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JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON
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A
EIS TORY
OF
BRITISH MOLLUSCA,
AND THEIR SHELLS.
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A
HISTORY
OF
BRITISH MOLLUSCA,
AND THEIR SHELLS.
BY
PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.RB.S.,
OF KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON;
AND
SYLVANUS HANTEY, B.A., F.L.S.,
OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD.
VOLUME IV.
PULMONIFERA AND CEPHALOPODA.
LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.
M.DCCC,LIII.
SMITHSON P MAY 13 1999 SCRARIES
LONDON : ; Printed by SamuEL BentTLEy and Co. Bangor House, Shoe Lane.
CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME,
EXHIBITING THE FINAL CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.
Species of questionable indigenousness are printed in italics ; spurious and unrecognized species in nonpareil. The addition of (A. i.) toa species refers the reader to the first Appendix, or Supplementary Notes on the Acephala, in the Seeond Volume, (A. ii.) to the Appendix at the end of the work.
PAGE
GASTEROPODA PULMONI- FERA - : : i Wa ONCHIDIADA 2 ONcHIDIUM : : oe O. Celticum : : Setiss LIMACIDA 6 ARION 7 A. empiricorum . : ws A. flavus . F og 9. A. hortensis Q é ett) GROMALACUS 3 : = ell G. maculosus : : 7 WZ LimMax A 2 : ses L. agrestis : : . 13 L. cinereus 4 . OS L. arborum (A.ii.). eal L. flavus. ‘ “ 5 9 L. brunneus : g 2620 L. tenellus F : | L. Sowerbii ; . + 22 L. gagates ; = . 24 TESTACELLIDA . ‘ 2 26 TESTACELLA ; ; = 026 T. Haliotoidea . 4 + 226 T. Maugei 4 : rey
HELICID . : 3 wor 29 VITRINA A F 2h 29
H H H H. obvoluta H H H H
VITRINA continued.
V. pellucida V. elongata
Helix brevipes ZONITES
Z. cellarius Z. alliarius . Z. nitidulus Z, purus
Z. radiatulus Z. nitidus
Z. excayatus
Z. erystallinus HELIx
H. aperta . H. pomatia
H. arbustorum .
H. Cantiana
H. Carthusiana .
H. nemoralis H. Pisana
. virgata (A. ii.)
. caperata . ericetorum
. lapicida
. rufescens . hispida
. reyelata
PAGE
43
HELIx continued.
H. sericea (A. ii.) H. lamellata H. aculeata H. fulva . ~ H. fusca (a. ii.) . H. pulchella H. rotundata H. umbilicata H. pygmza Fry . H. terrestris H. limbata BuLimus B. acutus B. Lackhamensis B. obscurus Helix stagnorum B. Guadaloupensis B. Goodalli B. decollatus B. pupa B. Guildingii B. ventricosus B. zebra Pura . ; P. umbilicata P. muscorum P. Anglica (a. ii.) P. secale P. edentula P. minutissima . P. pygmea P. substriata P. antivertigo P. pusilla . P. Venetzii P. cinerea BALEA . B. fragilis . CLAUSILIA C. laminata C. biplicata C. plicatula C. nigricans C, bidens C. labiata . ZvUA
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
101
- 103
. 104
. 106
. 108 09 pail
o l2
» 113
. 114
: .- 114 - - 116 . 116
- 118
. 120
- 121
124
124
« 125
Zua continued.
Z
.lubrica . : Buccinum obtusulum . AZECA .
A. tridens . ACHATINA A. acicula (A. ii.)
A. octona .
SuccINEA
Ss. Ss.
putris oblonga .
LIMN AAD
Puy 12s
lz
BAe ‘ fontinalis :
. hypnorum
P. rivalis . P. acuta P. alba
PLANORBIS
OOO Oe
corneus .
. albus : . glaber (A. ii.) - Nautileus (A. ii.)
. carinatus
. marginatus
vortex . spirorbis contortus
P. nitidus .
P.
lacustris (A. ii.)
LIMNZUS
a gl ll ll ll ool oll
. pereger . . auricularius . . Burnetti
stagnalis
. truncatulus
-glaber .
. palustris
. glutinosus
- involutus (A. ii.) .
Turbo rivulus
ANCYLUS . A. fluviatilis A. oblongus
AURICULID &
132 . 132 . 137
- 185 . 186 . 188
PAGE
= 125
127
La . 128 . 130 . 130
178
. 139
140 140
. 148
145 146 146
- 146 . 147 . 149
150
. 152 - 153 . 155 a lay 5 UG) . 160 - 161 . 162 . 163 . 165
169
. 172
174
peligia
178
- 180
182 184 185
SAN
CoNovuLus . C. bidentatus
C. denticulatus .
C, Bullaoides
C. pusillus,
Voluta alba CARYCHIUM ,
C. mininum
CYCLOSTOMIDA
CycLostoma C. elegans .
C. ferrugineum .
ACME . A. lineata .
TABLE OF
PAGE |
Slee
aor . 194
197
197 2 1G2 . 198 - 198
. 200 . 201 . 201
204
. 204 |
. 204
CEPHALOPODA DIBRAN-
CHIATA
OCTOPODIDA Ocropus O. vulgaris ELEDONE E. cirrhosus
TEUTHIDéA . SEPIOLA S. Atlantica S. Rondeletii Rossia R. macrosoma R. Owenii. Lo1ico ‘ L. vulgaris L. media . L. marmorz OMMASTREPHES O. sagittatus O. todarus . O. Eblanze
SEPIAD A: SEPIA S. officinalis S. bisserialis Spirula Peronii
.
.
CONTENTS.
v AGE APPENDIX. TUNICATA SYNTETHYS . : : 244 S. Hebridicus . : . 245 APPENDICULARIA . 245 ACEPHALA LAMELLI- BRANCHIATA 246 Teredo Norvagica 246 » navalis . 246 »> megotara. 246 Pholadidea papyracea . 248 On the supposed ? fry of Sax- icava - : 248 Panopza Norvegica 249 Spheenia Binghami 250 Poromya granulata 250 Diodonta fragilis 251 Tellina balaustina 251 » pygmea. . . 251 5 proxima . 251 Ervilia castanea . 253 Mactra truncata . 253 Lutraria elliptica 253 Astarte sulcata . 254 Cardium pygmeum 254 Montacuta ferruginosa 254 Lepton convexum 255 Py, Clarkie . 255 Modiola phaseolina 256 Crenella faba 256 Arca raridentata 257 ACEPHALA PALLIOBRAN- CHIATA 257 Terebratula cranium 257 Megathyris cistellula . . 257 PTEROPODA Spirialis Flemingii 258 Cio. - . 5 - 291 Clio borealis 292 GASTEROPODA Chiton Hanleyi . 258 » albus = 258 Propilidium Ancyloide 259 Note to Fissurella 259
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Trochus tumidus « 259 Margarita aurea - ‘259 Tanthina communis . . 260 Note to Neritina . 261
Paludina Listeri,and vivipara 261
| ; ' { j | |
Lacuna vincta . 262 On Rissoz - 262 | Rissoa Beanii . 263 » costata - 263 5 SeMistriata - 263 es canes ae . 264 »» proxima . . 264 » soluta . 265 | s» Ventrosa 266 Rissoa ? littorea . 265 Turbo disjunctus 267 | Jeffreysia opalina 267 » _ globularis 268 Skenea ? nitidissima . 269 Skenea ? divisa 269 Skenea ? Cutleriana 270 Skenea ? costulata 271 Turritella communis Py All Cerithium reticulatum 271 2 adyersum . 272 as angustissimum ?. 272 Aclis supranitida - 273 an unica = ae Eulima polita 273 On Chemnitzia, Odostomia, and Eulimella 273 Chemnitzia elegantissima and gracilis (or pusilla) . 275 = rufa - 246 ia fulvocineta - 276 2s fenestrata - 247 = scalaris es bk Be indistincta 278
Chemnitzia eximia Odostomia dubia a Rissoides
= insculpta . - obliqua. - Warrenii . mi dolioliformis Pe decussata Gulsonz
On Eulimelle Truncatella Montagui . Note to Murex corallinus Purpura lapillus .
Nassa pygmea . Buccinum Dalei
= Humphreysianum 285
Note to Mangelia Cylichna obtusa . Akera bullata. : Philine quadrata . Antiopa splendida Arion flayus =
Limax agrestis . : > arborum . > flavus » gagates
Helix virgata
s» Sericea and fusca Pupa Anglica . . Achatina acicula Z Planorbis lacustris Limnzus inyolutus Acme lineata ‘ Phyllidide : :
Diphyllidia Ap lineata Clio borealis
. 286
BRITISH MOLLUSCA,
GASTEROPODA PULMONIFERA.
Aut the terrestrial, and the majority of freshwater Gasteropodous Mollusea, breathe air, and are provided with a pulmonary cavity, or sac, instead of gills. Over the walls of this sac the blood is distributed in minute vessels, for the purpose of being aerated. The animals presenting this organization, are all provided with dis- tinct heads, furnished with tentacula and organs of sight. They walk by means of a well-developed creeping disk. The majority are protected by shells, but there are some which have no shell, although they do not differ materially in organization or external form. The shells when present are, in the majority of cases, spiral or discoid, and external, in a few instances patelliform ; when imbedded in the substance of the mantle, they are unguiform. The embryos have, or have not, shells, according as the adult is to be shell-bearing or naked. Distinct ciliated lobes are not seen upon them, though in the egg they are partially clothed with cilia on the analogous portion of their bodies, and exhibit movements. The number of known Pulmoniferous Mollusks is very great. They inhabit all climates, and display variations of colour and form that bear a remarkable relation to
VOL, IV. B
2 ONCHIDIADE.
their geographical distribution. A few genera and species are of maritime habits, requiring the presence of sea-water for their existence, though, if kept immersed, they would
perish.
ONCHIDIADZ.
Mosr of the animals composing this family are true sea-slugs, breathing by means of a pulmonary cavity, but living immediately in contact with marine conditions. Cer- tain forms of them live, however, inland, under old wood, and in gardens. They are almost all tropical creatures, and little known to the naturalists of Europe. They are unprovided with shells, and have their dorsal surface entirely covered with a fleshy disk or mantle. In aspect they closely resemble some of the Hlysiad@, and consti- tute a very natural link between the Gasteropoda opis- thobranchiata and the Gasteropoda pulmonifera.
ONCHIDIUM, Bucuanan.
Animal oblong; unprovided with a shell, completely covered above by a convex, coriaceous, usually tuber- culated, rarely smooth mantle. Head provided with two retractile tentacles, bearing the eyes at their extremities ; mouth covered by a buccal veil; no horny jaws, a den- ticulated tongue. Sexes combined; orifices of repro- ductive organs widely separated. Pulmonary orifice pos- terior, and respiratory cavity placed behind the heart. Vent posterior.
This genus was founded by Buchanan for an animal
DS)
ONCHIDIUM. 3
observed by him in Bengal. Cuvier first clearly deve- loped its structure, and published an elaborate memoir on its anatomy. The species are almost all inhabitants of tropical regions.
