd be no Clouds, nor there- fore any Rain. For as a Mill is a Multitude of Small, but Solid Glo^ bules, which therefore defcend ; fo a Vapour, and therefore a Watery Cloud, is nothing elfe but a Congeries o^ very Small and Concave Globules, which therefore afcend, 'viz. to that Heighth, in which they are of equal Weight with the Air, where they remain fufpended, till by fome Mot tion in the Air, being broken, they defcend in Solid Drops ; either fmall as in a Mift, or bigger, when many jaf them run together, as in Rain.
xy. What too cou'd be of more excellent Ufe for Navigation, and o- ther ways, than the various CoUedlion of the Waters into Seas, Lake^, and Rjvers ? Or more advantagious for the faid Vie than the Winding of Rivers'? Defignedand effeded in the Beginning by the Inequality of the Surface of the Earth.
x8. Nor cou'd any thing be more ufeful than the Regular Variety of the Motions of Seas and Rivers in Currents and Tides. The Diurnal Vi- ciflitudes of the latter, being effeded by the Diurnal Motions of the Earth ; and the Monthly Revolutions of their let times, by thofe of the Earth and Moon together j according to our Learned Geometry-Profeflor Dr. J^'^af/is.
29. It is alfo very reafonably fuppos'd by fome of late, as well as by the Pythagoreans heretofore ; both from the Obfcure Parts, and the Ine- qualities of the Moon ; fome of them four times greater than any ort the Earth, and from fome other grounds ; that it is another • Terraque- ^ ous Orb, having its Atmofphere, Winds, Seas, and Tides ; and here- withal a fuitable, tho' perhaps a different Furniture of Animals, Plants and Mines. And we have as good reafon to believe the fame of all the other Planets ; their greater and leHer Diftance from the Sun being mat- ched with a fuitable Atmofphere.
^o. And further, to believe that every Fixed Star is another Sun, which by making conflant Rotations upon its own Axif, hath alfo the Com- mand of another Planetary Syfleme, in fome fort like unto this we fee, and wherein we move. For the Dillance of Saturn from the 5«w, the ut- moft of all the Planets, which make up this Vifible Syfleme, is perhaps not a.fifth part of the Diflance between the faid Planet and any Fix'd Star. Now there can be no manner of Symmetry in furniihing fo fmafl a part of the Univerfal Expanfion, with fo noble an Apparatus as afore- faid ; and letting innumerable and far greater Intervals to lie wafte and void. And admitting every Fix'd Star to be a Sun, it were further Incongruous to give fo great a Command to one fingle Sun ; and to make fo great a Number befides, of no anfwerable Ufe. If then there are many Thoufands of Vifible and Invifible Fix'd Stars, or of Suns, there are alfo as many Planetary Syflems belonging to them; and many more Planetary Worlds : For we can have no fight, nor
Con-
Chap. Ill, Of Principles. n
Conception of the utmoft Bounds of the Univerfe ; no more than of the Omnipotent Wifdom, By which it was made.
CHAP. III.
Of the Principles' of Bodies.
i - A S there is no Maximum whereunto we can go, but God only j £\ (o there is no Mmimum^ but a Point : which hath no Dimenfi- ons, but only a Whereneft, and is next to Nothing, For as far as the Whole is Extenfible, To far the Parts are alfo Divifible, both Indefi- nitely; or as Mathematicians fpeak, Infinitely : that is, beyond any Hu- man Obfei'vation or Conception.
a. How the Whole is fo, I have flievved in the precedent Chapter : And fo likewife are the Parts. For the fliorteft part of a Line, is a Line : But there is xxt Part of a Line, or no Line fo Ihort, but it may become the Bounds of a Surface ; and that Surface of a Body.
/J. Could a Line, and fo a Body, be divided into lead Parts, the Hypo- themfa of a Right-Angled Triangle, would be Commenfurable with ei- ther of the other two Sides. For could any one of the Sides, then each of them would be divifible into leaft Parts. And therefore into, thofe Parts, which being all Leaft, m ould be all Equal.
4. Ilie fame \s fhewed from the nature of Infinite Spirals, and of all Afymptote Lines : To wit, fuch Lines as in the fame Plain doi fo continually apprdach one to another ; as at length to be nearer than ahy given Diftance ; yet will never meet, tho' produced Infinitely.
5. Upon the fame ground it likewife is, that tho' fome have very well fliewn the Rectification of Curve Lines, and the Squaring of fome Curve Figures ', yet this cannot be done to a Point, by an immediate Comparifori between a Strait Line, or Rectilinear Figure and a Curve ; but requi- rfeth the mediate Help of Motion ; from the Velofity whereof, as I have heard the Learned Mr. Ntwton affirm, the Length of the Curve may be calculated. A Strait and a Curve Line may perhaps be brought by Immediate Commenfuration, nearer to Equality than any given Difference ; but the Equality can never be brought to a Point. For as the fmallefl: Part of a Line, is a Line • fo the fmalleft Part of a Curve Line, though divided Infinitely , is a Curve. So that after all the Immediate Com- menfuration which can be made between a Strait Line and a Curve, there will ftill be a String to a Bow.
6. The Confideration ^'hereof, will enable us to think as we ought, of the Principles of Bodies; which, as they muft of neceflity have their Dimenfions, and therefore their Solid Figures ; fo withal they may be Ihfinitely Small, not only beyond all naked or ailifted Sthk ; but be- yond all Arithmetical Operation or Conception.
7. To thofe who are not iifed to a rigid Mathematick Proof, this may be illuftrated by the Smallnefs of many Organized Bodies. Ten thou- fand Seeds of the Plant called Harts-Tongue, hardly make the Bulk of a Pepper-Corn. Now the Covers and the true Body of each Seed, the Tarenchymom and Ligmns Parts of both, the Fibres' of thole Parts, the
Prin-
Mi^Ui
12 UJ Frinci-ples book 1.
Principles of'thofe Fibres, and the Homogeneous Particles or Atoms of each Principle, being moderately multiplied one by another , afford a hundred thoufand Millions of Formed Atoms in the fpace of a Pepper- Corn ; but how many more, we cannot Define.
8. The fame is yet more evident from the StupendiousSmalnefs of fome Animals, efpecially in the Sperm of Smaller Infedts. Which have been obferved by Mr. Leuwenhoeck^ to be a hundred Millions of times fmaller than a great Sand. And what then muft be the Number and Smalnefs of thofe Formed Atoms, whereof all the Organical Parts of thefe Animals are compofed >
9. Thefe Inftances may alfo lliew how very conceivable it is, That the Qualities of Bodies, whereby they Operate one upon another, may fo properly belong to fome one Corporeal Principle, as not to fubfifl; primarily in any other. That Heat, for Example, tho' communicable, to any fort of Bodies ; yet there is fome Subtile Body, which is the primary Subjed: hereof. That is, when a Body is heated, it is by fome Subtile Calorifick Principle, which is either excited within the Heated Body, or transferred to it through any Medium, from fome other. Therefore a Silver Cup, being more retentive of the Qilorifick Parti- cles it receives • will not only keep hot longer; but grow hotter, than the Liquor it contains. By what Chymerical Motion could a Burning- Glals make a Focus with io Intenfe a Heat, were not Light a Body fit to produce it ? Or how could Water make thofe vifible Starts upon Freezing, but by fome Subtile Freezing Principle which as fuddenly iliootsintoit?
10. We may hereby likewife the better conceive how Gravdfation, and tile Power of the Magnet, may depend upon fome Effluvia mini- ftring thereunto ; although the Iron Ibmetimes may be more than fixty-fold the Weight of the Magnet. For as one String of a Viol will make another to move, when tuned to an Unifon j fo the Effluvia of the Magnet, and of the Iron, having a like Motion, may together have a Power fuperiour to that, which is proper to the Principle ot Gra- vitation ,• and may thus fuffice to bring them together.
1 1 . There is a fort of Magnetifm, not only in Amber, and Jett, as is know n ; but alfo in Gumm Anime^ Gumm Elemy^ and in all other, not Muci- laginous, but Refmous Gumms, even in Common Rofm it felf. Any of which being rubbed till they are warm, will make a fmall piece of a Straw to leap up to them. And yet thefe Gumms being warmed to
. , the fame, or a greater Degree, by holding them to the Fire, or a Candle ; the fame Piece of Straw will take no notice of them. And many other Phccnomem relating to Corporeal Qualities, when they come throughly to be examined, lie in the fame Obfcurity. Sodeep- ly and far out of fight, have the Divine Power and Wifdom, laid the Foundation of the Generations and Operations of Bodies, in the unfcarcha- ble Subtility of their Principles.
It. Nor is the Workmanfliip of the Deity, more apparent in the Smalnefs of Principles, than in their being made Unalterable. There are fome Minerals wherein, not only the Principles, but the Com- pofitions, are Unalterable. Every Alchymift knows, that Gold will en- dure a Vehement Fire for a long time, without any Change ; and that after it has been divided by Corrofive Liquors , into InvililDle Parts; yet may prefently be precipitated, lo as to appear again in its own
Form.
#
Chap. II. Of Principles 1:5
Form. And the fame Immutability which belongs to the Compofition of Gold, doth much more to the Principles both of Gold, and of all other Bodies, when their Compofition is deftroy'd.
I :}. It is plain that the Atoms of Water, are Hard, and Unalterable in their Figure. For othervvife all kinds of Salts, as of Tartar^ Sal Armo- tiiac^ Common Salt., Copperas., Nitre, and others, might be diflblved in an equal Quantity in the fame Quantity of Water. And they would all likewife therein take up the fame Space. For be the Figyr^s of the Salts never fo various ; yet if the Atoms of Water were El^id and Alterable, they wou'd always fo conform to thofe Figures, as to fill up all Va- cuities : And confequently the Water would be Saturable with the fame Quantity of any Salt, which it is not ; and would always g^in the lame Quantity of Space, which it doth not j as I have defnonftrated in a Difcourfe read before the Royal Society, Of the Solution of Salts in Water. And if the Atoms of Water, then of all other Fluids j and mucli more thofe of Confident Bodies, are Unalterable.
14. And that they fhou'd be fo, is both Congruous and Neceflary. It is Congruous, that as Motion is ftinted to certain Primitive and Unalterable Laws, fo that each Principle fliou'd be limited to fome Un- alterable Cize and Figure. And it is neceffary. For Ihou'd we fuppofe them to be Alterable, by fome one or more Motions : unlefs then there were fome other Motions , which upon the Innumerable Viciffitudes of Generation and Corruption, cou'd always give Security for their Refti- tution unto the fame Cize and Figure ; what wou'd become of them upon every Alteration ? Wc iliou a then have New Principles every Day ; New kinds of Generation j a New State of Bodies ; and a New World.
15-. Now if there be no Motion which can alter the Principles of Bodies, that is, reduce them to fome other Cize or Figure ; then is there none, of it felf fufficient to give them the Cize and Figure which they have. That is to fay, if the Principles of Bodies are Unal- terable, they are alfo Unmakable, by any but a Divine Powei;
16. The Regularity moreover of Corporeal Principles, fliewcththem ^to come at firll from a Divine Regulator; Which Regularity is certain,
where it is not fo apparent, as in all Fluids. For Regularity is a Simi- litude continued. Now though we cannot fee the Atoms, fuppofe of Water ; yet it is certain, that they are all qua. Watery, of that One Con- tinued or Repeated Figure, which is neceflary to make it a Liquid Body. And fo likewife that the Atoms of Air, qua Airy, are of that One Figure, which is neceflary to make it an Elaftick Body,
17. So far too as there is any Senfe in fpeaking of the Occult Qua- lities of Bodies, they are to be underftood, the Effeds of their Occult Principles ; which are alfo to be reckoned among Fluids : That is to fay, luch Principles, whofe Atoms are ti that Disjundiive Nature, as not to be united in a fufficient Number, to make a Vifible Mafs. In all which, there mull of neceliity, though we fee it not , be fome one Identity of Parts, adapted to one certain and conftant Effed; ; and therefore a Regularity.
18. The Figure of the Atoms of all Vifible Fluids, qua Fluids, feemeth to be Globular ; there being no other Figure fo well fitted, either to the making of Fluidity, or of that Vifible Rotundity, to which the Drops of Water and other Liquors do conltantly conform.
E 19. Yet
14 Of Princifles. Book I.
19. Yet together with this Rotundity, common to the Atoms of all Fluids, there is fome difference in Bulk, or otherwife, by which the Atoms -of one Fluid are diftinguiftied from thofe of another : For elfe, all Fluids wou'd be alike in Weight, Expanfibility, and all other Qualities.
ao. If Common Water and Quick-filver be put a-part into two Bolt- heads of the fame Cize, fo as in the Neck of each to rife up to the fame Heigth ; and the Bolt-heads then let at the fame time and heigth in one Veflel of Hot Water: the Water and the Quick-filver in the Bolt- heads will both of them alcend j but in a very different Proportion. For whereas Water is near 14 times lighter than Quick-filver ; yet the Afcent of the Quick-filver, is at lead two Thirds of the Afcent of the Water. So that Bodies are. not Expanfible, in proportion to their Weight , or to the Quantity of Matter to be expanded. But according to fome Diverfity in their Atoms, whereby they are more or lefs crowded, or otherwife affedled , with thofe w hich are Ca- lorifick.