O. Cetticum, (Cuvier ?) Couch. Plate F. F. F. fig. 6.
This most interesting addition to the British Fauna was discovered by Mr. Couch, a naturalist who has done much to extend our knowledge of the marine ani- mals of the British seas, on the coast of Cornwall. He found it abundantly on a confined space of rocks at West Coomb, in Lantivet Bay, between Polperro and Fowey, congregated in little groups, about a foot or two from the surface of the sea, where the waves break over them. These curious creatures ascend and descend, so as to maintain their distance as the tides rise and fall. They will not, however, bear long immersion in sea-water. Cuvier, in the ‘“‘ Regne Animal,” notices, without describing it, an Onchidium under the name of Celticum, from the coasts of Brittany. This was, very probably, identical with Mr. Couch’s species; we there- fore adopt, for the present, the name Celticum, as appro- priate and significant.
A living specimen, submitted to our examination by Mr. Alder, measured rather more than half an inch in length. Its form was oblong. Its cloak was of a black hue, rather shining, thick and coriaceous, and covered with short, thick, rounded tubercles, surrounded by smaller ones; the margin of the cloak considerably sur- passed the foot; the under side of the margin was minutely granulated, The foot was oblong, and of a
4 ONCHIDIADA.
pale yellowish-grey colour. The head bore two short retractile tentacles, with eyes on their swelling tips; these are set above the rounded pale oral lobes or veil.
The following very interesting remarks on the anatomy of this Onchidiwm, have been kindly communicated to us by Mr. Albany Hancock.
““T have not yet completed my dissections of this ani- mal, but from what I have already ascertained, it is evi- dent that it is formed on the type of the Pulmonifera. The ganglia of the nervous system have much the same arrangement as they have in Avion. But the digestive apparatus shows one or two interesting modifications. The buccal mass is well developed; there are no horny jaws ; the tongue is broad, and composed of upwards of seventy transverse rows of obtuse, slightly curved teeth —each row contains one hundred and eight teeth, and is divided by a minute central tooth of a triangular form, bearing a single obtuse spine. The reproductive organs are conjoined in the same individual; the male intro- mittent organ is, however, placed at the right side of the head, whilst the other parts are situated at the pos- terior extremity of the body. The male and female parts are nevertheless connected by a long, slender duct, buried in the muscles at the side of the foot.
“The most interesting feature in the anatomy of On- chidium, is the position of the heart and breathing-organ in relationship to each other. The lung being placed, in this animal, at the posterior extremity of the body, has, consequently, the heart in front of it. In Arion, Helix, and, probably, in all the other Pulmonifera, the blood-propelling organ is situated behind the breathing apparatus, which, in these animals is placed in an an- terior position. Thus we find that Onchidium differs
ONCHIDIUM. 5
from the other Pulmonifera, in the same manner as the Opisthobranchiata do from the Prosobranchiata, so far, at least, as the relative position of these organs is con- cerned. And, moreover, it is worthy of remark, that in Onchidiwm the anal orifice is distinct from that of the lung, and that in Arion and Helix the excretory apertures are within the pulmonary arch. The true signification of these facts can scarcely at present be determined ; more information is required respecting On- chidium and its allies, to throw additional light upon the subject.”
LIMACID.
Tue land-slugs are elongated, semi-cylindrical, soft, or fleshy creatures, either unfurnished with shells, or provided with the rudiments of them, imbedded in the cloak, or disk, which covers the anterior portion of the body. This disk covers the respiratory cavity, the orifice of which, and the vent, are seen at its right margin. The generative orifices vary in different groups. All the slugs have a retractile head, four tentacles, also retractile, the two upper ones provided with eyes. Their skin secretes abundant mucus. They are herbivorous by preference, but carni- vorous when taste or necessity prompts them. They are crepuscular or nocturnal in their habits.
The dentition of the Limacide, and of all our native Pulmonifera, has been made the subject of elaborate in- vestigation, by Mr. William Thomson, of King’s College, London. The general results of his researches are given in a very excellent memoir, read before the British Asso- ciation in 1850, and published in the seventh volume of the second series of the Annals of Natural History. They would appear to influence very importantly, our con- clusions respecting the disposition and affinities of the pulmoniferous genera. The edge teeth in this family have a long projecting single apex.
ARION. i
ARION, FeErussac.
Animal elongated, semi-cylindrical, furnished anteriorly with an oblong disk. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes; mouth with a serrated corneous tooth. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin of right side of the disk ; the vent immediately behind it. Orifice of reproductive organs immediately below the re- spiratory aperture. Posterior extremity of body rounded, terminating by a slight truncation, and a mucus pore. Shell undeveloped; a few calcareous granules sometimes imbedded in substance of shield.
Besides the above differences, the slugs of this genus differ in several important anatomical characters, from
those of the next group. Their habits are similar.
A. emprricorum, Ferussac.
Body bulky ; shield ovate; margin of foot expanded and lineated ; mucus pale.
Plate D. D.D. fig. 4.
Limax ater, albus et succineus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. pp. 2, 4, 7. » » refus et subfuscus, DRAPARNAUD, Moll. de France, pp. 122 and 123, pl. 9, £. 3, 4, 6, 8. Arion , Gray, Man. p. 104.— Atprr, Cat. Northumb. Moll. p. 29.— Mace@iLuivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 73. — NunNneELzy, Leeds Trans. vol. i. pl. 1, f. 1. » empiricorum, Frrussac, Hist. p. 60, pl. 1 to 3. — Boucnarp CuHAnrE- REAUX, Mem. Soc, Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 157.— Brow, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 55.
This very common, beautiful, and exceedingly variable, slug, has been so cut up into false species, on account of its caprices of colour, that we deem it right to follow the example of Ferussac, and to give it a name which may
8 LIMACIDA.
equally apply to all its varieties. It is usually from three to five inches in length when crawling. Its shape then is lanceolate, bulky, and rounded; when at rest it is much contracted, and elevates its back into a prominent hump, that rises above the shield. The head is rather stout, and bears two moderately long upper, and two rather short lower tentacles, all dark blue; between them two dark lines are traced on the forehead, sending branches to the upper ones. The disk or shield is slightly truncated in front, rounded behind ; its surface is minutely granulate ; its orifice is placed antero-laterally. The back of the body is rounded, very convex, and wrinkled with strongly carinated long prominences. The terminal ones are elevated above a triangular grey flattened space occupied by the mucous gland. The margin of the foot is mem- branous and expanded, and at the tail it is still wider, and emarginate or truncate. The colour is exceedingly variable and often very brilliant. In open fields, this slug is often of a jet black; in woods, a variety occurs, occasionally nearly white, or tinged on the back with pale yellow only. It is frequently found of a general reddish-brown, and some- times entirely orange, or dusky on the shield and back, with orange sides. The margin of the foot is almost always yellow, often bright orange, and lineated either with transverse black or deep orange or red lines. The lips are orange. ‘There is a small variety, white or dusky, found not unfrequently in the neighbourhood of gardens, remarkable for having a dusky, or nearly black line, on each side of the centre of the shield, and a corresponding line on each side of the back. We cannot make out clear distinctions of specific value, however, for this form. In the shield of the common Arion calcareous particles often
occur. The eggs are thick-skinned, yellowish, oblong,
ARION. 9
and rather large. ‘They may be found under large stones, or logs of wood, abundantly in autumn. The young when it comes out, is of a speckled yellowish-fawn colour. Mr. Nunneley remarks that it lives much longer than the Limaces. It is universally distributed in the British Isles, and has a wide range throughout Kurope.
A. riavus, Miiller.
Resembling Arion empiricorum, but more elongated, the disk more oblong ; secreting a yellow mucus.
Plate F. F.F. fig. 2.
cd
Arion flavus, Ferussac, Hist. Moll. Suppl. p. 96 8. No. 7.—Boucuarp CHAN- TEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 159. — Aver, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 30.
Limax ,, Miu.umr, Verm. vol. ii. p. 10.—Nuixtison, Moll. Scand. p. 5.
We figure this Avion from a drawing kindly communi- cated by Mr. Alder, by whom it was first recorded as British, in the Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumber- land and Durham. Of it he states, ‘‘ Our individual was about an inch in length, with the body whitish, having a faint greyish tinge above. ‘The shield and the posterior parts of the body near the tail, were of a pale canary- colour. Tentacles greyish-white. The mucus was deep orange-yellow.” A specimen taken “at the side of the turnpike road, Westgate hill,” im the same district, by Mr. J. Blacklock, was rather darker, more greenish in colour on the back, and more orange in the shield. The upper tentacles, through some malformation probably, were eyeless. M. Bouchard Chantereaux considers this species very distinct from Avion empiricorum. He describes it as yellowish or grey; mantle short, rounded at_ its extremities, finely granulated; tail orange or yellow ;
VOL. IV. Cc
10 LIMACIDA.
head blackish; tentacula short, thick, and very black ; lateral bands of the sole yellow; mucus abundant, thick, of an orange-yellow colour; length thirty millimetres. He states that it is unprolific, and lays its eggs from September to December. They are oval, opaque, and yellowish. It lives in moist and mossy places. We have never been so fortunate as to meet with an Avion answer-
ing to this description.
A. Hortensis, Ferussac.
Body slender; shield oblong; margin of foot narrow and plain ; mucus yellow.
Plate F. F. F. fig. 1.
Arion hortensis, Fnrussac, Hist. p. 65, pl. 2, f. 4,6; and pl. 8, f. 1, 2, 4.-— BoucHarD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 160.—Gray, Man. p. 107.— Axper, Cat. Northumb. Moll. p. 30.—BovitiE?, Moll. Auvergne, p. 13.—Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 55.
Limazw cireumscriptus, JOHNSTON, Edin. Phil. Journ. vol. Ixxvii.
fasciatus, Nritison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Kickx, Moll. Brab. p. 4.
3”
This beautiful little slug is very inferior to our common Arion in dimension. It is more elongated, and semi- cylindrical, preserving a nearly equal breadth throughout, and when at rest, does not contract its body, or hump its back nearly so much. It is usually, when crawling, about an inch, or an inch and a half in length, but grows longer. The head is small, and generally very dark, being of a dusky blue colour, as well as the short supe- rior tentacles ; the lower ones, and cheeks, are of a lead blue. The shield is oblong, roughly granulated, varying in colour, but mostly dark striped in the centre, and along the margins, so that two pale bands appear to streak it on each side of the middle ; its orifice is cen-
GEOMALACUS. 1g
tro-lateral. The back and hinder portion of the body are similarly marked in fasciated individuals; in some, they are of an intense blue-black, with little trace of bands ; the surface is covered with oblong slightly cari- nated wrinkles, which are dusky, and mottled with minute white specks, The sides of the foot are pale or white, very narrowly margined at the sole, with plain grey or orange. The tail-margin is lanceolate, not expanded and obtusely pointed.
This species is, probably, common in gardens through- out the greater part of Britain, though not generally noticed. It is common around London, and equally so, according to Mr. Alder, in Northumberland. It is also frequent in Ireland.
The eggs of the Avion hortensis are stated by M. Bouchard Chantereaux, to be phosphorescent during the first fifteen days after they have been laid.
GEOMALACUS, ALLMAN.
Animal elongated, semicylindrical, dorsally carinated, furnished anteriorly with an ovate disk, in which is imbedded an unguiform shell. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes. Respiratory orifice at the anterior margin of the right side of the disk. Reproductive orifice near the base of the right inferior tentacle.
This remarkable, and very distinct genus differs from Arion in the position of the reproductive orifice, and from Limax in the presence of a caudal gland, and the position of the spiracle. As yet a single species only presenting these characters has been found, and that con- fined to the south-west of Ireland.
13 LIMACIDA.
G. macutosus, Allman.
Plate F. F.F. fig. 5.
ALLMAN, on Animals, Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 297, pl. 9.
This most remarkable and most interesting of our native slugs, was discovered by an active and _ indefatigable Irish naturalist, Mr. William Andrews, of Dublin, during the autumn of 1842. He found it quiescently stretched on rocks around Lough Carogh, to the south of Castle- main Bay in the county of Kerry in Ireland. To quote the words of Professor Allman, to whom it was com- municated for examination and description by its dis- coverer, “it is an exceedingly beautiful animal, measur- ing, when creeping about, two inches in length; the colour of the shield and upper part of the body is black, elegantly spotted with yellow; the under surface of the foot light yellow, and divided into three nearly equal bands; the edge of the foot is brown, with transverse sulci.” A white spotted variety also occurs. It can elongate itself, so as to assume the appearance of a worm, and thus enter exceedingly small apertures. It is to be hoped that this curious creature may yet be found in other localities. If we may venture a surmise, we expect that it will prove hereafter to be an Asturian
as well as Irish slug.
LIMAX, Linnzus.
Animal elongated or oblong, semicylindrical, rounded, or carinated posteriorly, anteriorly furnished with an oblong disk, in which is imbedded an unguiform shell. Head with four tentacula, the two upper ones furnished with eyes; mouth. with a trilobed corneous tooth. No
LIMAX. 13
mucous gland on tail. Respiratory orifice towards the posterior margin of the right side of the disk, the vent immediately behind it. Orifice of the reproductive system near and behind the right superior tentacle. Tail with- out a mucous pore.
The species of slug have not been examined with the attention they deserve, and there are several forms recorded by continental authors, which may possibly still be detected in Britain, especially in the south of England, though we have failed to find any others than those here described.
The best paper on our native Limaces is that “ On the species of Zimax found in Ireland,” by the Rey. B. J. Clarke, and published in the twelfth volume of the Annals of Natural History.
L. acrestis, Miller.
Back rounded, tail obliquely carinated; shield wrinkled, rounded behind ; colour pale or dark grey, mottled. Mucus milky.
Plate D. D. D. fig. 2.
Limax agrestis, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 8.— Linnzus, Syst. 1082. —Draparnavp, Hist. p. 126, pl. 9, f. 9.—Ferussac, Hist. p. 73, pl. 5, f. 7-10.— Fiemine, Brit. Ann. p. 256.— BoucHarp CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p. 66. — Gray, Man. p. 117, pl. 3, f. 17. — CiarKke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 338, f. 129 8. — Nun- NELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 48, pl. 1, f. 4. —Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 77.—Browy, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 56.
Limacella concurva (SHELL), BrArp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 5,6, B. 14, 15.
Limacellus obliquus, Turton, Man. p. 26, pl. 3, f. 17.
The most mischievous and abundant of all slugs is this small, but voracious species, which abounds every- where in fields and gardens, devouring leaves of vege-
14 LIMACID A.
tables, and their roots also, with an appetite altogether disproportioned to its size. It scarcely ever exceeds an inch and a half, or two inches at most, in length, and is more of a spindle shape than its congeners. The head is of an amber colour, or yellowish-grey, with two dusky lines running outwards to the slightly dusky, and rather short superior tentacles. The shield is slightly emarginated in front, truncate behind, obovate-oblong, concentrically wrinkled, with a large spiracle placed well back. The back is rounded centrally, carinated (ob- liquely) towards the acute tail; its surface is reticulated with depressed smooth wrinkles. The sides of the foot are white, with a translucent edge. The sole is white. The usual colour of shield and body is pale yellowish, or fleshy grey, with pale dusky mottlings. Occasionally, however, we meet with specimens in which the markings are brown, or even nearly black, so as to give a dark aspect to the whole body. The substance of this slug is remarkably fatty to the feel. Its mucus is milky. Remarkable peculiarities are described by Mr. Nunneley, as occurring in the reproductive organs of this little slug. It is the most prolific of all its tribe, producing several families in a year; and no wonder that it should be so abundant, when M. Bouchard observed two individuals lay no fewer than three hundred and eighty eggs! These eggs are globular and transparent.
The shell is very small, not much exceeding three lines in length, more or less tumid, conyex above but not beneath ; scarcely, or not at all nacreous, provided with a membranaceous margin. The more symmetrical ex- amples are of an oblong-quadrate figure, with rounded angles, slightly broader below than above, the sides of nearly equal length, the base bluntly rounded, the apicial
LIMAX. 15
prominence not quite terminal, and below the level of
the anterior side.
L. cinereus, Miller.
Back rounded, except near tail, which is carinated; shield pointed behind, wrinkled ; colour cinereous, spotted with black ; upper tentacles long- Mucus colourless.
Plate D. D. D. fig. 1.
Limaa maximus cinereus, ListER, Ex. An. t. iii. f. 6-10. cinereus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 5. — DRApARNAUD, Hist. p. 124, pl. 9, f. 10.— Fremine, Brit. Anim. p- 256. — BoucHarp CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. 1. p. 161. —Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p. 76.—NiL.son, Moll. Suec. p- 6.—BLaINVILLE, Malac. Man. pl. 41, f. 5. maaimus, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 108.—Gray, Man. p. 112.— Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 17. — Crarke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 333, t. 10, f. 1.— Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 8; and pl. 59, f. 1. 5 cinereo-niger, WOLF, in Sturm. Fauna, pt. | (fide Menke). » antiquorum, FErussac, Hist. p. 68, pl. 4, f. 1-8; and pl. 8 a. f. 1. — Sowerby, Genera, and Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 1. » maculatus, NUNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 46, pl. 1, f. 2. Limacella parma (sHELL), Brann. Moll. Paris, pl. 4, f. 1, 2, 9, 10.
”
3°
This is the largest and most beautiful of all the British slugs. It grows to a length of six inches, or even more. Its head is pinkish-grey, yellowish on the neck, with a dark central line, and obscure mottlings. The upper tentacles are yellowish-grey, and longer in proportion than in any other of our slugs; the lower ones are short. The shield is obovate-oblong, rounded in front, triangular or pointed behind ; its surface is finely wrinkled concentrically ; the spiracle is placed far back. The back is rounded, except at the tail, where it is carinated ; it is entirely covered with strong longitudinal waved
wrinkles. The tail is tapering, acute, and gradually
16 LIMACIDA.
declining to the end. The sole of the foot is dusky yellow. The colour of the shield and back in this spe- cies is very variable; the individual we have figured was of a yellow colour, closely and reticulately mottled with black on the shield, and striped with four broad black lines along the back. Frequently these black bands are broken up into larger or smaller spots of dif ferent degrees of intensity. In some examples the ground colour is reddish brown. The shell is comparatively large, measuring usually five or six lines in length, and about half that breadth, thin, depressed, slightly concave within, more or less pearly, white, with usually a very slight tinge of pink or cream-colour, and marked with rather prominent lines of growth. In the more characteristic examples, the extremity where the subcentral apophysis of adhesion lies, is subtruncated; the opposite end is somewhat rounded, and often more attenuated. The outer edge is membranaceous ‘The straighter is the more produced side. The mucus is colourless. The eggs are very slightly oblong, about one-fifth of an inch in length, and of a yellowish white tinge; they are laid in adhering clusters,
This fine species is generally distributed through the British Isles, and common everywhere in suitable places. It may be found about houses, in gardens, and especially under decaying logs of wood. When at rest, it (as seems to be the case also with Limaa flavus) does not contract its body into a semicircle, like most of the Limaces, but often curls its tail along its side, and withdraws its head, so as to form an oblong mass. It appears to be generally distributed over the European continent, and was one of the first animals of its tribe that attracted the attention of geologists and anatomists.
LIMAX. VG
L. arsorum, Bouchard Chantereaux.
Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield wrinkled, pointed behind ; colour cinereous, striped or mottled with dusky ; upper tentacles much shorter in proportion than those of cinereus. Mucus colourless.
Plate E. E. F. fig. 2.
Limax arborum, BoucHARD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. vol. i. p- 164.—Aupmr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 31. » arboreys, CLARKE, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 334, pl. 11, f. 4-10.— Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. pl. 68, f. 1, 2; and pl. 59, f. 9-13. » salicetum, BourtLEt, Cat. Moll. Auvergne, p. 18 ? » marginatus, MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 10 ?—Macei.iivray, Mol. Aberd. p. 78 ?
The tree-slug bears a considerable resemblance to a small individual of cinereus. But when we compare them closely, many differences become evident, especially the much smaller superior tentacles, and the less pointed posterior margin of the shield. Its head is yellowish, or yellowish-grey, with a dusky, often dark line, down the centre, and two other paler ones passing up the centres or sides of the superior tentacula. There is also a transverse dark band across the forehead. The shield is oblong, and slightly obovate, shortly pointed behind, rather coarsely concentrically wrinkled; its spiracle is placed farther back than in cinereus; its colour is yellow or grey, with a central irregular dusky band, and two lateral darker stripes. The back is rounded except to- wards the tail, where it is sharply and wavily carinated ; it is covered with coarse, but rather depressed, slightly carinated and waved wrinkles. Its colour is ashy, or pinkish-grey, or yellowish, with more or less distinct dusky or dark mottled bands down each side, and leaving
WOOL. LV, D
18 LIMACIDA.
a light central stripe, at first sight resembling a keel. The dark markings sometimes form two stripes, or two rows of blotches on each side. The sides of the foot are pale, sometimes nearly white; the sole is white. The mucus is quite colourless. The shell varies much, some examples being thick, others thin; it is white, pearly, irregular, slightly convex above, and concave below, with straightish sides, and a not much arcuated base. The eggs are oval, and are laid separately. The tree-slug grows to a length of rather less than three inches. It lives on trees, especially old and decaying ones, eating the wood. It may be found on the ground under fallen trunks, and loose stones in the immediate neighbourhood of trees. Young individuals let them- selves down from branches by threads of mucus, and in that condition, probably constituted, as has been sug- gested by M. Bouchard, the Lima filans of Hoy, Shaw, and Latham. The tree-slug has been overlooked on the British trees, until attention was called to it in the ex- cellent memoir of Irish Limaces by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who found it widely distributed in Ireland, almost always on trees. According to Mr. Thompson of Belfast, it is common in the north of Ireland. We have found it of a large size near Cork.
In Scotland it appears to be the slug from Aber- deen described, by Professor Macgillivray, as the mar- ginatus of Miiller. Mr. W. Thompson has found it in Islay.
In England, Mr. W. Backhouse, and Mr. R. Embleton communicated it to Mr. Alder, from localities in Northum- berland. Mr. Byerly finds it abundant on trees in the neighbourhood of Liverpool. Mr. W. Thompson has met with it in the Isle of Wight, and we have found it
LIMAX. 19
ourselves in Surrey. It is probably a generally distri- buted species, often passed over for the young of cinereus.