XI. But the Regularity of Principles difcovers it felf more appa- rently in Confident Bodies ; and that in all the Kingdoms of Corporeal Nature. Diamonds are often fexangularly pointed in their Native Beds. Chryflal is in its natural Growth a Sexangular Prifme,. Sexan- gularly pointed. Granates arc Multangularly Round. And befides Gemms, many other forts of Stones are regularly figured ,• the Ajieria in form of a Star ; the lud'tack Stone, of a Pear ; the Amianthus^ of Parallel Threads, as in the Pile of Velvet ; , the Selenites, of Parallel Plates, as in a Deck of Cards; and they ane of a Rhombick Figure,- Talk, of fuch as are Rhomboid ; with many other Diverfities.
XI. Many of thefe Stones abound with Salt. From the different Spe- cies, and Mixture of which Principle, they receive their different Figures. And fome of them, as the Diamond, Amianthus, Talk^ either for their Hardnefs, or Immutability in the Fire, feemto have little or no Salt in them ; but to confift chiefly of Terreftrial Parts, or Stony, (Iridly fo called. Arguing, that the Atoms of the Lapidifick, as well as of the Saline Principle, being Regular, do therefore concur in producing Re- gular Stones. *
13. Befides Stones, all the forts of Mundick, and fometimes Metals themfelves, both Gold and others, are naturally figured. And the Ores both of Silver and Lead, have the Sides of all their Flakes re- duced unto Equal Angles. Neither can we doubt but that all Stones, and Metals, yea, and all other Confident Bodies, had they always room enough, with a Bed, and all things elfe favourable to their Generation, wou'd be always Perfed: in their kind, and always Fi- gured.
z4. And we find, that witU«thefc Circumftanccs, their Salts are always fo : and always conformable to themfelves. The Figures whereof are very Numerous ; but all agree in being Redilinear, and compofed of Proportional Sides and Angles.
X5-. The Salt of the Lake Afphaltites^ fliooteth into Pcrfedl Cubes. Common Salt ufually into little Chryftals coming near to a Cube. Sometimes into Square Plates. Sometimes into ihort Q.uadrangular Prifmes. Sometimes they are Pyramidal and Plain, without and with- in, like the Hopper of a Mill. And fometimes they narrow Step by
Step
Chap* HI. Of Vriuctfles. i j
Step, from the Top, to the Centre of the Bottom* Yet all thefe.^Ei- gures thus far agree in being Redangular. ,, .|J,^
1.6. A good Strong Solution of Sal Armoniack carefully ordered, j]ioc^ teth as it were into tour Combs fet Back to Back, in a Redangular Crofs : From the Teeth of which, other Teeth Ihoot again at Right Angles, or very near. On the Sides of the VelTel containing this So- lution ; Sometimes only a Pair of Stria; (o decuflate, as to make .s^ Redtanguiar Crofs ; And fometimes more of them, fo as to make upon one larger, feveral lefler Crodes ; like thofe'in fome Coats of Arms: But in all thefe Varieties they ulually keep to.a Right Angle j partly by means of the Common Salt mixed here^^(itlL
27. The known Figure of Nitre, is a 5exangular Prifme. And a flrong Solution hereof in Water willflioot upon the Sides of the Vef- fel, fometimes with three Stria^ which decufTate, or interfed: one ano-, ther, Starwife, at 6 Equal and Acute Angles. Which Stria, were they all joined at the Circumference, would alfo make a Sexangular Figure. And fometimes they are like a Quill, with the Plumy Part only upon one fide ; but flill keep to the fame Acute Angle.
x8. The Chryftals which flioot at the Bpttom of a Solution of Green Vitriol, are Rhomboid. And the Strix on the Sides of the Glafs, either ftand like the Plumy Parts on both the fides of a Quill j or many Lefler Stri<e interfedt a Greater with the fame Sloap, To as to make A- cute and Obtufe Angles alternately. In both which Cafes the Stria are produced in the fame manner, as are the Sides of a Rhomboid Fi- gure. In the Latter, as the Sides of a Single one. In the Former, as of two fuch Figures joined together, but one of them inverted to the other.
29. The Chryflals of Vegetahle Salts, are alfo very fine. The Muri- atick, which I have defcribed in a Difcourfe of the Effential Salts of Plants, have many Varieties. But all of them, as thofe of Common Salt, are Rectangular, and mofl of them come near to a Cube. The Effential, made together with the Muriatick, are mofl of them Sexan- gularly pointed, as are the Chryflals of Nitre. The Lixivial, of which the two former are produced, fometimes fhoot on the Sides of the Glafs, Jike the Brulhy End of the Plant called Equifetum. Thofe of the Volatile Salt of Wood-Soot have generally the exad: Form of a Little Shrub. And feveral Little Shrubs will grow up from one Horziontal Bed of Salt. And I have fliewed in the Anatomy of Plant s,m what manner the feveral Parts of Plants themfelves are figured by their Salts : That is to fay. That the Atoms of thofe Salts, having fuch certain Sides and Angles ; upon their various Application one to another, and thereby commanding the other Principles, as a Ruler doth the Pencil ; mufl of neceflity produce a fuitable Variety of Vifible Figures. And fome Mineral Salts them- felves, when very pure and fine, by means of their pointed or floaped Ends, will fometimes be applied one to another, at Acute Angles, fo as to be branched into Vegetable Figures. ,
30. A flrong Solution of the Volatile Salt of Harts-Horn, or of Blood, made with their own Phlegm or Spirit, aftejj .fome time exhibits certain fhortf^at Prilrnes; that is, with two broad,, and other two nar- row Sides, ffoaped at their Ends, to, as I take jt, an Acute Angle. On the Sides of the Glafs it fometimes Chryftallizes'into perfed: Rhombs, like the Spots in the Diamond Card. A Figure which is compofed of a
Pair
1 6 Of Frinciflef, Book I.
Pair of Points of the faid Prifmes, fet Bafe to Bale. In Diftillation, that of Harts-Horn is often Branched hke the Horn it felf. And that of Blood, formed like Nitre, Star-wife. In both which, the Stria are produced at the fame Acute' Angles.
^i. The Salts of the Air, befides the Native, are a Mixture of all the kinds here below, which are Volatile. But there is fcarce any of •them, except one, viz. the Freezing Principle, which feemeth to be next of kin to Nitre, that exhibits it felf. And this it doth, under Various and Exadt Figures.
3x. It hath been obferved by others, That in Snow there are many Parts curioufly Figur'd, comnlionly into little Starry Icicles of Six Points. But in a Difcourfe prefented to the Royal Society, and pub- iiihed in the Philofophical Tranfa^liom^ N", I have demonflrated. That the whole Body of a Snowy Cloud, confifteth of fuch, and other-like Ici# des regularly Figured. That is, that the very Small Drops of a Mifling Rain, defcending through a Freezing Air, do each of them flioot into one of thofe Figured Icicles. Which Icicles, being ruffled with the Wind, in their Fall, are moft of them broken, and cluflered together intofmall iParcels, which we call Flakes of Snow.
• 3:^. The Agency of the fame Freezing Principle, is alfo very fine here below. In a Hoar-Froft, that which we call a Rime^ is a Multi- tude of Quadrangular Prifmes, exadly figured, but piled without any Order, one over another. In the firft Froft, upon a Snow, I have Teen the like Prifmes, fo piled one upon another, and joined End to fend, and equally encreafed in their Length, as to compofe a Sexangular and Inverted Pyramid, fomewhat like the Bowl of a Funnel. And fometimes a Company of Little Icy Clohules ^ that is, Mifly Drops, which have been fuddenly frozen by the Snow : will be fo piled one upon another^ as to compofe a Little Pyramid, terminating in one fingle Globule at the Top j not much unlike t6 a Lavender Spike, And fometimes feveral flat Icicles, will be fo compofed, as to refemble a Mal-^ low Flower.
J4. The Dew upon Windows, and Water upon flat, fmooth, and broad Stones, will fometimes be elegantly flourilhed into a Vegetable Form. The Congealing Principle being aflilled herein, by the Volatile farts of Plants, which continually perfpire, and hover in this Lower Region 6f the Air in greater Plenty.
35. In a freezing Seafon, if a Glafs-Plate, or a Window-Square, be made all over wet with warm Water, that it may not freeze too fudden- ly J it will, upon freezing, always (hoot regularly : one Parcel of Strice running Parallel, being Obliquely, and always at the fame Angles, in- terfeded by another Parcel, viz. the fame Angles as there wou'd be in Snow, if the feveral Icicles thereof, confifted only of a Pair of Stricc. Whereby it is plain, that not only in all the former Examples, but Wherefoever VVater is divided into fmaller Parcels, or lies in a very thin Body, iti proportion to its Surface, fo as the Congealing Princi- ple hath Power enough to command it ; and the freezing Stria have room enough to ihoot forth, and are not over-numerous, fo as to be confounded ; it will ftill be regularly figured. And that if enough of thefe Circumftances cou'd meet in Rivers and Seas ,• we fliou'd have Ri- vers and Seas, as well as Clouds, of figured Icicles. That is, in fumm, Whatfoever cou'd te generated with all due Advantages, in the Air, • or
HAP. IV, Of Compomidf. ly
or in the Water, upon, or within the Earth, would be Regularly Figur'd.
^6. Itisalfo obfervable, that although fome of the Figures of Stones, vSalts, and other Bodies aforemention'd, are made with Right Angles : Yet the moft ufual, is that Acute Angle, whereby a Circle is divided in- to Six Equal Parts. Which Angle, is hereby the better adapted, either of it felf, or bv Addition and Subllradtion, for the Generation of all manner of Figures in compounded Bodies.
37. From all which Inftances, it is evident, that the Principles of Bo- dies, are Regularly Figur'd. True it is, that Principles, flridly fo cal- led, are exhibited in none of the Bodies aforefaid. No, not in the Salts themfelves ; as being only the firft Vifible Mafles of Bodies. And may therefore poflibly, have a different Figure^ from that of the Atomes whereof they confift. For a Rhomboid, maybe refolved into Wedges and Cubes. And a Cube, may be refolved into Tables and Prifmes : And both thefe again, into Cubes : And fo of other Figures. But not- withflanding that we are not certain, of the precife Figures of Atomes : Yet the faid vifible Mades, and other Bodies, being Regular; we are from hence certain, tliat the Atomes which produce them, arealfo Re- gular. For as two Incommenfurable Lines, though divided, or multi- ply'd, Infinitely ; are ftilllncommenfurable : So if the Figures of Atomes, were themfelves Irregular; they would produce Irregularity in all their Mixtures. Wherefore, by the Regularity of Compounded Bodies, which we fee ; we are fure of it in their Principles, which we fee not.
38. Now Regularity, which is certain ; cannot depend upon Chance, which is Uncertain. For that were to make Uncertainty, the Caufe of Certainty. Suppofe we then, that any Figures may be made by Moti- on, upon Matter. Yet Regular Figures, can never come, but from Motion Regulated. And therefore, not Cafually made. For then, it would be Cafually Regular, or by Rule by Chance, which is Nonfenfe. It is therefore evident, That as Matter and Motion-; fothe Cizes and Fi- gures, of the Parts of Matter, have their Original from a Divine Regu- lator. The curious and manifold Varieties of which, could we fee j they would doubtlefs make as fine a fliow, as all the Beauties of Nature
fhxch lye before us.
CHAP. IV.
of Comfounded Bodies.
JF we look upon the Effedsof Regularity, in th^ Compofition of Principles; they are every where extraordinary. 2. In tiie Woody Parts of Plants, which are their Bones; the Princi- ples are fo compounded, as to make them Flexible without Joy nts, and alfo Elaftick, That fo their Roots may yield to Stones, and their Trunks to the Wind, or other force, with a power of Rellitution. Where- as the Bones of Animals, being joynted, are made Inflexible. That the Motion may be made exadly true.
F ^ What
iS Of Compounds- Book I.
^. What can be more admirable, than for the Principles of the Fi- bers of a Tendon, to be fo Mixed ; as to make it a foft Body, fit to re- ceive, and to communicate, the Species of Senfc, and to be eafily Nou- riftied, and moved : And yet with this foftnefs, to have the Strength of Iron ? As appears it hath, by the Weight which the Tendon lying on a Horfe's Gambrel, doth then command, when he rears up with a Man upon his Back.
4, What more wonderful, than to fee the feveral f^ifcera, obtain their feveral kinds of Subftance, as well as of Organifm. To fee every vifi- ble Part in each, compofed of the fame Materials, and by the fame Rule, exadly repeated many Thoufands of Times, till the (aid Part be fitted for its defigned Ufe ? The Liver, and Papps, to exclude the majo- rity of the Saline parts of the Blood, and to receive the majority of the Oily. The Kidneys, to exclude the greater part of the Oily, and to receive the Saline : And foof the reft.
J. Or to fee, two Humors of equal ufe to true Vifion, bred fo near together; as to be conteined within one Common Coat,* yet one of them, as clear as Cryftal, the other as black as Ink.
6. How great a comprehenfion of the Nature of things, did it re- quire, to make a Menftruum, that fliould corrode all forts of Flelli com- ing into the Stomach ; and yet not the Stomach it felf, which is alfo f lefli > And in doing of this, not, as Corrofives ufe to do, to make any Wind or Flatus. • All Erudtation, being the effed of a faulty, and not a true Concodion.
7. How admirable alfo is the natural Strudure or Organifm of Bo- dies? The whole Body of a Plant, whether Herb, Shrup, or Tree, is compofed of two Species of Fibers, fo artificially managed ; that all the farts, from the Root to the Seed, are diftinguiihed one from another, only by the different Pofition , Proportion , and other Relations and Properties, of thofe two forts of Fibers : As I have made to appear, in the Anatomy of Plants. Whereunto I alfo refer the Reader, for his better underllanding, both the Geometry of Nature in the Strudure of their Parts ; and Tier Chymiflry, in the Preparation of their Li- quors.