L. rravus, Linneus.
Back rounded, carinated at tail; shield rounded behind, wrinkled ; colour yellowish, spotted with dusky ; tentacles blue. Mucus slightly yellowish.
Plate E. E. E. fig. 1.
Limaa flavus, LINNXUS (not of MULLER).—NILison, Moll. Suec. p. 5.—Gray, Man. p. 114, pl. 5, f. 16.—Crarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 338 t. 11, f. 11, 12.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55. » variegatus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 127.—FeErussac, Hist. p. 71, pl. 5, f. 1-4.—BoucHarpD CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. yol. i. p. 163.— Macerttivray, Moll. Aberd. p- 76.—NuNNELEY, Leeds Trans. vol. i. p. 47, pl. 1, f. 3. —GRriFFiTH, Cuv. pl. 35, f. 3. 9 cinereus, var. Y. MULLER, Hist. Verm. vol. ii. p. 6. Limacella unguiculata, Brarp. Moll. Par. pl. 4, f. 3, 4, 11, 12. Limacellus variegatus, Turron, Man. p. 23, pl. 3, f. 4.
The cellar-slug is a large, fleshy species, attaining a length of four or five inches, or even more. Its head is comparatively small, and bears rather short tentacula, remarkable (as well as the neck) for their pale blue colour. The shield is oval-oblong, finely wrinkled con- centrically or transversely, truncate in front, subtruncate or rounded behind; its respiratory orifice is postero- lateral; its colour is usually ash-grey, with numerous pale yellow spots. The back is rounded and full, its surface scored with reticulated furrows, the wrinkles be- tween which are slightly carinated and obscurely crenate. The colour of the back is ash-grey, with yellow blotches. The tail is obtuse, and carinated above. The margins of the foot, the sole of which is white, are yellowish-
white. The mucus is colourless. The shell is four or
20 LIMACIDA.
five lines long, very thin, nearly oval or oboval, white, much arcuated in front, tolerably straight behind, neither attenuated, nor rounded, but blunt, at the base; its apo- physis of adhesion is rather prominent in the more cha- racteristic examples, and situated rather behind the middle.
In his account of the anatomy of this species, Mr. Nunneley mentions that it possesses an additional loop of intestine, in other respects its internal organization is closely similar to that of cinereus. Its eggs are not quite so large.
The cellar-slug inhabits damp places in houses, espe- cially vaults. It is found in most of our great cities, and is, probably, generally dispersed through our towns, large and small. It is a gregarious species.
L. srunneus, Draparnaud ?
Back rounded except at the tail, which is carinated ; shield wrinkled ; colour uniform dark brown. Mucus colourless.
Plate F. F. F. fig. 4.
Limax brunneus, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 128?— Bouchard CHANTEREAUX, Mem. Soc. Ag. Boul. 2nd ser. yol. i. p. 168. — Jonnston, Trans. Berwick. Club, vol. i. p. 154. — Gray, Man. p. 117. —ALpER, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p. 32.
Limacella concava (SHELL), BRARD. Coq. Paris.
This little noticed slug was first added to our fauna by Dr. Johnston of Berwick. It appears to be not un- common, according to Mr. Aldér, in the damp woods of the north-east of England. Our figure was commu- nicated by Mr. Alder, who remarks that it is quite dis- tinct from its near ally imax agrestis, and very constant in its characters. It is a very small species, about
or less than an inch in length when crawling. It is
LIMAX. 4 |
entirely of a dark chocolate brown colour, approaching black ; head, shield, and body alike. The shield is oblong, rounded behind, concentrically wrinkled. The back is rounded, except near the tail, where it is carinated. Its mucus is abundant, and quite transparent. M. Bouchard Chantereaux states that its eggs, of which it lays no more than from twelve to eighteen, during a period of from six to eight days, are ovato-rotund, colourless, and transparent, ‘The fry are reddish, and do not attain their maturity, until about seventy days after birth, when they are of their characteristic colour. This slug is active and fearless. It lives in moist places under stones and among herbs. It will probably be found in many more British localities. Some small slugs gathered by Mr.W. Thompson at Dunvegan Castle, in Skye, appear to belong to this species.
L. renetius, Miiller.
Back rounded, compressed near the tail; shield wrinkled ; colour yellow. Mucus yellow.
Plate F.F.F. fig. 3.
Limaa tenellus, MULLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 11.—Drararnavp, Hist. p. 127 p— Nittson, Moll. Suec. p. 10. — AnpsEr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p- ol.
This is the rarest of all our slugs. Only one speci- men has yet been found in Britain, met with by Mr. Blacklock in a wood at Allansford, near Shortly Bridge, in Northumberland, and by him communicated to Mr. Alder, who has kindly permitted us to engrave his draw- ing of it,—a favour the more to be valued, since there is no published figure of the species, either in British or
22 LIMACIDA.
foreign works. The following description combines the observations of Alder and of Nillson. In size it is one of the smallest species, not exceeding an inch and a quarter in length. The colour of the British example was a pale dull yellow, very transparent and lubricous, with an obscure band on each side of the shield and back, the tentacles being black. Nillson and Drapernaud notice a greenish tinge. In shape it is slender and rounded. The shield is rounded behind, and covered with fine concentric wrinkles. The back is rounded, but compressed towards the tail. The mucus (this cha- racter is especially to be noted) is orange-coloured.
Limaz tenellus of Miiller, is referred to the genus Arion, by MM. Ray and Drouet, in their catalogue of the Mollusca of Champagne. It is possible that they have mistaken the fry of Avion hortensis for this species. We have found them in numbers at Monkstown on the wet surfaces of trees after a shower, and when small they bear a striking aspect to Limaces.
L. Sowers, Ferussac.
Back carinated throughout; shield granulated ; tawny or ochre yellow, with dusky markings ; keel of back yellow.
Plate E. E. E: fig. 3.
Liman Sowerbii, Ferussac, Hist. p. 96, pl. 8 vp. f. 7, 8.—DENson, in Mag. Nat.
Hist. vol. vi. p. 694. — Cnarke, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p- 338, pl. 12, f. 14, 15. —Atprr, Cat. Moll. Northumb. p- 3l.
» carinatus, GRAY, Man. p. 115, pl. 3, f. 17.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 208.—Brown, IIl. Brit. Conch. p. 55, pl. 58, f. 6; and pl. 59, f. 14.
» marginatus, DRAPARNAUD (not of MiLuER), Hist. p. 124, pl. 9, f. 7.
Of our two keeled slugs, this is the largest and stoutest;
LIMAX. wo
when crawling it is oblong-elongated ; when at rest the keel rises suddenly and loftily above the shield. The . general ground colour is ochraceous or tawny yellow, on which dots and clouds of grey and dusky are variously disposed. The keel of the back is always pale or bright yellow. The head is rather short, ash-grey above, with two dark neck lines; the tentacles are violet blue; the sides of the head yellow. The shield is oblong, widening behind, obtuse at both ends, granulated all over, ochry yellow with grey specks, a dark centro-pos- teral line, and two lateral ones, which are curved and connected towards its front part. The orifice is postero- lateral. The sides of the back are always more or less marked and clouded with dusky green, but the margins of the foot are pale. The sole is grey centrally, definitely edged with yellow. ‘The reticulations of the back are granulated. Two to three inches is a usual length for this slug. The shell is very small, solid, flat or concave above, convex beneath, without a conspicuous membra- naceous margin. It is commonly from two to three lines long. The mucus is colourless.
In gardens and shady places around London, this slug iscommon. It seems to get scarcer as we proceed north- wards. Mr. Alder records it as found by Mr.W. Back- house, near Benwell, in Northumberland. In Ireland, Miss Ball found it at Youghal; Dr. Ball finds it abun- dant around Dublin. We have taken it plentifully at Monkstown near Cork.
A careful perusal of the description and inspection of the figure given by Draparnaud, of the slug which he proposed to identify with the marginatus of Miiller, scarcely permits us to doubt that this was the species in- tended. To Ferussac it was communicated by Sowerby.
24 LIMACIDE.
Leach had noticed it, and described it under the name of carinatus, but no published account or figure, except that of Draparnaud preceded Ferussac’s, whose name
besides is best.
L. cacates, Draparnaud.
Back carinated throughout, shield granulated; dark lead colour, with pale sides.
Plate D. D. D. fig. 3.
Limax gagates, DRAPARNAUD, Hist. p. 122, pl. 9, f. 1, 2. — Ferussac, Hist. p- 75, pl. 6, f. 1, 2.—Criarxe, Ann. Nat. Hist—Brown, Ill. Brit. Conch. p. 56, pl. 58, f. 4, 5.
The general colour of this curious slug is lead-grey, sometimes very dark, occasionally slightly greenish, be- coming lighter towards the sides, and near the margin of the foot almost white. When crawling, it is of an elongated lanceolate shape, very tapering towards the tail. When at rest, it is contracted into a semicircle, the sharp-edged back gradually rising from the large shield. The head is rather large, bluish-grey, with darker tentacles. The shield or disk is oblong, obtuse, and subtruncated at both extremities, granulated on the surface, and bearing the respiratory orifice nearer the centre than it is placed in Sowerbii. The colour of the shield is often darker than that of the body. The back is strongly and sharply carinated; its surface is covered with oblong tubercular wrinkles, each of which is depressed and granulated; they become smoother and larger to- wards the sides. The margin of the foot is smooth and, as well as the sole, white. The mucus is colourless. The shell is small in proportion to the bulk of the shield, unguiform, elongated, oval, thick, and irregularly convex,
LIMAX. 25
and as if erystalline beneath. The eggs are transparent and perfectly globular.
This scarce species differs from Sowerbii not only in colour, and the points already noted, but also in relative proportion of shield and body, the former being much larger in gagates. The description and figures of Dra- parnaud agree too well with the specimens we have ex- amined to admit of a doubt of the correctness of the identification. It was first noticed as an inhabitant of the British Isles by the Rev. B. J. Clarke, who found it in several localities in Ireland. Dr. Robert Ball found it near Dublin, whence living examples were kindly trans- mitted to us by Mr. Kelly. Mr. W. Thompson, Dr. Ball, and Prof. E. Forbes found it near Clifden, in Con- nemara. We have taken it under stones in the open country near Castle Martyr in Ireland, and in similar places at Peel Castle in the Isle of Man (KE. F.). The first and only example as yet met with in England was found by Mr. Darbyshire under a stone at the foot of a thorn hedge in Portland Island, in September, 1851. This specimen is a very dark variety, and has that jetty hue on the back, which induced Draparnaud to name the species as he did.
VOL. IV. E
TESTACELLID.
TESTACELLA. Cuvier.
Animat elongated, semicylindrical ; disk covering, and combined with the entire upper surface of the body, which bears an external, auriform, compressed shell, with a minute spire, at the hinder extremity of the back. Head with four tentacula, the upper ones bearing the eyes. Pul- monary orifice under the right side of the shell, the vent very near it. Reproductive orifice behind, and near the right superior tentacle.
We regard this genus as the type of a family interme- diate between the slugs and the snails. The Testacelle are subterranean in their habits, approaching the surface of the ground, or crawling upon it in autumn, and descending to a depth of one or two feet below the soil in winter. They
are carnivorous, devouring worms and slugs.
T. mauioroiea, Draparnand.
Plate G.G. G. fig. 1.
Testacella haliotidea, DRAPARN. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 130, pl. 59, f. 17; 121 (in part), pl. 8, f. 44,455; and Animal, pl. 9, f, 12, 13. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 257. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 54, pl. 18, f. 15, 16.—Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. vol. v. pl. 35, f. 4. —Sowxrrsy, Conch. Manual, f. 261.
Testacellus Europeus, Montrort, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. p. 95.
TESTACELLA. PA
Testacellus haliotideus, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 5 to 9.— Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 29, f. 20. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 124, pl. 3, f. 19, 20.— Tuomeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 19. — Sowersy, Genera Shells, Testacellus, f. 1, 2.— Cuvier, Animal Kingd. (ed. Griffith) Mollusc. pl. 35, f. 4. —ReEve, Conch. Systemat. vol. ii. pl. 161, Silay s Testacella scutulum, SowERBy, Genera Shells, Testac. f. 3 to 6.—TuRTON, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 28, f. 19.—J. D. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, f. 41, d. e. — ReEve, Conch. Syst. pl. 161, f. 3 to 6. = Luis, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 224, f. 39. & haliotoides, CANTRAINE, Mem. Acad. Brux. vol. xiii. p. 97.
This animal is elongated, granulated above, grooved along the right side, of a general yellowish, tawny, or reddish hue, sometimes grey. The upper tentacles are rather long, the head small, the body increasing in bulk poste- riorly, the tail steep and abrupt, and the foot marginated.
The shell, which is tolerably strong for its size (its length rarely, if ever, exceeds the third of an inch), is of a subau- riform shape, but ranges from rounded oval to subtrun- cated oval; it is flattened and covered with a brownish ash-coloured epidermis nearly smooth, or at most, concen- trically subrugose ; the vertex is acute, prominent, and subspiral ; the pillar, which is very broadly dilated, and somewhat twisted above, contracts rapidly below. The aperture is bluish white, and decidedly broader above than below ; its external margin at first slopes very slightly outwards in a nearly straight line, and then forming a rather obtuse angle, inclines inwards with a gentle arcua- tion: the angle is very evidently below the level of the vertex.
This is peculiarly a southern species. It occurs in the Channel Isles, where it was first noticed by Mr. Lukis. Mr. Sowerby found it in a garden at Lambeth, and it has
28 TESTACELLIDA.
since been observed in several localities south and west of London, especially in Devon. It occurs also in the south of Ireland, where it was taken by Dr. Ball at Youghal, and by Professor Allman at Bandon.
SPURIOUS.
T. Mavucer, Ferussac.
Testacellus Maugei, Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 8, f. 10, 12.—Mrtver, Ann. Philos. new ser. yol. ili. (1822), p. 380.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p- 257. — Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 27, f. 18.—J. D. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 229, fig. 4], f. 9 (from Ferus.). — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 5, pl. 3. f. 18 (as spurious). —SowERBy, Genera Shells, Testac. f. 7 to 10.—Rxxve, Conch. Syst. vol. ii. pl. 161, f. 7 to 10.
A native of Teneriffe, dec. ; introduced by Miller, who found it in Nursery Gardens near Bristol.
29
HELICID.
Tue-snails are provided with spiral, often turreted, rarely depressed, or expanded shells, which, however, is never operculated. In the deficiency of operculum the animal, when hybernating, closes the orifice with a membranous epiphragm, perforated for the admission of air. ‘The head is well developed and furnished with retractile tentacula, the two upper ones always prominent and bearing the eyes at their extremities. These tentacles are always cylindrical.
The British Helicide and other tribes of our testaceous pulmonifera have formed the subjects of so many essays and monographs that we do not deem it necessary to treat of them at the same length, or to enter into details of their habits to the same extent that we have done in our account of marine mollusca, in order to keep our work within proposed limits, already considerably ex- ceeded.
VITRINA. DraparNnavp.
Shell thin, translucent, oblong or suborbicular, of few whorls, the last ample, the spire depressed; aperture rounded or oblong, large, lunate, entire; peristome thin ; columella imperforate.
Animal bulky, large for the shell, lanceolate ; head with four tentacula, the lower pair short ; mantle ample,
30 HELICIDA.
thick, reflected upon the shell, furnished with a lobe on the right side under the spire; tail obliquely truncated ;
edge teeth of tongue aculeate.
V. eettucipa, Miiller.
Plate CX XXI. fig. 8, 9, 10, and (Animal) Plate I. I. I. fig. 2.
Helix pellucida, MistLER, Verm. vol. ii. p. 15.—PxENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p- 188?—Sueparp, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 169, animal.
Vitrina 4, Drapar, Tabl. Moll. p. 98; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p- 119, pl. 8, f. 34 to 37. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 267.— Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 31 (ed. Gray, p- 120), f. 21.— ALprerR, Mag. Z. and B. vol. ii. p. 105. — Macait. Moll. Aberd. p. 94. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 54, pl. 17. f. 6, 7, 12. — Brarp, Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 78, pl. 3, f. 3 to 6. — Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 728.—GuSRIN, Iconog. R. A. Moll. pl. 5, f. 3.—Duzsu. Enc. Méth. Vers, vol. iii. p. 1133.
Helix diaphana, Poirer (not Drap. Tabl.), Coq. Fl. et Terr. Aisne, p. 77.
Helicolimax major, FreRus. Essai, p. 43.
Helix elliptica, BRown, Mem. Werner. Soc. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 525, pl. 24, f. 8 (read in 1815).
» Draparnaldi, Cuvier, Régne Anim. vol. ii. p. 405.
Vitrina major, C. Prrir. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 47, note.
Limacina pellucida, var. B, HARTM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 246.
Helicolimax Audebardi, Frrus. Tabl. Syst. Moll. p. 21; Hist. Moll. pl. 9, f. 5.
5 pellucida, BLAInv. Dict. Sc. Nat. vol. xxxii. p. 255. Vitrina Audebardi, C. Preir. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 55. » Draparnaldi, JErrReys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 493. » Miilleri, Juvrrrys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 326. » Dillwynii, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 506 (changed from elongata, p. 327).
Shell small, transversely elliptic, oblique, extremely thin and transparent, very highly polished, ranging in colour from oil-yellow to pea-green (in the latter case less di- aphanous, and lined internally with subnacreous white), quite smooth, except near the distinctly impressed suture which is margined by a threadlike indentation, and cre-
nated, though at times obscurely so. Shape of the disks,
VITRINA. 3h
or upper and lower surfaces, not circular, but semi- oval. Whorls three and a half, rapidly enlarging, simply and moderately convex; the spire scarcely elevated, ending obtusely. Body very large in proportion, filling about five-sixths of the length, rather broadly rounded at the periphery; the convex curvature of its surface more abruptly declining below than above. Mouth lu- nate-oval, rather broader than it is long, capacious, usually occupying two-thirds of the height, four-sevenths of the breadth, and almost half the central area. Outer lip very greatly projecting, simple, acute, arched, sloping down and leaning over above, subarcuated and vastly receding below. Pillar lip thin, slanting so as to form a con- tinuous curve with the basal edge, very briefly reflected at the axis, but not forming a distinct perforation. Length an inch and three quarters; breadth three inches and a quarter.
In the broad yellow variety, the spire is pre-eminently depressed, and the mouth peculiarly ample; in the less pellucid pea-green variety the contrary conditions more frequently prevail.
The animal is usually only partially retractile, of a bluish grey colour, sometimes tinged with yellow; two pale violet lines run down the rather short upper ten- tacula and along the neck, but soon fade away. The lower tentacles are short and slightly violet. The mantle is reflected on the lip of the shell, and behind, beneath the spire, has a lobe-like process. The tail projects be- hind the shell, and is suddenly and obliquely truncated. This pretty little snail is common in all parts of the country, among moss, under stones, &c.
Norr.—Turton having obtained a shell which he supposed to be the Helia brevipes of Draparnaud’s “* Mollusques,” copied the figure (Manual L. and F, W.
32 HELICIDA.
Shells, f. 50, from Drap. pl. 8, f. 30, 31) and part of the description (p. 65), but subsequently (p. 142) referred his specimen to the young of Vitrina. His drawing of V. elongata (Manual, f. 22) is likewise derived from the same source (Drap. pl. 8, f. 41), the French species not being a native of this country.
ZONITES. Gray.
Shell spiral, more or less subdiscoid ; spire of many whorls, depressed, thin, polished; mouth lunate, entire, peristome thin ; columella perforate.
Animal bulky, but not over-large in proportion to shell, lanceolate ; head with four tentacles, the lower pair short; mantle thickened and slightly reflected ; tail obliquely truncated ; edge-teeth of tongue aculeate.
We adopt this genus, in the sense given to it by Mr. Gray, with a restriction, however, since we include in it only the hyaline species of that author. It forms a connecting link between Vitrina and Helix, but is more nearly allied to the former than to the latter. This has been proved by the observations of Mr. W. Thomson, on the dentition of those snails, to which the name Zonites has been applied. ‘‘ From the very similar character of the edge-teeth in Zonites alliarius, cellarius, nitidulus and radiatulus (whose tongues greatly resemble each other),” writes Mr. Thomson, ‘“‘I am induced to believe that they should come in between Vitrina and the true Helices, for while their edge-teeth show no appearance of bifurcation, the heel to the apex may possibly be looked upon as an approach towards it. Their sagittate central tubercle corresponds with that of Vitrina, and a similarly- shaped central tubercle in Helix fulva connects them with the true Helices, which have a simple aculeate tubercle.
Zonites radiatus (so called) is a true Helix.”*
* Annals Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. vii. p. 91.
ZONITES. 33
Z. ceczarius, Miller.
Flat, transparent, and pale yellowish horn-colour above, opaque white beneath, very shining, nearly smooth ; whorls five, or five and a half; umbilicus moderately large.
Plate CXX. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (Animal) Plate H. H. H., fig. 3.
Felix cellaria, MtiuLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 28. — Axper, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p- 108.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 17, f. 59, 60. —Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 71.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 42, pl. 2, f. 39, 40.— RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 70, f. 22; and pt. 8, p- 36, f. 527. — Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p- 203.—BiInnEy, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. pl. 26, f. 2. —Goutp, Invert. Massach. p. 180, f. 104. — Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 54.— CuHemn, (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 517, pl. 84, f. 8, 9, 10.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 112. lucida, Puyy. Hutchins Dorset, p. 47 ?—Mont. Test. Brit. p. 425, pl. 23, f. 4 (not vars.). — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 340, —Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, f. 40. nitida, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 23 to 25.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note). », itens, MATon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 7.— Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 22, in part. — Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 52; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 55.— ALTEN, Erd und Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 58, pl. 5, f. 10. Oaychilus cellaria, Firzine. Syst. Derz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. Polita 3 HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella cellaria and Draparnaudii, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Zonites cellarius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 170, pl. 4, f. 40.— Macaiu. Moll. Aberd. p. 88.
”
”
Shell depressed, flattish, somewhat pellucid, glossy, but not polished, pale horn-colour with sometimes a light greenish tint, passing into opaque white on the under surface, almost smooth yet with indistinct longitudinal striule near the sutures. Whorls five or five and a half, flattened yet deeply defined, enlarging gradually yet not slowly. Spire scarcely raised, apex blunt. Aperture
VOL. IV. EF
34 HELICIDA.
obliquely crescent-shaped, manifestly descending at its base, below the general levels of the disk, not quite so high as broad, equal in width to nearly half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base not much rounded, more distinctly wrinkled than the upper surface; umbilicus moderately large, exposing the second whorl. Diameter two-fifths of an inch.