^ . And herewith there is a great agreement in the Strudure of the Organs of an Animal. That the Mufculcs, Membranes, and Skin, are compofed of Fibers, is well known to Anatomifts. And I add, here, as I have done in the Anatomy of Roots, That Cartilages, and Bones themfelves , originally, and all the Fifcera , are compofed of Fibers, And it is probable, that thefe Fibers are or once were alfo Hollow ; for^the conveyance either of a Liquor, or an Aerial Spirit.
9. It is alfo obfervable, that the Fibres of an Animal, as of a Plant, are of two general Kinds, In the Bones, and Mufculcs ; they are Hard, and Tough : As in the Hard, and in the fappy Wood of a Tree. In the Glands, and Glandulous Parts ; they are Soft, and Triable, as in the Pith, Fruit, ^c. And as in every Mufcule, the Tendinous Fibers are Tough j fo the. Upright Fibers, in the Wood of a Tree. But the Carneous are more i3rittle; as are the Tranfverfe Fibers, which in a Tree, run to the Pith; And as in Trees, there is a new Ring added every year, out of the Barque, to the Wood : So too, in Animals, while they grow, there is a new Periofteum^ added from rime to time, out of the Mufcular Membranes, to the Bones. So agreeable are all the Works of Nature ; ■asfar as is agreeable to their Ufe. 10. To
Chap. IV. Of Compounds. lo
10. In the Hard and Tough Parts of Animals, there is a great Pro- portion of Salt, with refped to the other Principles. But in the Soft
nd Friable Parts, a greater Proportion of Oyl: as by diftilljng the lones , Mufcules , Brains, and Liver, feverally, and by other ways,
doth plainly appear. By which means, the parts are all dillinguiflied in
their Subllance, one from another.
1 1 . By the Pofition of either of thefe Two Kinds of Fibers, or the Compofition of botli together, theStrudlure of the feveral Parts is va- • y'd.
IX. In the Cartilages which unite the Vertebra, they are Parallel and almoil Circular, lying in Rings one over another. They are alfo Paral- lel in all Bones ; as may befl: be feen in a very young Pectus. Afterwards, they are lefs diftioguiiliable, when loaded with the Saline and Earthy parts of the Blood, which in its Circulation, it throws off upon them : . As Waters do their Earthy parts, on the fides of the Pipes through which they run. The better performance whereof, is contrived ; by feparating the Oily parts at the fame time, into the Marrow. In like manner as in Fruits, the Tartareous parts of the Sap, are thrown upon the Fibers defigned for the Stone ; and the Oily, upon the Seed with- in it.
13. TheViiiblc Fibers, are alfo Parallel in all Mufcules. Which Por- tion, as well as the Toughnefs of the Fibers, is oneCaufe of the Strength of a Mufcule. As hereby they are equally contracted, in the A<3:ion of the Mufcule ; which, in any other Pofition, they could not be.
14. Yet are they Parallel, two ways. The Tendinous, are Parallel and Dired, between the two ends of a Mufcule. And upon thefe, the far greater ftrefs of the Mufcular Adion doth depend. The Carneous, are Parallel and Tranfverfe. Yet every where mixed with the Tendi- nous : As by cutting a Tendon tranfverfly, may be feen. Hereby bra- cing all the Tendinous, into one coherent Body. In the fame manner, as the Pithy Fibers, brace and flitch together the Lignous, in a Plant. And where the Tendon opens it felf, and makes a Belly ; 'tis fill'd up with the Carneous Fibers, making the Flefh of a Mufcule : As in a Plant, the Fibers which brace the Wood, meeting in the Centre, do there make the Pith.
15. Yet are the Carneous Fibers, not Diredly, but Obliquely Tranf- verfe. Whereby it is evident, that they mufl needs be contracted toge- ther with the Tendinous. And therefore, though the Learned Stem thought otherwiib, that they give fome affiflance in the Attion of a Mufcule.
16. Both the Skin which covers the whole Body, and all other Skiny, Parts and Membranes, whether of the Veflels, Guts, or Vtfcera, are more or lefs Mufcular. As having, upon Extenfion, a Motion of Re- ftitution, or a Tendency to it. Which I take to be the Property of all ^ufcular Fibers, and of no others.
17. But their Motion is Stronger or Weaker, according to the various •Pofition of their Fibers. For where they are Parallel, the Motion is all diredtbd unto one certain Term ; as in the Membranes of the Guts. But where they arc not Parallel, the Motion is much weaker, as being di- redcd unto feveral Terms, in feveral Parcels, interferring one with ano- ther.; as in the Skin. Wherein the Fibers are Matted, as WooU is in a Hat; which is a kind of Artificial Skin. And where the Skin is defign- ed
20 Of Compounds, Book 1.
fed to be more movable, as in Brutes ; it is fo made, by the affiftance of fome Parallel Fibers, or True, tho' very Thin Mufcules, underneath.
i8. All Glands, and Glandulous Parts, do likewife confift of Fibers, but of the fofter Kind ; which Fibers, are their Proper Veflels. Neither exadly Parallel, as in a Mufcule, nor Matted, as in the Skin; but ra- ther Convolv'd : Somewhat after the manner, of divers Threds together in a Ball ; as may be feen in any Male Tefticle. More confpicuouny, in that of a Rat. Efpecially, if it be laid for fome time, in a llrong Solution of Alum : Whereby the Fibers or Veflels, becoming harder, are more eafily feparated. Which leads us to obferve the Convolution of the faid Fibers , in all other Glands , in the fame, or fome other manner.
19. It is obferved by Anatomifls, that there are two forts of Glands ; Conglobated and Conglomerated, as they are called. Of the former kind, the whole Body maketh one fingle Gland : Of which kind , are the Teilicles, and fome other Glands. Of the latter, each greater Gland, as by the Learned Malpighius is obferved, is compofed of innumerable Lef- fer ones ; fo very fmall, as to be hardly diltinguifliable by the naked Eye J as in the Pancreas, Liver, and fome other Glandulous Parts.
20. But what I have many years fince faid in the Anatomy of Roots ; I here alfo affirm. That all Conglomerated Glands, are made up of Fi- bers. That is, that like as the Tefticle, fo each of thefe Leaft, and al- mofl: Invifible Glands, confifl;eth of the fame fort of Convolved Fibers or Veflels. Their Convolution being contrived, for the better feparation of the feveral Parts of the Blood, whereof the Humors are made, one from another : Viz. by this Convolution, Stemming the Rapid Motion,
. which the Blood hath in the Circulating Veflels. As a Winding River, runs the Slowefl:, and the Cleereft : When one that is flrait and fwifter, carries Mudd and all before it.
XI. So then, the Malerials and Structure of the Vifcera^ areas fol- lows. The Ttflicle, as is faid, is one large Conglobated Gland, con- * filling of foft Fibers or Vefl'els, all in one Convolution. The Liver, is
one great Conglomerated Gland, compofed of innumerable fmall Glands, each of which confifleth of foft Fibers, in a diilindt or feparate Convo- lution ; and fo all of them, making a Congeries of little Balls of Fibers, or of Fibrous Glands.
7.x. The Fieart, Stomach, Guts, Sanguineous, and other Membrane- ous Vefl^els; are now, all acknowledged to be Mufcular. The Lungs too, conlifl: of Mufcular Fibers. Not Parallel, as in a Mufcule ; and in the Lignous parts of a Plant: But compofed into Bladders; as the Fi- bers are in the Pith. Which Bladders, by their Contraction, a Motion proper to all Mufcular Parts, prefs the ufeful portion of the Air, into the Capillary Sprigs of the Arteria Fenofa^ ready to receive it, As the Bladders of the Pith, and Pithy Infertions, prefs lome part of the Air they contein, into the Liquor of the adjacent Sap- Veflels.
23. The Spleen confifl.eth partly of Glands: Very vifible in the Spleen of a Moufe. But chiefly, ol Mufcular Fibers : All of them Matted, as in the Skin ; but in more open Work. With this defign, that fome of the Acid parts of the Blood, being depoflted into thefe Glands; may herein become a Juice, fit to acuate fome fort of Ferment ; or to aflilt in the Separation of fome Humor. Which Acid, fo foon as ready, it then irritates the Mufcular Fibers to contrad themfelves, and fquceze it thence. 2^. The
Chat. V. Of Comfowidf. 71
14. The Kidney is obferved to be a Conglomerated Gland. Which
ri^s to be underftood only of the Outer parr. For the Inner parr, where- of the Pcipi//:S arecompofed, is undoubtedly Mufcubr. This Igatlier, partly from t!ie Toughnefs of its Subllancc. But efpecially, from its continuity with the Ureters, which are acknowledged to be Mulcular. The Middle Part of the Kidney, is compofed of the Glandulous and the Mufcular, curiouHy Indented one into another ; very confpicuoully, in the Kidney of a Cat. The Urinous parts of the Blood, being by this means feparated by the Glandulous Body ; and carryed off, by a Peri-^ ftaltick Motion in all Fibers of the Mufcular. Which is likewife the true reafon, v\hy Urine and Sweat, are fo near of kin. This Latter, being leparatcd in the fame manner, by the Cuticular Glands, and difcharged by the Mufcular Fibers, of the Skin. For which, all the Pores, efpe- cially thofe which are vifibJy Organized in the Palms of the Hands, and the Soles of the Feet, are as fo many little ftiort Ureters.
z^. The Pancreas, confifteth wholly, excepting the open Veffels, of loft Fibers. The outer Part, confifteth of fuch as are Convolved into innu- merable Glands, \\ hich are Conglomerated : And ferve to make its £x- - crementitious Liquor. The Inner, of fuch as feem to be Parallel and Diredt, foritsdifcharge.
z6. Much after the fame manner, as they have been obferved, in the Cortical and Medullary Parts of the Brain. Wherein, it may feem, that the former, ferves to make the Animal Spirits, that is, to feparate them from the Blood. The latter, to receive them, and as there is occafion, to convey them thence into the Nerves. That the Thalami Optici, Nates, Tejlicu/i, and the other Tuberous Parts, are fo many diftindt Harbours, of the faid Spirits, miniftring to the feveral Species of Senfe and Phancy. And laftly, that the Bafis of the Medullary Part, wherein the Fibers have a more dired: production, ferves as a Common PalTage to the Animal Spirits; either in their Ebb, whereby to Irradiate all the Organs of Senfe; or in their Flood, to convey the Species of Senfe to their feveral Harbours. , . ^
x". All the Organs now defcribed, are involved in one or more Coats ; confiding, as all others, of Tough or Mufcular Fibers. Intended, not only to protedthem, as hath hitherto been thought : Butalfo, by a due Conftri6tion, to affift them, in draining off their ieveral Contents. And therefore the Pancreas, Liver, and Spleen, which make but a fmall Dif- charge; have each of them, only a Single, and very thin Coat. Where- as the Kidneys, which make a plentiful Difcharge, have Two Coats, and bodi of them very Thick and Strong. And the Tefticles, which ^ oftentimes perform a fuddain Excretion, and fliould at no time be Irapo- B tent, have Three like Coats.
M x8. It is alfo reafonable to believe, that the Inner /W^w/wx, which e- H very where very clofely furrounds the Brain, performs the fame Office. B That is, by its Conftridion, upon Occafion, caufeth a more vigorous Efflux of the Spirits, and thereby the better Irradiation! of the Organs of Motion and Senfe. By the frequent Repetition of which Conftri- - (ifion, all the Day, being tired, as by Continual Action, all other Ahff-' cities ufe to be ; it is at laft, relaxed, that is, fufpended from its Adtion. Whereupon, the ElTlux of tlte Spirits into the faid Orgaiis, being nntade more fiowly, we fall afleep. . . 01 lo
GR 29. The
2 2 Of ComfOHnds. Book !•
^9. The Regularity, we have hitherto obferved in the Structure of the Parts ; is alfo remarkable in their Figures. There is a Regularity, inconfiftent with Cafualty, in the fimpleft Figures ; as in a Circle, wherein the Line is Regularly continued ; Much more in thofe Figures which are Compounded ; as in the f/elix, wherein the Line is Regu* larly Varied. For tho* it confifteth of different Semicircles ; yet they all differ one from another Proportionally.
^o. But the Certainty of Nature's Operation, is mofl: apparent in thofe Figures, which are neither regularly Continued, nor Regularly Varied ; but are Regularly Irregular. Being fo very Compounded, as to be reducible to no one particular Figure ; as in the Heads of feme Bones. Wherein neither the fame Line, or Figure, nor the fame Proportion, is continued ; but both of them varied throughout the whole. Yet, with refped to the Species, thefe Figures are admirably Regular ; as being exadly the fame in all the Individuals. And made with that Intent or End, to which no other Figure, tho" the moft Regular, would have ferved. So that the moft unfightly or mif-fliapen Parts of the Bo- dy, do more confpicuoufly than many of the reft, demonftrate a Certainty, that is, a Regularity of Intent.
3 r. There is alfo an exadt Proportion, in the Dimenfions of the Bones, and other Parts. The Top of the Forehead, the Nape of the Neck, and the Tips of the Ears ; defcribe a Circle, whereof the Vertex is the Centre. In the Hand, the Triangle at the bottom of the Middle Fin- ger, being the Centre ; and the Fingers and Thumb all extended, and wide open ; a pair of Compafles will defcribe a Semicircle, taking in the Ends of them all. The Pofition and Length of the Fingers, being fo adapted one to another j as to ferve both their feparate Ufes, and thofe they perform, altogether.