Although Miiller describes the animal as ‘ Limax totus albus,” that is not the usual appearance of it, especially when taken in the fields. It is of a bluish-white hue with dark violet head, neck, and tentacles. The upper tentacles are long and slender, and bear the eyes within a pale space at their swollen tips. The foot is marginated. The tail slightly exceeds the shell and is gently truncated obliquely at its extremity.
This species is universal through the British Isles, living in houses, under stones, in drains, and among
grass. Z. auuiarius, Miller.
Resembling cel/aria, but much smaller, more convex, of only four volutions, not so pallid, merely opaque white near the umbilicus.
Plate CXX. fig. 5, 6.
Helia alliaria, MitLER, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. p. 379. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 837 ;—Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 108. —Turron, L. and F. W. Shells, p. 56, f. 39, (very badly).—Brown, LIllust. Conch. G. B. p. 52.—Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, Ne. 508, pl. 83, f. 10, 11, 12.—L. Przir. Monog. Helig. vol. i. p. 90.
» glabra, SrupER in Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. 215.—Cuarrent. N. Denksch. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13, pl. 1, f. 22 (Hyalinia). —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 36, f. 528.
» alliacea, Jnvrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341.
ZONITES. 35
Helix nitens, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xiv. p. 160. , Setida, Srark, Elem, Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 59. » lurida, SrupER, Verz, Schweiz. Conch. (not synon.) fide Charp.
? ,, tenera, Hartm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 232.
Polita glabra, HexD, in Isis, 1837, p. 619. Helicella ,, Brcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. » alliaria, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. Zonites alliurius, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 168, pl. 4, f. 39.— Mace. Moll. Aberd. p. 91.
Shell rather small, convex yet depressed, highly polished, thin, transparent, clear yellowish, or yellowish horn-colour, changing into rather opaque white towards the middle of the lower disk, almost smooth, or only faintly striated. Spire very little raised. Volutions four, not convex but deeply defined, not rapidly enlarging; the last broad, flattened, and not bending much forward. Aperture not very oblique, crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, about equal in width to half the total diameter. Peri- stome thin, simple, not reflected. Base rounded at the sides, umbilicus deep.
Diameter about a quarter of an inch. It is smaller and more convex than cellaria, with its aperture less obliquely inclined, and its basal opacity less manifest. Its bright clear and transparent colour distinguishes it from nitidula.
The animal resembles ce//aria and the rest of this sec- tion in shape, but differs in colour, being of a general deep violet or black hue, paler only on the sole. It is remark- able for secreting a mucus that gives out a pungent odour of garlic. It is universally diffused through the British Isles, living in very various localities, common in gardens and greenhouses, and frequent under stones on sandy dunes. It is found also at a considerable eleva- tion on mountains, living under stones even upon their
summits.
36 HELICIDA.
Z. nrriputus, Draparnaud.
Depressed, not highly polished, dull waxen yellow above, par- tially opaque white beneath, smooth ; umbilicus decidedly large.
Plate CXX. fig. 8, 9, 10.
Helix nitidula, Dravar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117.—Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239. —Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 840, not var. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 88.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 52. —Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 213 (Helicella). — RossmMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, f. 24 and pt. 8, p. 26, f. 526. — Krynicxt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 208. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, No. 512, pl. 83, f. 20, 21, 22.—L. Prem. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 93.
Oaychilus nitidulus, Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100.
Polita nitidula, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 216.
Felicella ,, Bucx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6.
Zonites nitidulus, GRAY, Manual L. and F.W. Shells, p. 172, pl. 12, f. 136.—
Maceru. Moll. Aberd. p. 89.
Shell not very large, depressed, more convex above than below, not lustrous but with a slight resinous gloss of an uniform dull brownish amber or wax-colour above, becoming paler below and changing into opaque white underneath towards the mouth and umbilicus, obscurely sub- striolated lengthways, otherwise smooth. Spire very little raised, apex obtuse. Whorls four and a half to five, a little rounded, rather broad, not abruptly enlarging; the last rather wide but not depressed, rather bending down- wards towards the aperture. Mouth obliquely crescent- shaped, broader than high, not equal in width to half the total diameter, very considerably projecting beyond the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected.
Base not much rounded, concave centrally, umbilicus
rather large, profound.
ZONITES. BW)
Diameter about three-eighths of an inch.
The animal is, according to Mr. Alder, of a dark lead- colour, darker than cellarius. It is not so common, but is probably much more widely distributed than usually supposed. It inhabits shady places, under stones.
Z. purus, Alder.
Small, depressed, smooth, whitish and transparent both above and below ; body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding turn ; outer lip acute ; umbilicus rather large.
Plate CXXI. fig. 5, 6.
Helix nitidula, var. DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 117, pl. 8, f. 21, 22, — JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 340, 511. —C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 45, pl. 2, f. 35. 55 itidosa, Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 214 (no descr.) — RossMAssL. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 71, pl. 1, f. 23.— Krynickt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 205. » erystallina, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 ? » pura, ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 37; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 108.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 59, f. 43 (badly magnified).— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p» 32.— Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 511, pl. 83, f. 17 to 19.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol.i, p. 96 (not yar. A). » viridula, MENKE, Synops. Moll. ed. 2, p. 127. » Jlenticula, Hetp, Isis, 1837, p. 304. Polita nitidosa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6. Felix electrina, Gouup, Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 423, pl. 22, f. 2.— Invert. Massach. p, 183, f. 111. Zonites purus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 171, pl. 4, f. 43.—Maceiz. Moll. Aberd. p. 92 (probably).
Shell small, depressed, transparent, moderately shining, thin, white or occasionally very pale horn coloured, of an uniform tint, not becoming opaque underneath, almost smooth, or at most obscurely wrinkled by the lines of
38 HELICIDA.
increase. Spire very little raised; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, gradually but not abruptly enlarging, but little convex, somewhat oblique, well defined, the last shelving. Aperture very oblique, rounded, crescent-shaped, broader than high, nearly as wide as half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base a little flattened, umbilicus deep, rather large. Diameter about the fifth or the sixth of an inch.
The animal is white with two black cervical lines. It varies in being darker. The cloak is white speckled with black (Alder). It is most frequent in woods in the north of England, where it was first noticed by Mr. Alder in the neighbourhood of Newcastle.
Z. rapratuuus, Alder.
Very small, depressed, shining, of a transparent, pale amber colour, rarely white, on both disks, regularly striated ; whorls at most four, flattened at their junction with the inner ones ; body whorl decidedly broader than the preceding turn ; um- bilicus moderately large.
Plate CX XI. fig. 1.
Helix radiatula, AupER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38; and vol. ii. p. 340.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol, xvi. p. 511. —Tuompeson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 55.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53. Zonites radiatulus, GRAY, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 173, pl. 12, f. 187.— Macart. Moll. Aberd. p. 91. Helix pura, var. B. Prete. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 96.
Small, depressed, thin, transparent, shining, of an uni- form brownish amber-colour or fulvous horn-colour (rarely pure white), not becoming white or opaque underneath, with regular sharply cut longitudinal stria upon the su-
perior disk, which are much arcuated, numerous but not
ZONITES. 39
crowded, and obsolete upon the base. Spire much de- pressed, apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, decidedly but not abruptly enlarging, distinctly defined, peculiarly though slightly flattened near their upper suture, moderately convex below. Aperture very oblique, rounded crescent-shaped, manifestly broader than high, nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, its lower portion far below the general level of the base. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Circumference well rounded. Base a little flattened ; umbilicus rather large at the commencement but much contracted by the penult whorl. Diameter about the sixth of an inch.
The animal, according to Alder, is black. This species occurs among moss in woods and under stones. It is most frequent in the north and east of England, but has a very general distribution and is common in all provinces of
Treland and Scotland.
Z. nitipus, Miiller.
Depressed, much shining, transparent and brownish fulvous on both disks ; whorls four and a half to five, of moderate en- largement ; suture profound, umbilicus large.
Plate CXX. fig. 4, 7.
? Helix Hammonis, StRbM. Acta Nidross. vol. iii. p. 435, pl. 6, f. 16.
» nitida, MiuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 32.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 389. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 72.—Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 108, pl. 24, f. 30, 31.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 94.
» nitens, GMELIN, Syst. Nature, p. 3633.
» lucida, DRapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 103, pl. 8, f. 11, 12.— Gray, Medical Repository, 1821.—AxpeEr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 56, f. 38. — THomrpson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 33.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G, B. p. 52.—C. Prxtr, Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 35, pl. 2, f. 19.—RossmMAssv.
AQ) HELICIDE.
Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 72, pl. 1, f. 25.— Krynicki, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 207. — Cuar- pent. N. Denks. Schweiz Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 13.
2 Helix tenuis, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. i. p. 913.
4» succinea, STUDER, in Coxe Tray. (Hartm.)
Oaychilus lucidus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100.
Tanychlamys lucida, Benson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 89.
Polita » He p, Isis, 1837, p. 916.
Helicella nitida and succinea 2 Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 6.
Zonites lucidus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 174, pl. 4, f. 38.— Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 90.
Shell rather small, rather depressed, thin, transparent, glossy, of an uniform brownish fulvous hue, not exhibiting any trace of opacity on the lower disk, longitudinally striolate, spire a little raised, rather obtuse at the apex. Whorls four and a half or five, gradually and not abruptly enlarging, moderately convex, well defined ; the last broadly rounded and not contracted at the circumference. Aper- ture roundish crescent-shaped, rather broader than high, not quite equal to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, basal edge arcuated, base some- what rounded, a little produced anteriorly, umbilicus decidedly large, displaying the second volution, diameter rather above a quarter of an inch.
The animal is dark. This snail is not uncommon under
stones in shady places.
Z. excavatus, Bean.
Small, transparent and fulvous above and below, much shin- ing, regularly striated; whorls very slowly enlarging, so that the body is scarcely broader than the preceding turn ; umbi- licus peculiarly capacious.
Plate CX XI. fig. 2, 3, 4.
Helix ewcavata, BEAN, in Alder’s Catalog. L. and F. W. Shells (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 38).— ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. yol. vi.
ZONITES. 41
p- 34.—Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 9, 10. —L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 98. FTeliv nitida, var. a, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 339, 511. » lucida, var. 2 Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57. Zonites excavatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 175, pl. 12, f. 138.
Shell small, rather depressed, sub-orbicular, thin, trans- parent, polished, of an uniform fulvous yellow, or yellowish horn colour, not opaque beneath, with distinct longitudinal striz or wrinkles, spire a little raised, apex blunt. Whorls five, moderately convex, or even slightly rounded, well defined, very slowly enlarging ; the last scarcely exceeding the penult, but little descending, and more shelving below than above. Aperture rather small, rounded, crescent- shaped, scarcely broader than high, in width not more than equal to two-fifths the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, base well rounded, umbilicus very large, displaying all the superior volutions.
Diameter scarcely a quarter of an inch.
The animal is lead-coloured (Alder). In Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham, and other counties in the North of England and South of Scotland, are its favourite loca- lities. It has been taken near Cork in Ireland by Miss King, and at Clifden in Galway (W. Thompson). As yet
it has not been noticed out of Britain.
Z. crysTatuinus, Miiller.
Minute, nearly flat, shining, white, transparent ; body scarcely broader than the preceding turn; mouth lunate ; umbilicus
small. Plate CX XII. fig. 1, 2.
Helix erystallina, MULLER (not Fleming), Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 23. — Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239.—JxErrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 341.— Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Northumb. yol. i. p. 36. — Turron, Manual L. and F. W.
VOL, IV. G
42 HELICID A.
Shells, p. 58, f. 42. — Brown, IIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 7.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 118, pl. 8, f. 13 to 20.—C. PFrEIF. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 46, pl. 2, f. 86.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 13 (Hyalinia). — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, f. 531. — Moretert, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 555, pl. 88, é f, 27 to 30.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 59. Helix eburnea, HAnrM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 234. eristallina, Furus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 223 (Helicella). — Minter, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822), p. 379. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 87. » vitrea, BRowN, Edinb. Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Se. vol. i. pl. 1, f. 12, 13, 14.—Isis, 1832, p. 11. Discus erystallinus, Frvzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99. Polita erystallina, Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Helicella ,, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7. Zonites crystallinus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 176, pl. 4, f. 42.— Macert. Moll. Aberd. p. 92.
9
Shell very small, orbicular, flattened, thin, of an uniform pellucid white, with a slight tinge of green, polished, smooth, or very slightly striated, not opaque beneath. Spire scarcely raised, apex obtuse. Whaorls five, defined, yet scarcely convex, very narrow, enlarging very gra- dually ; the last but inconsiderably broader than the penult, and not shelving above, so that the circumference is broadly rounded. Aperture nearly as high as it is broad, obliquely crescent-shaped, not quite equal in width to half the total diameter, produced beneath the basal level. Peristome acute, simple, not reflected. Base convex, umbilicus small, profound. Diameter not much exceeding the eighth of an inch.
The animal is white, with fine dark lines running along the neck and tentacula. This pretty little snail is widely distributed in all parts of Britain; but owing to its minute- ness is apt to be overlooked: it should be sought for in
damp places, under stones and among moss.
HELIX. 43
HELIX. Linnzvs.
Shell spiral, opaque, or translucent, solid or thin, more or less globose, in some discoid, smooth, or sculptured, surface variously coloured, but seldom covered with a polished epidermis. Mouth lunated, thickened within, simple or toothed, peristome frequently reflexed.
Animal moderately large in proportion to shell, head with four developed tentacles, mantle not reflected on shell; tail lanceolate and never truncate; foot often ample ;
tongue with the edge-teeth serrated.
H. averra, Born.
Subglobose, wrinkled lengthways, uniform brownish-green : mouth extremely large.
Plate CXVI. fig. 7.
Gauott. pl. 1, f. Helix terrestris, FORSKAEL (teste Beck), Desc. Anim. It. Orient. » perta, Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. p. 387, pl. 19, f. 20.—Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 127, pl. 11, f. 129——Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. vol. vii. Helix, No. 1, pl. 1, f. 1 to 4. —L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 25. ,», Neritoides, Cunmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 150, pl. 138, f. 1204, 1205. », Naticoides, DRAPAR. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 92, pl. 5, f. 26, 27.— Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 15; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 11, f. 17 to 20.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vili. p. 85.— Briartnv. Man. Malacol. p. 460, pl. 40, f. 6. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 1, f. 285 (pt. 2, f. 156, animal).—Kisrer, in Chemn. Conch. (ed. 2), p. 24. Cantareus ra Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 64. Cenatoria Pn HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Pomatia aperta, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44.
Shell rather large, imperforate, globular, or ovate- globose, inflated, very thin, not distinctly pellucid, with
44 HELICIDA.
irregular longitudinal fold-like striz, which are, some- times, partially confluent, or connected by short branches, clothed with a closely adherent, and more or less shining epidermis of a yellowish olive colour. Spire very short ; body extremely large; apex blunt. Whorls four mode- rately rounded, rapidly enlarging; the last not distinctly deflected. Aperture higher than broad, obovate, equal in width to two-thirds the total diameter of the shell, rather suddenly contracted above by the arcuation of the penult whorl. Peristome thin, simple, not reflected, slightly edged with white, much arcuated below, its di- lation upon the produced pillar very slight; a rather obscure shelly coating connecting the two lips in the adult.
The animal is very large for the shell; its colour is brownish grey with dusky tentacula.
A large foreign example measured an inch and an eighth in length, and an inch and a fifth in breadth. It finds a place in the “ British Fauna” on account of a specimen found in Guernsey, in 1859, by Professor E. Forbes, and deposited in the British Museum. It is common in the south of France.
H. aspersa, Miiller.
Obliquely subglobose, beneath the epidermis pale fawn- coloured, with four (usually interrupted) chocolate-brown bands.
Plate CX VI. fig, 1.
Kworr, Délices des Yeux, pt. 4, pl. 27, f. 3. Helix grisea, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247 (badly described). — Gmexin, Syst. Nat. p. 3649.—Brumati, Conch. Monfalcone, p. 24. » spersu, MiLiEr, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 59.—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 407.— FLeMinG, Brit, Anim. p. 263. —Jxerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p, 328.—Turvron, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 52,
HELIX. 45
f, 35.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 128, pl. 5, f. 35, —Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 20. — Macain. Moll. Aberd. p. 80. — Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 5, 13, 17, 18.—CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 130, f. 1156, 1157, 1138 b. — Ferus, Prodrom. Moll. No. 51; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 18, 24, f. 3.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viil. p- 32.—RossmAss-. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, f. 3; and pt. 5, p. 5, f. 294. — Cuarpenr. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 6—Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 67. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, No. 9, pl. 3. f. 6, 7.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 241. Helix hortensis, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 136, pl. 84, f. 129. — Donoy. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 131.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. » variegata, GMELIN, Syst. Nat p. 3650. Cenatoria aspersa, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Cochlea vulgaris, Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 20, f. 1. — Turron, Conch. Diction, p- 80.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 34, f. 126. — Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 72, pl. 4, f. 1. Helix lucorum (not of authors), PuLTENrY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset. App. p. 48. Pomatia adspersa, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 44 (no descr.). . (Monstrosities), Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. pl. 13, f. 10, 11.—CueEmn. Conch. Cab, vol. xi, pl. 211, f. 2092, 2093. — Ferus. Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 19, f. 1, 2.
Shell imperforate, obliquely conoid-globose, thin, sub- opaque, or semi-transparent, covered with small inden- tations, clothed with a yellowish olivaceous epidermis, beneath which the surface is whitish, or pale fawn- coloured ; adorned with chocolate-brown bands, that are sometimes confluent, sometimes obsolete; of these there are usually three on the penult whorl, and four on the body, which are interrupted by wavy linear whitish or pale- coloured streaks; more rarely the shell is pale yellow, and very slightly banded. Spire strongly wrinkled lengthways, short, conoid, about one-third to one-fourth the height of the body; suture oblique; apex blunt. Volutions four to four and a half, moderately convex, rapidly en- larging, the last swollen, and abruptly deflected. Aper-
ture nearly ovate; very slightly lunate, as high as, or
46 HELICIDA.
higher than, broad, about half as wide as the total diameter; peristome white, thin, expanded, slightly re- flected, much dilated upon the pillar, which is oblique and only slightly arcuated. Diameter nearly an inch and a half. Scalariform and sinistral varieties are some- times met with.
The animal is roughly granulated, of a general greenish grey, mottled with minute white or yellow opaque specks, darker about the head and neck, and there striped with a pale band.
This handsome but commonest of snails is found uni- versally throughout the British Islands, and owing to its being an article of food in some countries, or else a supposed remedy for pulmonary affections, has been trans- ported and distributed by the agency of man to all parts of the world. It is especially abundant in the neigh-
bourhood of gardens.
H. pomaria, Linneus.
Solid, globose, coarsely wrinkled lengthways, most minutely striated in a spiral direction, pale tawny, with rufous bands.
Plate CX VI. fig. 2.
LisTER, Hist. Conch. pl. 48, f. 46.
Helix pomatia, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Prnnant, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iy. p. 134, pl. 84, f. 128. — Putrenry, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 84.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 405.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vill. p. 201. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 14.— Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 54.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329, 506.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259.— Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 44, f. 34.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 135, pl. 4, f. 34. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 6, 12, 14. — Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1138 a—Srurm. Deutsch. Fauna, see- tion 6, pt. 1, pl. 13, 14.—Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. p. 87, pl. 5, f. 20.—Frrus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 31; Hist. Nat.
HELIX. 47
pl. 21, f.1 to 5; pl. 24, f. 2.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 31. — C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 4, p. 25, pl. 2, f..9.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 54, f. 1, 2,79. — Sowerrsy, Conch. Man. f. 268. — Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, pl. 5, f. 5, 6. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 234. Cochlea pomatia Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 67, pl. 4, f 14. Cenatoria ,, HeEtp, Isis, 1837, p. 910. Helicogena , Hanrrn. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 98, pl. 29, 30, 35. (Monstrosities), Miter, Verm. pt. 2, p. 113 (H. pomaria and H. scalaris).— Born, Mus. Ces. Vind. pl. 13, f. 21, 22.—CHEmn. Conch. f. 908, 909, 910, 1139.—Drapar. Moll. France, pl. 5, f. 21, 22.—C. Prezrr. Deutsch. Moll. pt. 3, pl. 2, f.1, 2, 3, 8, 9.— Fervs. Hist. Moll. pl. 21, f. 7, 8, 9.
Shell large, globose, solid, with coarse longitudinal wrinkles, and very minute and spiral striule, that are generally distinct on the upper turns, and obsolete below, whitish or pale tawny, with not clearly defined spiral rufous or tawny bands (usually three broadish and a narrower sutural zone upon the body-whorls, the two upper of which are visible upon the penult whorl). Spire rarely more than one-third the length of the body, which is of considerable magnitude; apex blunt. Volutions five, moderately convex ; suture distinct, generally oblique. Aperture lunate-oval, or of a short and somewhat curved pear-shape, higher than broad, more than equal in width to half the total diameter, white except at the margin, where it is brownish or of a pale liver-colour ; columella arcuated. Peristome thickened, dilated and callous upon the columella, so as to partially conceal the umbilicus; diameter nearly two inches.
The animal is of a general brownish-grey, speckled with whitish and brown granulations. This snail is pre- eminently termed ‘“ edible,’ not because it is better for cooking than its allies, but on account of its having been
more sought after as food, its large size attracting the lovers
48 HELICIDA.
of such dainties. There is a general belief, that it was introduced into England, where it is entirely confined to the southern counties, living chiefly upon cretaceous soils, It appears, however, to be a true native.
H. arsusrorum, Linnzus.
Brown, closely marbled, with small linear paler markings, usually one-banded ; outer lip white and reflected.
Plate CXV. fig. 5, 6.