3x. This Proportion, is moft eminently feen, in the 'Qonts zni Muf- cules of the Face : both joining together, thofe as the Bafis, thefe the Raifed Work, to make a beautiful Figure. In which, all the Parts, in Heighth, Length, and Breadth, bear either a Duplicate or a Triplicate Proportion, one to another. The Dimple of the Upper-Lip, being the Common Meafilre of them all.
33. Among all the Bones, none more deferves to be confidered, than the Labyrinth of the Ear. Not for the Decency of its Figure, but the Caft of its Strudiure : by which it becomes a moft apt Conductor of all Mufical Concords to the Brain. A Sixth, may be as Mufical a Sound, as a Fourth ; but is not fo Mufical a Concord : nor a Fourth as a Fifth ; nor a Fifth as an Eighth. . And the Seventh between the two greateft Concords, is the greateft Difcord. Which depends ah extra , on the diff"erent Proportions, between the Motions by which thefe Notes are made. But fo far, as we are Judges hereof, on the Strudure of this Bone. For the feveral winding Canales, wherewith it is bored, as with fo many Pipes, to convey the Sound, being probed with a fmall VVyer or Briille : it appears, that they are not diftindly continued from End to End; but that at certain Diftances, they run one into another. Nor are they all of one Bore : nor any of them of the fame Bore throughout. By which means, they are fitted to anfwer the moft Va- riable Harmony : two or three Pipes, to all' thofe of a Church Organ ; or to all the Strings and Fretts of a Lute.
or J 44.1
C H A P. V, Of the Vfe of Tbingr 2^
44. I fliall mention one Part more, the Chryflal of the Eye, The Figure whereof, is very curious, as Anatomifts and Mathematicians have obferved. That which I now further add, to what has been obferved by others ; is the Contrivance of the Variation of its Pofition and Figure, upon occafion, in the fame Eye. 'Tis evidently of a double Subllance. The ou ter fomewhat like a Gelly ; but much more con- fiftent, than the GlaiTy Humour. That in the Centre as confident as Suet or foft Wax a little Warm, By which means it is poffible for it to keep of the fame Thicknefs, at and near its Centre ; while upon occafion the Figure hereof is capable of fome Variation, towards, and on the Rimm. And this Variation may be adually made, by the Mem- brane wherewith it is cncompafled ,• to wit, the Ligamentum Ciltare^ which hath a confiderable Strength. Upon which account, I doubt not to afcribe to the faid Membrane the Office of a Mufcule. The Confiridion of its Fibers , about the Rimm of the Chryftal, ma- king it more Convex; or retracing it a little towards the bottome of the Eye as the Bulk , or Dillance of the Objed:, requireth a Left, o r Greater Refradiion.
■^5. So many Arts, hath the Divine Wifdom put together j only for the Hull and Tackle, of a Senfible and Thinking Creature.
C H A P. V.
Of the Vfe of Organised Bodies,
I .'I 'HE Ufe of Things, already touched in the Account I have \_ before given of them ; is further obfervable in fundry Re- fped:s.
z. And firfl:, it is feen every where through the World. The Wa- ter flows, the Wind blows , the Rain falls, the Sun fliines. Heaven and Eartii zSi and move, and all Plants live, and grow, for the Ufe and Benefit of Senfible Creatures. And all inferiour Creatures, for the Service of thofe above them. Nor is there any one of fo ma- ny Parts, which compofe every Creature j but what is either ne- ceflTary for its Being, or convenient for its better Being. As it hath nothing Hurtful or Redundant ; fo no agreeable Part is wanting to it. As it were eafie to fliew as in all Plants, from the Cedar , to a Mufliroom ; fo in all Animals, from a Man to an Oyfter ; and in all the Parts, from the Heart, to the Hair, which grows upon the Eye-Lids.
3. And it is ftill better feen in the agreeable Variation of every Part. There is no one Species of Bones, Mufcules, or Bowels, but it is fo diverfified, as to be moft ufeful to the Creature whereunto it be- longs. All Skins are made for Safeguard and Senfe. But thole of Beafts alfo for Motion ; and in them are alfo Mufcular. And in an Urchan the Skin is ailiflied with a ftrong Mufcule clofdy ad- hering to it all along the Back , for the better Advance of its Pikes.
4; Not
'?4 Of the Lfe of Thinz^. Book I.
4. Not only the Finns of Fillies, but their Swim-Bladders , are very diverdy fitted to the Variety of their Motions, and Stations in the Water. In a Jack it is Single ; in a Tench Double. From the hin- dermoft: of which, a flender Pipe is produced forward, towards the Throat, v\'hereinto it is at lad inferred ; and is there divaricated , after the fame manner, as the Spernriatick Veffels, the better to flint the Difcharge of the Air. In a Roche 'tis furniflied with a double Brace, one on each Side ; but that of a Gudgeon hath none. In a Bream^ the Braces are llrait ; but in a Bleak they are produced, in a Spiral Line, from the Bafe, to the Cone of the Bladder. In a Rochet^ there are Mufculcs in the room of Braces. Which Ihews, that the faid Bra- ces have every where, the Nature and Ufe of Tendons, in contra- (Sting the Swimm ; and thereby transfufing the Air out of one Blad- der into another, or difcharging it from them both, as there, is oc- cafion.
5. The Chryftalof the Eye, which in a Fifli, is a Ball ; in any Land-Animal, is a Diflk or Bowie. Being hereby fitted, for the clear- er Sight of the Objedt ; either in the Air, a thinner Medium^ at a greater diflance, by a lefs RelVadion ; or in the Water, a thicker Medi- um^ at a lefs diflance, and by a greater Refradion.
6. Among many Varieties both in the Inner, and the Outer Far; thoTe which appear in the Paffage into tlfe Rock-Bone, are remarkable. For in an Owle^ that pearches on a Tree or Beam, and hearkens after the Prey beneath her ; it is produced further out, above, than it is below ; for the better Reception of the leafl: Sound. But in a Fox^ that fcouts underneath the Prey at Roofl: ; it is, for the fame reafon produced i'urther out, below. In a Polecat, which hearkens flrait forward, it is produced behind, for the taking of a forward Sound. Whereas in a Hare, which is very quick of hearing, and thinks of no- thing but being purfued ; it is fupplied with a Bony Tube ; which, as a natural Otocouftkk ; is fo direded backward, as to receive the fmal- Jeft, and moll diflant Sound that comes behind her. And in a Horfe, which is alfo quick of hearing, and receives the Sound of the^ Driver's Voice or Whip, behind ; the Pafiage into his Ear is not unlike to that in a F3are. ■
7. Both Beads and Birds, having one common Ufe of Spittle ; are therefore furnilhed with the Parotid Glands, which help to i'upply the Mouth with it. But of the Woodpecker and other Birds of this kind, it is obfervable, that becaufe they prey upon 1 lies which they catch with their I'ongue : Therefore, in the room of the faid Glands, they have a couple of Bags filled with a vifcous Humour, as it were a Natural Bird-lime, or Liquid Glew. Which, by fmall Canals, hke the Sali- val, being brought into their Mouths ; they dip their Tongues herein : and -• foj -with the Help of this Natural Bird-lime , attaque the Prey.',-' -•
8J Among the Varieties of Teeth, in the Rahhit and Hare, this is fmgular,- That within, or behind the Fore-Teeth of the Upper Jaw ; there (land two other Teeth, which may be called Incudes. 1 hefe, by receiving the AppuKe of the two Incijors or Chizels in the nether Jaw ; do thereby lecure, both the Gooms of the Upper from being con- tufed ; and the Mufcules of the Nether, from being drained by over- Ihooting.
9. The
Chap. V, Of the Ofe of Tbinof. 2%
9. The Variation of the Wind Pipe, is obferv^able in every Crea- ture, according as it is necefTary for that of the Voice. In an C/r- chart, which hath d very fmall Voice, 'tis hardly more than Mem- branous. And in z Pic/geoft, which hath a low and (oA: Note, 'tis part- ly Cartilaginous, and partly Membranous, wz. where the Rings meet. In an Owle, which hath a good audible Note, 'tis more Cartilaginous. But that of a Jayes, hath hard Bones, inftead of Cartilages : and fo, of a- Litset. Whereby they have both of them, a Lowder and Stronger Note, - than other Birds of the fame Bignefs, which have only a Griflly Windpipe.
10. The Rings of the Wind-pipe, are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice, For in Dogs and Cats, which in the Expreflion of di- vers Pallions, ufe a great many Notes, as Men do : they are open and flexible, as in a Man. Whereby all or any of them, are dilated or con- tradted, more or lefs, as is convenient for a higher or deeper Note ; which they ferve to make as the Finger on the Fretts of a Viol. Whereas in fome other Animals, as in the Japan Peacock, which ufeth hardly more than one fingle Note ; they are entire : and fo the Wind- pipe is always, and in every Part, of one Bore.
11. The Lungs of fome Birds have certain Apertures, for the Air jo pafs out of each Lobe into the Belly. Either for the fpinning out of a longer Chatter, as in the Linet and J ayes ■ or a'more eafie Flight, as in the Cuckow. In which Bird there is alfo a fort of Valve, which Ihuts againft the (aid Apertures, the better to keep the Air from return- ing back again. But many other Birds have the Surface of their Lungs every where whole, as having no occafion for a great Stock of Air, for either of the faid Purpofes.
iz. Befides the Figure and Number of Organical Parts in the Brain of a Man ; how much fuperiour is it, with refped to its Bulk alone, com- pared with his Body, to that of any other Creature ? And hereby, how much more capacious a Treafury of the Images* of Things ? And the like Regular and Ufeful Variations, may be obferved, in all the other both Inward and Outward Parts of Animals. Whereby it is evident, that the Spring of all, is a Steady, Immutable, and Unbounded Realon ; which can never be fruftrated of its End or Intent.
1:5. Moreover, as the manifold Variation of the Parts, fo the Multi- plicity of the Ufe of each Part, is very wonderful. The Nofe ferves , not only to ennoble the Figure of the Face, but alfo for the Safeguard of the Eyes, for the Conveyance of Scents, and the Lodging of them for fometime ; for Refpiration, when we fliut our Mouths, and for Speech, in the forming of fevcral Letters. In Brutes, it is as much more nice and critical, than in a Man ; as the Diftance from their Noftrils to the Brain, is greater. Whereby, inftead of Reafon, they judge exadly, of whatfoever they hunt after, eat or refufe.
14. What a Stupendious Machine, is the Eye, if we furvey the Mu(- cules. Membranes, and Humours, whereof it is compofed ? And fliall then confider, how aptly it is by the Mufcules, either Moved or Fixed: How purely, by the Perfpicuity of the Humours, the Rays of Light are tranfmitted : How Regularly, by their Figures, the fame Rays are Refraded : And how effedually, by the Black Lining of the Sclero- tes., their being confounded by Refledion, is prevented. How many Objeds it is fitted to take in at once, or fucceflTively, in an Inftant. * And at the fame time, to make a Judgment of their Pofition, Figure, and Colour,
H And
26 ^/ the Vfe of ^I hings Book L
And fo far alfo, of their Diftance, and Magnitude, as in fome fort, to be a Micro/cope and a Telefcope both in one,
15. By thefe means, 'tis a watchful Sentinel, againfl: all Dangers; in Ad:ion and Bufinefs, a faithful Guide : And in the mean time, enter- tains us, with all the pleafing Variety of Vifible Things, Nor is it only a Window, whereby a Man lets all the World about him, into hira- felf : But alio a Door, whereby one Man lets himfelf into another. Love and Hatred, Courage and Fear, and all other Paflions, by fome certain Motion, or Pofition of the Eye, or the Eye-Lid, may be difcovered. And in all manner of Converfation, what ever is faid, or done, the Eye is every where Mafter of the Ceremonies,
16. What a Catalogue of Ufes, hath one fmall Part, the Tongue ? Sundry whereof, Anatomifts take no notice of. It is fo neceflary unto Speech, as toalliflin the making at leall 18, of the X4. Letters. And in all Vocal Mufick, helpeth the Windpipe to modulate the Sounds. Tis the Tailing Teft,of all the kinds of Meats, Drinks, and Medicines. No fort of Teeth, would ferve us to Eat, without a Tongue : Which rowls the Meat from one fide of the Mouth to the other, and puts it between tlie Grinders, as it needs them. Children, and others, could not Suck, without it: For in drawing any Liquid into the Mouth, it doth the fame, as the Sucker of a'Syring or Pump, Nor therefore could we Supp, or Swallow, without it : While it helps us, with the Tip end, to take what we eat and drink, into our Mouths : And by the middle or Verti- cal Part, and the Root, to convey it down the 1 hroat. As alfo it doth, to cleanfe our Lipps and Teeth, when we have done. No Man could Spit from him, without it ; but would be forced to Drivle, like fome Para- liticks or a Fool : The Tongue being as a Stopcock to the Air, till upon its fuddain Removal, the Spittle is thereby driven away before it. Nor would any one be able to fnite his Nofe, or to Sneeze : In both which Adions, the Pallage of the Breath through the Mouth, being intercepted by the 1 ongue ; 'tis forc'd, as it then ought to do, to go through the Nofe. Belides the Ufes it hath in other Creatures : As in the Wood- pecker, to catch the Prey, as is before defcribed. In Dogs, to Lick, and to Lap, which is their Drinking, And in Catts, for fcratching, and combing their Hair. The Tongue of a Cat, being furniflied with crook- ed Prickles, like the VVyres of a Card, for that purpole.
17. Never was there made an Inilrument, fo curious, as is a Man's Hand. That is, fo well fliaped, and fitted, together with the Senfe of Feeling, for fo many forts of Ufeful Motions. The Motions of the whole Hand, as Anatomills ule to mean by the Hand and Arm together, are, as I would diflinguilli them, either Strait or Circular. The Strait, are Simple, and Compounded. The Simple, are Six ; Upward and Downward ; Backward and Foreward, and to the Right and Left, Thofe which are compounded of the 4 lall, anfwer to all the Points of the Compais : Of the % firft and x lail, to all the Degrees of Altitude or De- clination : Of the 4 firft, to all Meridians, The Circular Motions are all Compounded, and are alfo Six, That compounded of the 4 lall, an- fwers to the Horijon : Of the 2 firft and x lall, to the Equator : Of the 4 firft:, to the firlt Meridian. The ^th, to the Ecliftick : The 5//?, to an Imaginary Line Tranfverfe to the Ecliptick. Both thefe two laft, compounded of all the Six Simple Motions, The 6th ^ is that Motion, wliich the Hand makes upon its own Asu. And befides the Motions of
the
Chap. V. Of the Vfe of Things. 27
the whole Hand together, the feveral Parts of it, viz. tht Arm, Cubit, Hand and Fingers, have all their proper Motions. Now as Letters are the Elements of Speech ,• fo thefe Motions, are the Elements of Opera- tion. In which, as Letters in VVbrds, they are variouHy mixed : As in Lifting, Hammering, Sawing, Shooting, Weaving, Spinning, and other innumerable ways. And in fome of them, exad;ly true to a hairs breadth ; as in Fencing, and Grinding of Optique-Glafles, the Motions of the whole Arm ; and in Writing, thofe of the Hand and Fingers.
18. To give one more Inllance. Tho' Galen^ and with him, other A- natomifts, have named 4 or f , yet who ever mention'd all, or half the ules of thofe Parts, which feem, in comparifon, to be very contempti- ble, the Mukules of the Belly? Without the help whereof, as we could not continually Breath, with that eafmefs, as we do: So neither could we Blow with that force, as is neceflary on fome occafions. In both which Adions, as the Windpipe, and Cheft, are aililled with the Dia- phragm : So this, by a continuation of Preilure, with the Mufcules of the Belly. Nor therefore, could we fpeak, without the joynt help of thefe, with the fame freedom, as we do ; efpecially, not long together, nor Lowd. Nor do we ever Groan, without their help : Nor Laugh with a Noife : Nor Sing any Long, or Deep Notes. Neither could we Hough or Spit from us: Much lefs could we Sneeze, or Cough, or Blow ourNofes, to any purpofe, and with that force, as is often requifite. We could not fo eafily Belch ; but it were impoilible to Vomit without them. Or to break Wind downward: Or to go to Stool, efpecially when we are Coftive. Or well to make Water, fo as to empty the Bladder. Nor would one Labouring Woman of a Thoufand, if any, be ever delivered of a Child. Without thefe, no Man that lies upon his Back, with his Hands upon his Bread, can raife up himfelf. No Man could At, or fland uprightly, one Moment : Much lefs walk in an eredt podure, for the fpace of one Yard. For as the Trunk of the Body, is kept from tilting iorward by the Mufcules of the Back : So, from falling backward, by thefe of the Belly. An eafie proof of all which, may be rnade by any one. For if in the performance of any of the forementioned Adi? ons, we hold our Hand upon our own Belly; we (hall hereupon feel, the contemporary Adtion of thefe Mufcules.
19. Nor is the Manifold Ufe of one Part, more admirable; than to fee, how many Parts con fpire and ferve together unto one Vk. ASy fpr Example, to the Bufinefs of Animal Nutrition. For fir fl:, the fubacid or feculent part of the Animal Spirits, like the Lees of VVine, which fall to the bottom of the VefTel ; being caft off by the Lower Nerves, upon the Coats of the Stomach : For want of Food to work upon, do velli- cate the Fibers, and thereby produce the Senfe, we call Hunger. This tempts us to eat at convenient times, and fo, to ufe our Hands to bring the Meat to our Mouths. Where, the Lipps, Tongue, and Teeth, all ferve to grind it .- And the Salivary Glands, to imbue it with a ferment- ing Spittle. By the Tongue, and Gulet, 'tis tlien conveyed down into the Stomach. In which, the fuitable part of it, being converted into Chyle ; it is thence difcharged, by the Conilridion of its Mufcular Fi- bers, into the Guts. Wherein the Chyle receives a double Seafoning, in the proportion of Salt to ones Meat, from the Liquor of the Pancreas^ and from the Gall. Being thus qualified, 'tis next {trained through the Guts, into the Milk- Veins : And by thefe, is carry 'd iflto the Common
58 of the Vfe of 7 hings. Book 1.
Lake ; into whicli the Lympha^ brought thither by its own Veflels, alfo runs. The Chyle being mixed herewith, partly, for its better convcrfi- on into Blood, by a Liquor of a middle Nature between them both; and partly, for its more ready adhefion to all the nourifiiable Parts. In this condition, it is transferred through the Thoracick Canal, into the Great Vein, the Right Belly of the Heart, and the Lungs. Wherein it is invi- gorated, with certain Etherial or other Volatile parts of the Air. And in this eflate, is conveyed into the Left Belly of the Heart, and thence into the Arteries, and fo to all the Parts of the Body.
20. How many contrivances meet together, for the performance but of one fingle Ad: ? The eafie expanfion of the Wing of a Bird ; the Lightnels, Strength, and Shape of the Feathers, (o as to make a Fi- gure Concave beneath ; and its oblique Motion, partly downward, for her fupport, and partly backward, to row her forward at the fame time j are all fitted for her better Flight. Her iharp Bill, ferves as a Keel, to cut the Air before her. Her Tail, when flie gathers it up, fo as to fland Vertically, flie ufeth as her Rudder. But if Horizontally , flie fpreads it more or lefs, according as flie w ould raife her Head in Soaring, or de- prefs it, in {looping at the Prey. Her Vifcera likewife, are very exactly poys'd. For as the Heart, as in other Animals, is plac'd in the middle of the Cheft : So the Gizard, being faften'd by a (Irong Membrane to the PeritoncBum^ Hands fixed in the middle of the Belly. Nor doth the Liver lye on one fide the Belly, as in Beafis; but with one Lobe on each fide the Gizard, as its Saddle. And fia the Pancreas^ on each fide the Guts. By which Equilibration, her Flight is made much more cafie. Her Legs too, for the greater Lightnefs, are furniflied only with finall Tendons, inftead of Mufcules. And her Bones, for the' fame purpofe, are all very Spungy : And more remarquably thofe of a Wild Bird, which flies much, and long together: As by comparing them with thofe of a Domeflick Fowl, is apparent. In many Wild Birds, as the Japan Pea- cock, the Diaphragm is extended almoit to the Rump. And may eafi- ly be huffed up with Air, blown in at the Wind-pipe. And as eafily, by the Bird her felf, in fetching her Breath. By which means, the Dia- phragm performs the (ame lervice to Tome Birds ; as the Swimm Blad- der to a Fifli.
XI. VVe cannot fo much as Talk, without the concurrent Ufe, of iz or I"? feveral Parts ; viz. the Nole, Lips, Teeth, Palate, Jaw, Tongue, VVeafan, Lungs, Mufcules, of the Cheft, Diaphragm^ and Mufcules of the Belly. Which are likewife fo many Syftemes of other Organical Parts: All ferving to make, or to modulate the Sound. Befides the Ears, which by CommiHTion from the Chamber of Audience in the Brain, fet all the reft on work.
zi. No lefs than 40 or 50 Mufcules, befides all other fubfervient Parts, go to execute that one Ad of Laughter. Divers of thofe in the Nofe, Lips, Cheeks, and Chin, for figuring the Face. Of thofe in the Wea- fon, Cheft, Diaphragm^ and Belly, for making the Noife, by the Explofi- on of the Air.
z3. We cannot, in fome Cafes, execute a fingle Thought, without this Retinue. Forfuppofe one fitting in a Room, has only a mind to look at fomething out of a Window. Befides the Nerves, by which the Order is lent to all the officiating Parts ; the Bones, as Under-Servants, with the Mufcules of the Belly and Legs, are employed to r^aife him up.
. , Thofe
Chap. V. Of the Vfe of Things, 29
Tbofe of the Legs, Belly, and Back, to keep him upright. Thofe df the Bread, Arms, and Hand, to open the Cafement, Thofe of the Neck, to turn his Head : And thofe of the Eyes, to pitch them on the Objed: In all, 70 or 80, waiting upon that one Thought or Intent. So that there is not a Monarch upon the Earth, who is ferved with that Ma- jefty, as every Man is, within the Territory of his own Body, ' Z4. In the Ufe of Things, is feen that Relation, \Vhich anfwers iil fome fort, unto Geometrick Proportion. So, thofe Creatures, whole Motion is flow, are Blind : But thofe which have a quick Motion, havfe Eyes to govern or determine it : That is, as Blindnefs, is to a flow Moti^- on ; fo is Sight, to a Quick. So thofe Animals, which have Ears j have alfo Lungs : And, Vice verfa, thofe *hich have no Ears ; have no Lungs. For as Eyes, are to Motion ; To are Ears, to Speech. So likewife thofe Animals which have Teeth, on both Jaws ; have but one Stomach : But mofl: of thofe which have no upper Teeth, or none at all ,• have Three Stomachs : As in Beads, the Panch, the Read, and the Feck ; and in all Granivorous Birds, the Crop , the Echinus^ and the Gizard. For a5 Chewing is to an eafie Digeftion ; fo is fwallowing whole, to that which is more Laborious. A Man, who hathiaoigger Brain, in proportion to his Body, than any other Creature ; hath alfo a better Hand. A Monkey hath a Hand, but with an Arm, not fo well fitted to a Hand, as to a Foot. Nor can he put his Hands and Feet to their diflindt Ufes, at the fame time j as a Man, whole pofture is erecSt. As therefore Ears, are to Speech ; or Eyes, to Motion ; fo is Keafon, to Operation.
25. Tliis Relation is likewife feen, in the agreeablenefs between Man, and other Parts of the Univerfe : And that in fundry refpedts. With refpedl to* his Generation, being a fenfible and fociable Creature, he is not made productive of his kind, as a Plant, within himfelf; but by Coition with a Female. A way of Generation, which requires a great deal more of Art and Contrivance, in order to it. With refpect alfo to his Senlcs : Which are all gratify'd with their proper Objedts, Tafta- ble, Vifible, and other fenfible Things. With refpedt to his Figure. For he might as eafily have been made, a Reafonable Beafl:, or a Reafonable Bird. But had he been a Quadruped , his Figure would have wanted that Majelly, which is (uitable to his Dominion over all other Creatures. His Forefeet would alfo have hinder 'd his Amicable, and his Conjugal Em- braces. Had he been a Bird, he had been lefs Sociable. For upon every, true or falfe ground of fear, or difcontent, and other occafions, he would have been fluttering away to fome other place : And Mankind, indead of cohabiting in Cities, would like the Eagle, have built their Neds up- on Rocks. And in both Cafes, he mud have wanted Hands. As alfo with refped to his Bulk. For had he been a Dwarf, he had fcarce been a Reafonable Creature, For he mud then, have either had a Jolt-Head j and fo there would not have been Body and Blood enough to fupply his Brain with Spirits; Or he mud have had a Small Head, anfwerable to his Body; and fo there would not have been Brain enough for his Bufi- neft. Certain it is, that no Man, Mondroufly Great or Little, was e-. ver known to be very Wife, Or had the Species of Mankind, been Gi- gantick, he couki not have been fo commodioufly fupply'd with Food.- For there Would not have been f ledi enough of the bed edible Beads,- to ferve his turn. And if Beads had been made anfwerably bigger, there would not. have been Grafs enough. Boats and Shipping likewife, mud
I haVe
^o Of the 'Ofe of Things, Book 1.
have been anfwerably bigger : And fo, too big, for mofl Rivers and Sea- Coafts. Nor would there have been the fame Ufe and Difcovery of his Reafon. In that he would have done many things by meer Strength, for which he is now put to Invent innumerable Engines : And fo far, he had been Reafonable in vain. Neither could he fo conveniently have ufed a Horfe, the Noblefl: of all Beafts ; nor divers other Creatures ; had he been much lefs, or bigger, than he is. But being of a middle Bulk, between the Largeftand the Leaft; he is the better fitted to manage and ufe them all. For no other Caufe can be adigned, Why a Man was not made Five or Ten times bigger than he is ; as well as Ten times bigger than a Fox, or a Monkey ; but his Relation to the reft of the Univerle.
26. Now for every thing to have its own diftind: Eflence , and to have this Eftence projected or defigned ; are two things. Should any Man then, that knows not the Admirable Stru(3:ure of an Eye, or of an Ear ; be fo very weak, as to think it podible, for Matter fortui- toufly moved, or mixed, to hit upon the making of an Eye , or an Ear ; yet did Wings defign the Making of an Eye > Or did Lungs defign the making of an Ear ?^ Did no Teeth, that is, Nothing, de- fign the making of Three Stomachs? Did the Eye take care, there fliouldbe Light for it to fee by? or the Light forecaft, to match it felf with an Eye ? Or the Male Parts, which ferve unto Generation, to fit themfelves with a Female ? Or Man, to be furnifhed with the World about him ^ Nothing can be more vain, than fb to fpeak or think. We muft therefore conclude, that there is a moft Perfed Reafon or Mind, Infinitely above the Operation of Matter and Chance, which is ap- parent, both in the Make or Structure, and in the Ufe and Relation of Things.
■Lj. And as the Eflence, and the Relation of every Thing, in being fit- ted, beyond any Emendation, for its Adion and Ufe ; fhews it to pro- ceed from a Mind of the FJigheft Underftanding : So the Nature of this Adion and Ufe, in not being any way Deftrudive, or Troublefome ; I but tending in each thing a-part, and confpiring in many together, to
Conferve and Gratifie : is an' Evidence of their proceeding from the Greateft Goodnefs. For there be many who are very cunning and fub- tile in the Invention of Evil. And Engines have been fitted, with a great deal of Art and Contrivance, for the Tormenting of Men. In like manner, it had been altogether as eafie for the Maker of the World, to have flocked it with all forts of Creatures, had he fo pleafed, which fhould never have moved fo much as one Limb without Pain : which fliould never have Seen, Heard, Smelt, Tafted, or Felt, any one thing, but tc^ether with the greateft Torment : Nor have conceived any one Phancy, but with Melancholy and £3orror. And the Greatnefs of his Uhdcf'ftanding, would have been demonftratcd in the Contrivance, though of fuch Creatures as theie. But in that he hath made, fo many kinds of Creatures, and beftowed among them,fo many forts of Motion, and of Senfe, and Cogitation j all of them, fo far, as Natural, A- greeable, and Delightful : He hath herein given a moft Noble Inftance, That his Goodnefs is equal to his Underftanding. That he hath employ- ed his Tranfcendent Wifdom and Power ; that by theie, he might make way for his Benignity ; as the End, wherein they ultimately acqui- ^feij ^T^jBS fajr of die Corporeal World,
fiHrn .:•..." t:lii ""^r;;;.: «
?vci5 THE
THE
SECOND BOOK.
J .1^ ■;-■■ I
Wherein is ihewed , That there is • a Vital World, which God hath made : And what it is.
3»
i.>
C H A P I, Of LIFE.
[HE Univerfe confifteth, of the Corporeal and the Vital World : the Latter of which, is next to be confidered. And firft,! fhall prove, That there is a Vital Subftance in Nature, diftincSt from a Body.
X. The being hereof, is Poffible, Rea- fonable and NecefTary. It is Poflible. That is, the fuppofing of an Incorporeal Sub- ftance , inferreth no Contradidlion ; Be- caufeGod, who as he is the Caufe of all other BeingSjis the moft Subftantial Being : is Himfelf a Subftance Vital and Incorporeal. For to make God, and with him all other Things, to be Corporeal : is to make him no more, than a Limb of the Whole. And is as much as to fay, that this Limb, or Part of the Whole, made the Whole. And in other refpeds, is the sreateft Nonfenfe that can be fpoken.
■\. Neither is it impoffible, but that this Incorporeal Subftance may have ibme fort of Exiftence, analogous to Corporeal Extenfion : tho' we have no adequate Conception hereof ; nor therefore any proper Word, whereby to exprefs it. For every Motion, is in lome fort co- extended with the Body moved. Yet we cannot fay, that Motion is Thick or Thin, or otherwife Great or Small , as is a Body. For if it were, then the fame Quantity of Motion, muft always have the fame Extenl'ion ; which it hath not. For all the Motion in a Great Bo- dy, may be given at once to a lefs. Nor can Motion be laid, to be Long or Short, as a Body. For then it would have a Permanent, and not a Suc- cellive Length. And Time and Place would be riie fame thing.
4. But whatfoevcr fort of Exiftence it is, which belongeth to a Vital Subftance : our not having an Adequate Conception of it, is no Argu- ment againft the Poikbility of its Being. For a Worm or a Man born
Blind,
:^2 Of Life. Book I.
Blind, can have no true conception of Light. Is there therefore no fuch thing, as Light or Colour ? A Fifli, that hath no Ears, can have no true Conception of Sound, Doth it therefore follo\i^ that there is no fuch thing as i>f«/?c^ ?
. 5. It rnay be faid, :That were there any fuch Incorporeal Subflance ; then, being one part of our felves, we fhould know it better, v But this doth not follow. All that we can infer from- hence, is only thus much ; That as he who hath an Eye, knows what it is, to fee : So a Man too, if pofltfled of a Thinking Subflance ; fliould know, what it is, to Think. And fo he doth. But there are Millions, who can fee very well, and yet know not the Strudure of an Eye : That is, in Truth, they know not what an Eye is. As therefore Men may fee, without a true and ade- quate Conception of an Eye : So may we think, without a true and a- dequate Conception of the Subftance by which we Think. So abfur'd it is, to argue, from our not Comprehending, to the Non-being of Things.
6. And if the Exiftence of an Incorporeal Subftance be Poffible : It is alfo Reafonable, that it fliould Exift. Becaufe the being of fuch a Sub- ftance, implyeth the being of a more Excellent Thing, than any Cor- poreal. Since then, God was pleafed to Make, that which is lefs Excel- lent: It is reafonable to believe. He hath alfo Made, that which is more, and nearer in Likenefs to Himfelf.
7. And it is Neceflary, that it fliould Exift. That is to fay, without a Subftantial Principle, as the proper Subjed: of Life, diftind from Bo- dy : There could be no Living, much lefs any Senfible, Thinking, or Reafonable Thing : Whereof I fliall make proof, in the Defcription of the feveral Species of Life.
8. And firft, if we will not look confufedly, butdiftindly on Things, it is evident. That Body cannot be Vital. For if it be, then is it lo, either as Subtilized, or as Organized, or as moved, or as Endowed with Life, a proper and immediate Adjundi hereof, as well as Motion. But Body, can in none of thefe ways be Vital : And therefore, no way.
9. Not as Subtilized. Some indeed, as the Acute Defcartes^ and after him, Dr. Willis, and others, have fuppofed, That a very Subtile, Aerial, Etherial, or Igneous Fluid, conteined in the Blood, Brain, or Nerves, or in them "all; is the Life of an Animal. But if we go to the bottom of this Conceit, how vain is it ? For though the faid Hqid be attenuated or fubtilized, as far as we can conceive , or beyond Conceit , infinitely : Yet the Atonies uhereof it confifts, are ftill no more, than Parts of the Common Stock of Body. That is. Body, by being fubtilized, can loofe nothing, of its Corporeity.
: 10. Neither can it hereby gain any thing, but Exility. For all degrees of Subtility, are Eftentially, the fame Thing. The greateft degree, as
well as any lefler, depending folely upon the Divifion of the Subtilized Body. And doth the dividing of a Dead Whole, give Life to the Two Halvs? Or doth Life confift in Numjjer, arifing trom Infinite Divifion and Subdivifion?
II. Again, the Corporeity of all Bodies, being the fame,* and Sub- tility, pi all degrees, and in all Bodies, being Eftentially the fame thing : could any Body, by Subtility, become Vital; then any degree of Subti- lity, would produce fome degree of Life. As a greater degree, would produce more Life,- fo any lels degree, would produce fome. That is,
» as
W-
C H A p. L Of Life. ^55
as a parcel of Ether ^ or fuppofe of Animal Fir e^ being; very fubdie, uill have more Life : So the Steams of Animals, the Drops of a Mifl, a Heap of Sand, or a Sack of Corn, will all have iome Life; but being lefs and lefs fubtile, will have lefs : Which is all Subtile Nonfenfe.
11. Neither can Body be Vital, as it is Organized. For to the Orga- nizing of a Body, tliefe Three Things are required, and no more ; viz. Bulk, Figure, and Mixture : Or, that the Parts of the Organ, be fitly Cized, Sliaped, and fet together.
i^. That Cize can never make a Body to be Vital, is already proved. Neither can Figure do it. For if it could, then Bodies, qu^ Figur'd, would have Life. And confequently, not only all Bodies, having fome Figure, would have fome Life : But thofe Bodies, which are of a more Com- plex Figure, would be more Vital, A Square Body, for inftance, would by virtue of its Figure, be more Vital than a Triangular : Becaufe every Square, conteineth two or more Triangles.
[4. Nor can any poifiblc Mixture of Cize and Figure. For as the Mixture of Numbers, can beget nothing but Number : So the Mixture of Cize and Figure, can beget nothing but Cize and Figure. For all manner of Mixture, is Eilentially the fame thing ; Ais in a Difcourfe of Mixture, I have formerly proved. If thereiore it were in the Power of Mixture, to produce Life; then every thing that is Mixed, y/w Mix- ed, would be Vital.
15. The Variety of the Mixture, will not fufSce to produce Life. If it would, tho' a pot of Honey be a dull thing, is there any more in a pot of Mithridate ? Nor will its being mechanically Artificial. Unlefs the Parts of a Watch, fet, as they ought to be, together ; may be faid to be more Vital, than when they lye in a confuted Heap. Nor its being Natural. There being no difference, between the Organs of Art and Nature; faving, that thofe of Nature, are moft of all Artificial. So that an Ear, can no more hear, by being an Organ ; than an Artifi- cial Ear would do, had we Materials, and Skill, to make one Ike the Natural. And although we add the Auditory Nerves to the Ear, the Brain to the Nerves, and the Spirits to the Brain ; yet is it Hill, but adding Body to Body, Art to Subtility, and Engine or Art to Art: Which, howfoever Curious, and Many ; can never bring Life out of themfelves, nor make one another to be Vital.
1 6. Neither can Body become Vital, in being Moved. For what theri could have more Life, than Light, the moft moveable of Vifible Bo- dies ? And any the felf fame Body, having a Qiaick Motion, would for that very realon, have more Life ; and having a flow Motion, would have lefs. Nor can the fined Engine made by Humane Art, or by Na- ture, become Vital, in being moved, any more than a Paper Kite. Nor »^. in being Regularly Moved; that is, in a manner fuitable to itsCompo-
fure : No more than a pair of Organs, in being dexteroufiy play 'd upon. For all Motion, Regular or Irregular, Simple or Compounded, Quick or Slow, is Eflentially the fame thing. Were then, a Man, or other .A- nimal, nothing elfe but an Organized Body ; let his feveral Organs be never fo artificially made, jind Varioufly and Regularly moved : i et af- ter all, he would be no more, than a finer fort of Bartholrneiv Baby.
i-j. Neither can Body be endowed with Life, as another proper and immediate Adjund thereof, fuperadded unto Motion. For body, is nei- ther Produdive, nor immediately Receptive, of fuch an Adjund. Not
K Pro-
5 4 "^' ' Oj life Book a
ProducStive. That is. Body is not Vital, as it is Subftantial : Or, it is not Produd:ive of Life in it felf, by virtue of its being a Subflantial thing. For if Body cannot produce Motion, which is the lefs; and which, in the firft: Chapter of the firfl Book, concerning God, I have pro- ved , it cannot do : Much lefs , can it produce Life, which is the greater.
1 8. Nor is it Receptive of Life, as its proper and immediate Ad- junct. For if Life be a Thing, diflindi from, and more excellent than Motion ; as I have a little before fiiewed, it is : It then requires a more Excellent,- and fo a diflindt Subjedt, to which it belongs. And there- fore fomething, which is Subftantial, yet Incorporeal.
19. Again, the Modification of Body, having nothing to do, in the Produdion of Life j as I have even now alfo fliewed : Were Life, an immediate Adjund: of Body, as Motion is; then, as all forts of Bodies, are capable of all forts of Motion ; fo they would be capable of all forts of Life ; even of Intelledion it felf. That is, every Atome, as an Atome, would be capable of being Intelledual. To avoid which Abfurdity,we muft allow the being of a Subftantial Principle, diftind from Body, as the proper and immediate Subjedt of Life. Or, that as Body, is the proper and immediate Subjed; of any Species of Motion : So there ought to be fuch a Subftantial Principle, as may be the proper and im- mediate Subjed, not of one only, but of any Species of Life.
ao. What therefore Motion is, to all Bodies ; that Life is, Suo modo^ to all the Species of Vital Subftance. By mediation of which Two Adjunds, there is an eafie Commerce between Things Corporeal and Incorporeal. That is to fay, as all Corporeal ImprelTions, are tranfmitted by Motion unto Life, and by Bife to Vital Subftance : So, vice "verf^^ all Vital Impreflions, are tranfmitted, by Motion, unto Body.
XI. And from hence arifes the Conformity, between the Impreffions of the Mind, and the Motions of the Body. In an Argument, we Think orderly ; and fo, we Ad and Speak. But in a Paflion, we throw eve- ry Thought, Word, and Thing, out of its place. And all other Simi- litudes, whether in Conceipt, or Speech, between Things Mental and Corporeal, are grounded hereupon.
zx. Wherefore, theOrganifm of a Body, although it hath nothing to do, in the produdion of Life, as hath beenlhewed: Yet is itnecefta- ry, that every Body lliould have its Organifm, agreeable to the Speci- es of Life, in the Vital Principle, wherewith it is endowed. So as hereby to befitted to receive from," and transfer unto Life, all manner of proper Motions and Impreffions. Life and Motion, being, as is faid, the Two Inftruments of Commerce, between the Vital and the Corpore- al Worlds.
13. Whence alfo the Union of Soul and Body, and of all Things Vi- tal and Corporeal ,• is nothing elfe, but the Congruity between the Life and the Motion, which they either have, or are capable of.
X4. Now the feveral Species of Life, feem to be reducible unto thefe Three ; viz. Vegetable Life, Senfe, and Thought.
x$. The Loweft Species of Life, whereof we can have any Concep- tion, is fuch a fort of Life, as is without Senfe. The being whereof, is not impoffible. For Intelledion, v\ hich is one Species of Life, is ab- folutely diftind from Senfe ; as fliall be proved. But a Diftindion, on any one hand, fuppofeth a pofhbility on either. And it feems as eafie,
to
«
Chap. L Of Life. 55
to conceive the being of fome fort of Life, without Senfe : As the be- ing of any one Senfe, without another.
x6. Yet neither by this Life, nor the Subjeft of it, do I mean, a Principle of Motion. The Univerfal Stock of Motion, as that of Mat- ter, being neither encreafed, nor diminilhed, but only transfer 'd. But I mean, a certain Power to determine the manner of its being transfer 'd j or of returning an Imprelfion upon Bodies , fuitable unto that which it receives : And more efpecially, upon the "Principles of Bodies, where- with it feemeth chiefly to correfpond.
xj. By virtue of this Power, 1 fuppofe it is, That all Bodies have their Sphere of Adivity, whereby they operate one upon another, more or lefs. That there are Dark Rays, as well as Light ones. That the O- dors and other like Effluvia of Bodies, which waft, and tend to diP Iblve them; depend upon an External force, viz. the Air. But that the Radiations, by m hich Bodies are United ; depend upon a force In- ternal, And therefore, that as the Congruity between Life and Moti- on, maketh the Union between the Soul and Body : So the Congruity between Motion and Motion, maketh or promoteth the Union, or In- clination, of one Body to another.
x8. This aforefaid Power, from whence arifeth the Speer of Adtivi- ty ; is more conlpicuous, in all the forts of Magneiick Inclination , jlnd in the Gravitation of all Bodies. But is that alfo, wherewith eve- ry Corporeal Principle may probably be Endow'd : Or, to fpeak proper- ly, may be Animated. For fmce the mod /Implc Bodies, having a certain Regular and Immutable Cize and Figure; are hereby made Or- gans or Inftrum.ents, truly and properly fo call'd : It is as congruous, to aflign fuch a Vital Principle, to each of thefe, as is fuitable to its Sim- ple Organifm; as another fuitable one, to any Organ more Compoun- ded. That is to fay, to allow like to like, as well to an Atome, as to a. Man.
x9. Neither can we fo reafonably afcribe unto Atomes, any Innate Motion, as lome do ; as a certain Principle of Life. For although it be true. That all Bodies are fome way or other in Motion, or that there is no State of AbfoIuteRefl; : Yet a Relative Reft, there is, and muft be ; without which, there could be no Union of Bodies. So that any one Atome, having loft its proper Motion, by its Union with another : Whatever Motion it receives afterwards, from without ; is 4iive»tious and cannot be called Innate. Much lefs, can it be fuppofed to be Suitable and Regular ; without fuch a Vital Principle, as aforefaid, to determine it. Of which Principles, we muft then allow a Stock, anfwerable to the Corporeal , as one Moiety of the Univerfe.
50. On the Diredive Power of the former, and the Regularity of the latter, whereby it is capable of Direction; depends the Generation of all Bodies. The faid Power, being one and the fame Vegetable Life, infufed into all the Parts of Corporeal Nature ; but more remarquably into Plants and Animals.
31. In the confi deration of Plants, I have fet down the Metliod of Generation, ftep by ftep, as far as the Regularity of Principles will go. But for the performance of this Work, a Vital or Diredive Princi- ple, feemeth of ncceility to be aluftant to the Corporeal. For as no Ge- neration can be made, without Principles regularly figur'd : So , it feemetli, that no Principles, without being alfilted to a determinate Mo- tion
'z6 Of Senje. Book II.
tion, can be Regularly, that is, in due Order and Proportion, bronghtartd united together.
^z. Nor are the Works of Nature, ever the lefs Artificial, becaufe of the Cooperation of the Vital Principle, with the Corporeal. For as the Corporeal, cannot meafure their own Motion and Mixture: So neither could the Vital do it, were not the Corporeal thereunto fitted, by the Artifice of their Figure.
tjV •'^nd the like Method, is alfo necefTary , unto Augmentation and Nutrition. Thefe being only the primitive Generation, multiply'd, or continu'd. ' 34. And it is the fame Vegetable Life, whereby thefe Operations are
performed in Animals, as well as in Plants, And which are dill going on, while we are afleep, and all our Senfes locked up. And is alio the reafon, that while we are awake, we feel none of all thofe Motions, which are continually made, in the difpofal of the Corporeal Princi- ples Subfervient herein.
3f. There are Sundry Motions, both in Plants and Animals, depend- ing upon this Vegetable Life. The Motion of Rellitution, in the Blad- ders of the Barque and Pith, for the exprefflng of their Liquors, may hereby be promoted. And may alfo be allowed to the Air-Veffels. Tlie better to affift, at fome Seafons, in the advance and diftribution of the Sap. And in all thefe Parts, may have fome refemblance, to the Perf- l^alrick Motion of the Gutts : Wherein it is of like Ufe, for the diftri- bution of the Aliment. A Motion, wliereof we have no perception, as depending on the Vegetable Life in an Animal. As alfo doth, the Pe- riftaltick Motion of the Arteries. And inftill a higher degree of Vi- vacity, the Syftole of the Heart. From which Vegetable Lile, it like- >A'ife is, that the faid Mtitiort of the Heart, often continues, a great while after the Animal is dead. As doth alfo that of the Gutts, or of any Mufcule, if excited therein by cutting, or other hard Touch. And is imitated in a fainter degree, in thofe Plants, which are commonly, tho' unaptly, called Senfitive. As then. Hairs and Feathers, are Plants growing upon an Animal j So thefe, are Vegetable Motions, in an Animal. And therefore, though Vital, yet have nothing to do with Senle.
36. In all which, a mofl Wife and Benevolent Forecaft, is apparent : whereby the Vegetable Life, is made fo far independent on the Senfible: < That notwithftanding the perpetual Motion and Clutter in all the
Rooms of the Houfe, viz. our Bodies ; yet we take no notice at all of it, nor are in the leaft, hinder'd or diverted, from any thing we have to do, as Animals, or as Men.
C H A P. II.
, Of Senfe.
»• I H E next Species of Life, above the Vegetable, is that of Senfe- J_ Wherewith fome of thofe Produdions, which we call Plant- Animals, as the l/rfka Marina^ and the like, are endowed, as their
higheft:
Chap. 1L Of Senfe, 37
their higheft Species of Life. In uhicfi rank, we may alfo place the
Aurelias of all Creeping Infed's. And thofe invifible Aurelias, into
ttiwhich all forts of Sperme Infcits, are probably converted, upon their
Hbeing transformed from one Species to anotlier ; as from a Canine or
Humane Tadpole^ to a Canine or Humane Foctiis,
z. In all thefe, Senfe feemeth to be a Species of Life, diftind: from ^ny above, or below it. And fo, to be the Adjund: of a diftindl Prin- R:iple. That it is diflind from any above, is plain. In that the Parti- culars aforefaid, are all of them Senfible, without Thought. And therefore, it is alfo diftinft from that below. That is, it is fuch a Me^ dification of Life, as renders it . a dilVind Species from the Vegetable, and mud alfo depend, upon a diltindt Principle. Nor do I fee any rea- fon at all, why the Vital Principles of Things, as well as the Corpo- real, may not be compounded. Provided, that as the Mixture of the Corporeal, is fuitable ro the Nature of every Part : So the Union of the Vital, to that of the whole.
3. All Senfe, is a certain Mode of Life, in a Vital Subftancej an* fwerable to a certain Mode of Motion in a Body. The difference be- tween Vegetable and Senfible Life, feemeth to be this; that in the former , the Imprcflion arifing from the Motion, is entirely re* fleded , and loll in an Inllant. In the latter, it is Immerfed and retein'd. •
4. The Modes of Motion, on which the Modes of Senfe depend ; are Simple or Compounded. The Simple, are Two Generals ; Magni- tude, and Celerity : That is, as any one Motion, is made in more or lets fpace, or in more or lefs Time. The Compounded, are likewife Two in general ; either as one Mode of Motion, is repeated over a- gain ; or as (everal Modes, of Magnitude, Celerity, or both, are mixed together. Which are all the Varieties , that Motion is capable of; and are the grounds, of all the'Varieties of Senfe.
5. Every Motion llrong enough to afTed the Organ, produceth fome Senfe. But all 6tnk^ fo far as Grateful, dependeth upon the Equali- ty, or the Proportionality, of the Motion or Impreflion which is made.* '
6. To inllance, firft, in Hearing or Sound. The Magnitude of the Motion, maketh a fuller or a broader Sound. For albeit^ the Bafe and Treble firings df a Viol, be tuned to an Unifon : Yet the former will flill make a bigger or broader found, than the latter, as making a broader beat upon the Aer.
7. The Celerity of the Motion, makes a Stronger or Lowder Sound j and withal, a Sharper or Higher Tone or Note: As is obvious in tune- ing any flringed Inflrument.
8. But it is the Equality of the Motion, that is, the repetition of the pulfesof the String upon the Aer, at Equal diflancesof Time, whe-
t ther the Motion be great or fmall, quicker or flower, which maketh the Sound to be Mufical.
9. And it is this Synchronifm in the Vibrations of a String, which continues the famenefs of the Tone or Note which it makes, lo long as it makes any Sound. For though the Sound grows weaker and weak- er, till it ceafeth: Yet ft: keeps to the fame Tone, from firfl to laft. Which is alfo a plain and fufficient demonflration, of the Synchronifm in the V^ibrations of a Pendulum. And the lame is to be underflood, of thofe in the fides of a Pipe or Bell. L lo. And
^8 OfSenfe. Book 11.
n- - I ■ <>-,• ■ - .— ; : — _ . — — —
lo. And as the Equality in the Motion of the fame firing, niaketh the Sound to be Mufical : So is it either an equal, ot a certain Pro- portional Meafure, between the Motions of Two Strings, which maketh a Mufical Concord. So, if Two Strings, are tuned to an Unifon ; the Celerity of the Vibration, will be the fame in both. If to an Eighth, the Celerity will be double in the one, to that in the other. If to a Diapafon and a Diapente^ or an Eighth and Fifth together, that is a Twelfth , it will be treble : As may be obferved by a Momchord.
11. Whence italfo feems, That a Mufical Difcord, as a Seventh, is made by fuch Motions, as are neither Equal, nor Proportional, but In- commenfurable.
12. Upon the fame ground, the Sound of a Drum, tho' lefs Mufical, as to every fingle Beat : Yet is fo far acceptable, as in making the feve- ral Beats, is kept a proportional Time. ,
i:}. The Objeds like wife of the Eye, -viz. the Figures of Things, are fo far Beautiful, as they are Uniform ; that is. Equal, or Proportional. Or as the fame Line, or Surface, is Equally, or Proportionally repeat- ed j and fo, a hke ImprelTion made upon the Eye.
14. And it is therefore reafonable to believe, That fome certain Equal Motion, is the Caufe of all Beautiful Colours, as well as of Beautiful Figures, and of Mufical Sounds. I do aflent, That Colours, as our Learned Mathematick ProfefTor Mr. Newton^ hath well ihewed, are not Qualifications of Light, depending meerly upon Refradtions, or Re- flexions : But that there are feveral forts of Rays, adapted to produce feveral forts of Colours. But to what Mr. Newton hath faid, I add. That there is a certain Equal Motion, in the Atomes of each Ray, or in the Rays of each Colour, by which it is exhibited a Beautiful Co- lour. And a certain Proportional difference, between the degrees of Celerity, in their Motions, by which the faid Colours are diftinguilh- ed one from another. I fay then. That while the feveral Species of Rays, as the Ruhifick , Qerd'ifick, and others, are by Refradtion fepa- rated one from another ; they retein thofe Motions, which are proper to each of them. But when they are made to Converge, and ,fo are mixed together ; though their Lucifick Motion be continu'd , yet by interfering one with another, that Equal Motion which is the CoUri- fck^ is interrupted. And that, as a Higher Note is produced, by more Celerity in the Motion; and a Lower Note, with lefs: So a Red, the Higheft and Strongeft of all Beautiful Colours, is made by Rays leaft Refrangible, becaufe leaft Refiftable, or the Quickeft and the Strongeft : But Blew, which is the Loweft or Fainteft ; by Rays, though alfo E- qually moved, yet of a fainter Motion. Or, in Ihort, as Sound and Light, fo a Mufical Sound and a Beautiful Colour, the Key of a Note, and the Refra^ion of a Colour, have all the fame Ratio.
15. What the Vifible Figures of Bodies are to Sight; that the Fi- gures of their Principles are toTafte. Wherein, as it is the Similarity or Equality of the Atomes of each Principle, and of their Mixture , which determines every leaft Molecula of Principles, in the fame Bo- dy, to the producing of one and the fame Tafte : So it is the Mixtiire of the faid Principles, in different Proportion ^n divers Bodies, which produceth the feveral Species of Tafte : Whereof, in a Difcourie of the Taftes of Plants, I have given Inftances at large.
16. And
Chap- II. Of Senfe. ^g
16. And hereunto anfwerable, are the Caufes of Scent, which is a- nother way of Tafling Bodies, by their Effluvia. All the Folds in the Griftle of the No(e, being cover'd with a Lining made of a Stuff, which differs from the Facing of the Tongue,
1 7. The Pleafure likewife or Pain, arifing from all forts of Touch, depends upon the Equality or Inequality of the Motion, which is made in the Touched Parts. For the Lining of the Pudenda^ both in Male and Female, is compofed of Mufcular Fibers, which fland Parallel one to another. By which means, the foft Touches, which are given theni in the Adt of Coition, produceth not only a gentle Vibration, and therefore an Equal Motion, in each Fiber ; but alfo an Uniform Moti- on in all the Fibers, in relation one to another.
1 8. On the contrary, Tickling, thougli it cometh alfo from a foft Touch, yet is very Troubiefom and Difpleafing. For that the faid Touch, pro- duceth a Deformed Motion, anfwerable to the Pofition of the Fibers in the Skin. Which is not Uniform, as in the Parts aforefaid, but Con- founded and Irregular ; almofl: like to that of Wool in a Hat, as in the Chapter of Compounded Bodies, is obferved. Wherefore alfo a Hard Touch , tickleth lefs, than a Softer. The former being of force e- nough, to carry the Motion of the Fibers more one way, that is, to make one Motion, fomething Uniform in the Skin. Whereas a Softer Touch, being only fufficient, to put every Fiber into its own proper Motion : There is made, a Multitude, though of foft, yet very Irregu- lar and Interfering Motions, anfwerable to the Texture or Pohtion of the Fibers of the Skin, wherein they are made. Which is alfo one rea- fon, why the Lips are turned outward, fb as not to be cover'd with the Common Skin. Lead the Soft Touch, often ufed in a Kifs, fliould tickle the Lipps, as it will the Forehead, and thereby take away theac- ceptablenefs of that Conjundtion.
19. But in all Pain, there is a Deformity, not only in the Motion of the Fibers, but alfo of the Principles whereof they confill. Either by a Solution of their Continuity, as in Burning, Cutting, Contufi- ons; or by any great Tendency to that Solution, as in Convulfions, or Strains. For neither of thele can be, but by the Deformed Motions of the faid Principles. And as a Solution or Difunion of the faid Prin- ciples, or a Tendency to it, caufeth Pain : So a Difunion of the Corpo- real Principles and the Vital, caufeth Death ,• and a Tendency to it , caufeth that we call Heart Sicknefs , which is a Tendency to Death.
20. By what hath been faid, it appears, how aptly, not only the Do- meftick Inllruments or the Organs of the Body ; but alfo the Forreign, viz. the Aer, Light, and other Principles, are all contrived, to alFift in the Variation of Senfe. Particularly, it may here be obferved, That as thofe confident Bodies, which by means of their Subflance or Figures- are the mod capable of Vibration, make the mod Mufical Sounds : So the Air it (elf, which by its Eladicity, is capable of the like Vibration j is the mod proper of all other Fluids, for conveying of fuch Sounds ; that is, of fuch Motions, as are fit to produce them. Which diews, that the Keys, as well as the Locks, were all of them fitted Ward to Ward, by the fame Wifdom, and comprehended in one entire Scheme
•of the Univerfe.
Til. \i
40 Of Senfe. Book 1F-
' — ' : ^ : .^
xr. Itfeemeth alfo, that if the Divine Architedt had made more Or- gans i there would have been more Species of Senfe. But thofe we have, are as many, and of thatfort, as lie thought fit for the Condition he hath here fet us in, with relation to the World about us.
^z. And the Excellency of thofe we have, doth herein further appear. That though, for reafons hereafter to be mention'd, they are made ca- pable of Painful, as well as Pleafing Impreflions: Yet whether Plea- ding or Painful, Grateful or Ungrateful ; the Notices which they give us of Senfible Things, are not Deceitful, but True and Juft.
x:}. Toinftance in Sight, I fay, that though the Images of Things made in the Eye, are not Equal to the Things themfelves: Yet in that they are always made by a Regular Refradtion ; their Figure and Colour, are always Similar, and they are always Proportional in their Bulk. And are therefore alfo Proportional, to the Ufe we make of Vifible Things.
24. True it is, that the Apparent Bulk, may be divers by means of different Refradions. The fame Body through a Glafs , may appear a thoufand times bigger, than through the Eye. And being the Eye it felf reprefents every thing by Refrad:ion ; tlie fame Body, .or Part of a-Body, may alfo ' appear a thoufand times bigger, through the Eye - of one Animal, than through the Eye of another. Or than it would appear, through an Optique Glafs, which fliould make the Rays of Light as much to Converge, as by a Mkrofcope, they are diffufed. Of which diverfities, though we know not the nearefl: unto the Real Quan- tity of Things : Yet the Images the Eye receives, are always proporti- onal to the Things themfelves, and one to another. And therefore, to the ordinary and common ufe we make of them.
X5-. Now as that which is Similar, Co whatfoever is Proportional, as well as that which is Equal, is True. And God hath made Senle, not to deceive US; but to be a faithful and fufficient Guide, fo far as be- longs to its own Province, in the Judgment whicli we make of Sen- fjble Things.
26. But atbeit the Inftruments of- Senfe, both the Foreign, and the Domellick, or thofe which are corapofed together in out own Bodies are admirably hereunto fitted : Yet are they net fufficient of themfelves' to produce Senfe. For if fuch a certain Motion or Impreffon, on the Organ, were it felf the Senfe : Then any Body, having the fame Moti- on or Impreflion, as the Organ hath ; would alio have the fame Senfe, A Bell, which by the Air gives its own Motion to the Ear; would it felf alfo hear : And a Wall in a dark Room, \^hich receives a Land- skip, as the Eye doth ; would alfo fee. Which to fay, if it be very ab- furd ; then is it as abiurd, to fuppofe any Domeftick, as well as For- reign Inflrumenr, Iclf fiifiicient to the production of Senfe. The Ufe hereof, being only to minifler to the Modification of Life in the Viral Principle, u herein the Eflcnce of Senfe doth confifl ; as in the forego- ing Definition of Senfe, hath been faid.
CHAP.
Chap. Ill, 4'
CHAP. III.
Of Mind. And fir fi, ofPhancy, or Thantafiic\Mmd,
j.'Tn'HE Vital Principle, which we call Mind, is that 'Ji'hich hath j[^ the power of Thought. Diftind from Senle, and above
it. 'Tis true, a Thinking Creature, cannot Feel, without Thinking.
But to Feel, and to Think, are Two things. For tho' a Man's Finger
Feels ; yet it doth not Think it Feels.
X. The Two general Species of Mind, are Phantaftick and Intelledtu-
al. Of Phancy, we mufl; diftinguifli, The Organ, the Images, and the
Vital Ads.
3. The Organ of I'hancy, is the Brain. And therefore, as the Ima- ges of S'enfe, are model'd according to the Nature of the Senfbries : So the Images of Phancy, according to that of the Organical Parts of the Brain : The feveral Prominences whereof, being the Shops or Store- Houfes for that purpofe.
4. The Images of Phancy,' are either a fort of Copies of thofe of Senfe ; or certain Signatures, or other items, whereby they are repreferrted.
5. The Ads of Phancy are Vital. And therefore altogether diftind, from the Figure, Pofition, or Motion of the faid Images, or any thing elfe hereunto belonging. But imply a Power, both of Ufeing, and Making thefe Images ; as will hereafter appear.
6. The Power and Ufe of Phancy, is great, even in Brute-Animals ; in which, it is the chief Faculty. Mod of them, have a good Memo- ry. And withal. Tome kind of Forefight. For a Dog will run, when he fees a Cudgel ; that is, Forefees, Beating. They are not without their Hope and Fear, Love, Anger, and other Paffions.' A Cock Threa- tens, when he fets up nis Crefl; ; and Triumphs, when he Crows- Their •Works are alio very Curious; as the Bags of Silkworms, the Honey- Cooms of Bees, the Nefts of Birds ; in which there is much Variety of Artifice, for the Conveniency of the Dam, and the Safety of lier Brood. Principally in thofe Countries, where Noxious Creatures abound. All which, and other likeAdions, Pa(fions, and Operations, are under the
iovernment of Phancy, as their Supream Faculty. V '
7. For firfl:, thfey are not Improvable beyond their own proper Ge- iius. A Dog, will never learn to Mew; nor a Cat, to Bark: Altho'
their Voc^l Organs, are made well enough for either of thofe Notes. So a Singing Bird, will not learn to Talk; nor a Talking Bird, to Sing. Nor will flie be taught, to make any other Neft, but her own.
8. Again, they work not Eledtively, or upon propofing to thern- felvcs an End of their Operations. A Bee, doth n6t deiign to lay up Honey for a Winter Stock: But fuelling her delicious Food to a Sur- charge, is forced to vomit up the greater part of it in the Hive. Nor is t\\t Silk-worm concerned for the Silk-Trade: But talces, it may be, as much pleafure in drawing out her Silk ; or a Spider, her Web ; as another Animal, in ejeding his Sperme. A Cow, confults not the better Concodion Qf her Food, by chewing the Cudd : But lies dowrv
M quietly;*
42 Of Mind '^ and Book il.
quietly, only to enjoy the Tafte of it. And Men thcmfelves, do many things, which though materially, the means to a certain End ; yet for- mally, that is, in the Intent of the Doer, they are not. Who almofl:, in Eating, thinks of any thing further, than to fatisfie his Hunger ? Whereas the chief End of Eating, is the maintaining of Life, for which, Hunger, is but a Bait. So Coition, is the way to get Children : But how feldom is the getting of Children thereby intended ? Which fhews, that Men, much more other Creatures, may do many things, which very aptly ferve to fome certain End, whereof they have no confide- ration.
9. Their Operations likewife, in fome refpeds, are fuperior to thofe of Men. For they perform them, without Teaching or Imitation. A Silk-Worm makes her own Monument, which fhe never faw done. And without Difquifition. A Bird never tryes, by way of Eflay, to make or mend her Neft ; nor a Bee, her Cell : But ufeth one and the fame certain Method, from the beginning, and that the beft. If then their Operations proceeded from Reafon ; the Reafon of Brutes, would be Superior to that of Man : Who maketh nothing perfect at the firfl: j but Tentando^ learns to do that which is well and fit.
10. We fee alfo Mad People, in whom Phancy reigns, to run upon lome one Adion, as Reading, or Knitting of Straws, without variati- on. And that which depends upon a difeafed Phancy in Menj may be the effed of a Natural one, in othet Creatures.
11. I fay then, xkm. Silk-Worms va2!&s. their Bags, Bees their Cooms, and Birds their Nefts ; not from any Forecaft, or regard to their being commodious for the Ends, to which they ferve: But as they are di- reded and conflrained to it, by a Strong and Immutable Phancy, which they have of thofe Works, and the Adions thereunto belonging. So a Silk-Worm^ though, having no Eyes, (lie can have no conceit of Light and Colours : Yet by Feeling, may have the true Senfe and Con- ceipt of any Figure. So a Bee's Eye, being made like a Multiplying Glafs , may multiply to her Senfe and Phancy , every thing Ihe fees ; and thereby difpofe her, as to a numerous Society, fo to her work- ing upon a Coorti, which confifleth of a numerous pile of Cells. So the Phancy of a Bird, may be fo difpofed, as to conceive a Cleer and Per- fed: Draught of her Ned : Which, from fome hint of Senfe, or of Senfe and Phancy combin'd, flie is irrefiftably moved to make. For which purpofe, thofe Protuberant Parts of the Brain, called the Chambers of the Optique Nerves ; are in all Birds, made very large. Not to give them a Quicker Sight, as fome Learned Anatomifts have thought : For it is the advantagious Organifm of the Eye, by which that is procu- red; But to be the means, of their conceiving a Stronger Phancy of Vifible Things, By which Strength of Phancy, the Specifick Colours of Wild Birds, are likewife preferved conftantunto every Species. As are alfo the Specifick Colours of Fifties : In which the Bulk of the faid Chambers, is very Confpicuous, as well as in Birds.
IX. The Genius of Birds and other Animals, as aforefaid, is a great demonftration, of that Supream Wifdom, by which they were made. ■ Where, the Modification of Phancy, and its Combination with Senfe and Senfible Things, is with fo much Art contrived ; as in very great variety , to imitate the Intelledual Operations of Mankind. The Divine Reafon, running like a Golden Vein, through the whole Leaden Mine of Brutal Nature. i ? , But
Chap. llf. firft^ of Phancy, ao
13. But Human Phancy, as it is much more Copious; fo for the moft part, ennobled with a Mixture of Reafon : Upon both which ac- counts, it challenges a particular Defcription.
14. Phancy, ftridly taken, is Mind immediately occupy 'd about Sgo." fible Things, and its own Ideas of thofe Things.
15-. The Ads of Phancy, in general, are Two, Perception, and Vo- lition. Firft, we Perceive theObjed:; and then, we are fome way or other Affeded with it.
16. With refped to the former, Phancy hath its Species, Modes, and Schemes. The Species of Phancy, are jufl: as many, as thofe of Senfe, For tho' the Faculty be one ; yet the Ad or Conceit, is divers. And there- fore there can be no Senfm Communh, which fome talk of. For we can- not Phancy, that we fee a Sound, or Hear a Colour,
17. Every Species of Phancy, hath its Modes. In general, Three, viz. Recognition, of a Thing, as Prefent; Memory, of a Thing, as Part ; and Forefight, of a Thing, as to Come.
18. Recognition, is the Internal Senfe or Phancy of Things, as Pre- fent. Or a Power of Making or Conceiving fuch Images, or Tokens, of Senfible Things, as are fome way or other anfwerable to the Origi- nafs. Whereby we are able to Phancy, that we See, and Hear thofe things, which we do not, as if we did. More evidently in Dreams : When the Phancy hath full Power to create them in the Senfories them- felves, then unoccupy'd by External Imprefllons. But as truly, when we are awake. The Thought of a Triangle, is a Triangle. Its ordina- ry, to make a Ring of Bells, to fay what we will. No Man could draw a Pidure, or compofe a Tune ; if he had not every Stroak of his Pen- cil, and every Note, drawn and fung in his Phancy beforehand. It is the Phancy of Sweetnefs in a Flower, or Apple, which tempts us to Smell or Eat. And the Phancy of Pain, is Pain : For fome have fwoon- ed, only at the Sight of a Wound.
19. Memory, is the Conceit of a Thing, as Paft. By Recognition we Phancy, that we Do See : By Memory, that we Did. Recognition, eminently called Phancy, may be