Helix arbustorum, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245. — PENNanT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 180.—PutrEney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monrt. Test. Brit. p. 413.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 136.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. viii. p. 202. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 2, f. 6.—Turton, Conch. Diction. p. 56.—JEerrreys, Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 329.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 264. — Turton, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 35, f. 25. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 137, pl. 3, f. 25.— Tuomprson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 23. — MAcaIt. Moll. Aberd. p. 81. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44, pl. 16, f. 16, 20, 21, 22, — Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 88, pl. 5, f. 18.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. und Land Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24, pl. 2, f. 7, 8.—FxErus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 40; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 27, f. 5 to 8; and pl. 39, B. f. 3 (animal). — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 51. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 56, f. 4, 78; and pt. 5, p.5, f. 297. —CuarPEnNT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 5, pl. 1, f. 2.—Preur. Weigm. Archiv. Nat. 1841, pt. 1, p. 217.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 323, pl. 57, f. 4 to 9.—L. Prxrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 339. 2 ,, Gothica, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 770. Cochlea unifasciata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 75, pl. 17, f. 6. Helix Xatartii, Farin. Ann. Sc. Nat. vol. ii. (1834), p. 122. — Ferus. Bull. Zool. 1835, p. 41. Arianta arbustorum, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid, p. 41. — Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 15, p. 140, pl. 43. Heliv Wittmanni, ZAwAvzKY, Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, iis Cafe » lpesiris, ZrEGL. in Rossmissl. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, {. 297 b.
HELIX. 49
(Monstrosities), Farus. Hist. Moll. Terr. pl. 29, f. 1, 2, 8.—Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pl. 73, f. 1 to 8.— Woop, Index Test. Suppl. pl. 7, f. 6 (HZ. turgidula).
Depressed globular, not very thin, subopaque, glossy, with extremely delicate, longitudinal wrinkles, which are chiefly evident at the suture, and minute undulating spiral stri, rich brown, closely marbled with small linear yel- lowish, or paler opaque spots, which are usually confluent and angular; and almost always girt with a single darker brown narrow fillet, which winds along the base of the upper volutions, and displays itself rather above the mid- dle of the body-whorl. Spire more or less raised, but variable in amount of elevation. Whorls six in number, convex and well defined, the last one rounded ; axis per- forated, umbilicus almost concealed. Aperture rounded- lunate, broader than high; peristome white, thickened within, strongly reflected, rather constricted behind, and a little dilated at the umbilicus.
Fair-sized specimens average, for the most part, three quarters of an inch in diameter, and eight lines in height, but vary considerably in their proportions ; occasionally the ground colour is pale olive, and the specks opaque white.
The animal is roughly granulated, and of a dusky greenish hue, often very dark, or nearly black, becoming paler and greyish on the margins of the foot.
It is generally distributed throughout woods, and among damp gardens in all parts of the British Isles. It is remarkable for extending its range to a higher altitude on mountains than any other of our larger Helices. In the Alps it nearly approaches the snow line. The examples taken in such localities are comparatively small and stunted.
VOL. IV. H
50 HELICIDA.
H. Cantrana, Montagu.
Depressed globular, semitransparent, bald when adult, pallid above, rufous below and towards the lip, periphery not angu- lated ; outer lip edged within ; umbilicus moderately large.
Plate CX VI. fig. 8, 9.
Helix Cantiana, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 422, and Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, f. 1.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 197.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 21.— Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 261.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 144, pl. 3, f, 26.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 15 to 17. —Curmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 89, pl. 16, f. 19, 20.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 133. ? ., crepuscularis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 5, pallida, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 157, f. 2. » Carthusiana, DRAPAR. (not Miller), Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 102, pl. 6, f. 833 —Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 36, pl. 3, f. 26.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn, Soc. vol. xvi. p. 336, 508.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vii. p. 62.—C. Prrir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 26, pl. 6, f. 2, 3. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 36,
f. 364. Theba = Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv. p. 74. Fruticola ,, HE p, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybena Cantiana and Brunonensis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid.
py le
Shell depressed, globular, rather thin, bald when adult, pale and hispid when young, with a kind of resinous lustre, of a pallid flesh-colour or pale reddish white above, more rufous below and near the outer lip, frequently with a pale band in the middle of the whorl, and always paler towards the suture, sometimes entirely white; surface a little uneven, and pitted with slight transverse depres- sions, faintly wrinkled with irregular longitudinal striole that are more distinct above than below. Spire not much elevated. _Whorls six, rounded, of rather quick increase, the last ventricose and not at all carinated, not deflected
HELIX. De
at its termination. Aperture reddish, nearly lunate, equal in breadth to half the basal diameter, rather inferior in height. Peristome acute, very little reflected, a little dilated upon the columella, its internal rib white or pale rose-coloured. Base convex; umbilicus deep but rather small, not concealed by the pillar lip.
Diameter about three quarters of an inch.
The animal is of a general greyish hue, becoming darker on the head and neck, where it is tinged with brown.
It is chiefly to be found among brambles and by hedges in the district around London and the counties to the south of the Thames. It has been taken in the west of
England. ‘The Irish recorded locality is very doubtful.
H. Carraustana, Miller.
Rather small, depressed, whitish, bald; mouth margined within by a milk white rib; umbilicus minute.
Plate CXVI. fig. 5, 6.
Helix Carthusiana, MUtLeR, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 15.--Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 27.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 146, pl. 8, f. 27. — Brown, Lllust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f£. 49, 50, 51. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 90, pl. 16, f. 21, 22. — L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 132. », nitida, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. p. 103, pl. 127, f. 1130, 1131. » nemoralis, var. BB. GMELIN, Syst. Nat. 2 Carthusianella, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 101, pl. 6, f. 31, 32, and pl. 7, f. 3, 4. Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 61. —C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 25, pl. 6, f. 1.—Krynicxr, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 183.—RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 37, f. 366. — Morexer, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 62. » Gypsii, Ferus. Journ. Physiq. xc. 300 (for Gibbii). » Olivieri, var. y. Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 255.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 25, pl. 6, f. 4. » rufilabris, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. vol. xvi. p- 509.
52 HELICID&.
Heliw zenobia bimarginata, Gray, Medical Repository (fide Gray). Theba Charpentieri and Carthusianella, Risso, Hist. Nat. l'Europe Mérid. vol. iv.
p. 76. Monacha Carthusianella, Fvrz1nc. Syst. Verz. Erzh, Weichth. p. 95. Fruticola i Hx p, Isis, 1837, p. 914.
Bradybena Carthusiana, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 19.
Shell rather small, depressed, sub-globular, rather thin, a little translucent, bald, rather shining, of a whitish horn colour, usually tinged more or less distinctly with rufous near the termination of the last whorl, where it is ob- scurely marked with a paler subcentral band; surface nearly smooth or obsoletely striolated, usually covered with minute indentations which are sometimes obsolete. Spire very little raised, usually mammillary, the first whorl or two being comparatively prominent. Volutions five and a half but little convex, compact yet rather quickly enlarging towards the last whorl, which is well rounded at the circumference, somewhat deflected at its termination. Aperture broadly lunate, broader than high, fully equal in width to half the total diameter, with an internal approximate whitish rib, which is clearly dis- tinguishable externally. Peristome acute, somewhat ex- panded, reddish or liver-coloured, becoming straightish at the base, reflected over the very small umbilicus so as partially (rarely entirely) to conceal it. Base rather rounded.
Diameter not quite half an inch ; more frequently three- eighths only in English specimens: the smaller forms are usually the more transparent and elevated.
The animal is pale, slightly brownish in the neck ; the mantle is speckled with black and yellow.
This is one of our extreme south-eastern species, being found only on the chalky downs of Kent and Surrey.
HELIX. 53
H. nemorauis, Linneus.
Depressed-globose, imperforated when adult, with or without coloured bands, not marbled ; outer lip reflected ; pillar lip callous, retiring.
Plate CXV. fig. 1 to 4.
Helix nemoralis, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1247.—PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4. vol, iv. p. 135, pl. 84, f. 126.—PuLttrEeney, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 48.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. pl. 13.—Monr, Test. Brit. p. 411. Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 206.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 21, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 19. — Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 59. — Gray, Annals of Philos. vol. x. (1825), p. 152. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 264.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 329. — Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 33, f. 23. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 3, f. 23. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 22. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 43, pl. 16, f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10.— CuEmn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1196, 1198. —Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 94, pl. 6, f. 3, 4, 5.—FErus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 56; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 32, 4. f. 2; and pl. 33, pl. 34, pl. 39, a. f. 3, 4 (Helicogena) animal. —Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 53.—Srurm. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 2, pl. 6.—C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 27, pl. 2, f. 10,11; and pt. 3, pl. 2, 3. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 57, f.5; pt. 5, p. 6, f. 298; pt. 8, p. 26, f. 494.— GuERIN, Iconog. Moll. pl. 6, f. 7.—CHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 7, pl. 1, f. 5 (Eryptomphalus). — Moretet, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 68.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 276.
» hortensis, MULLER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 57.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 412. —Ftrmuine, Brit. Anim. p. 264.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 330.—Turron, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 34, f. 24. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 130, pl. 3, f. 24.—Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 82.—Brown, Hust. Conch. G. B. p. 44, pl. 16, f. 11, 15, 19. — CHEN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1199 to 1201.— Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 95, pl. 6, f. 6. — Ferus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 57; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 35, pl. 36, pl. 39, B. f. 2 (Helicogena), animal. Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 54.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 29, pl. 2, f. 12, 13; and pt. 3, pl. 2, 3, 4.—Srurm.
54 HELICIDA.
Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 2, pl. 7.— RossmAss.. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, f. 6; and pt. 5, p. 6, f. 299, 300.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 172. Cochlea fasciata, Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 76,) pl. bj tho dy, ds 4nOstes los Helix hybrida, Porrer, Coq. Terr. et Fluy. Aisne, p. 71.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 132, pl. 11, f. 130.— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 206.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 44. pl. 18, f. 27, 28. 4. fusca, PorrEet, Coq. Fluy. et Terr. de l’Aisne, p. 71. ,, mutabilis, HArrm. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 242. Helicogenu nemoralis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 60.
“; libellula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 62, pl. 3, f. 21.* Helix cincta and quinquefasciata, Sunp. Trans, Linn, Soe. yol. xiv. p. 163. Cepea nemoralis and hortensis, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 910.
Helicogena hortensis and hybrida, Bec, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 39.
Tachea es Lracu, MSS. Harrm. Erd und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 24,
plague.
Helix subglobosa, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 485, f. 7. — Cuar-
PENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837). 5 lucifuga, Zercu. in Hartm, Erd und Sissw. Gast. vol. i. p. 191, pl. 70.
( Monstrosities), CoEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 109, f. 924 (ed. Kiist.), Helix, pl. 12, f. 3, 4. —C. Przir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, pl. 2, f. 6, 7.— Ferus. Hist. Moll. pl. 28, . f. 10; pl. 32, a. f, 25 pl.34, £8, 95 pl. 36, £ 10; 11,12.
Shell moderately large, sub-globose, rather strong, sub- opaque, rather glossy, more or less wrinkled by the lines of growth, and most minutely and undulatingly striolated in a spiral direction, extremely variable in colouring, sometimes banded, sometimes of an uniform tint, but never mottled, marbled, nor otherwise variegated. Spire some- what raised but never equal in height to the body whorl. Volutions five, moderately convex, clearly but not pro- foundly defined ; the last wide and broadly rounded, and deflected at its termination. Aperture rudely crescent- shaped, somewhat angulated below, broader than high, occupying rather more than half of the total diameter, Peristome reflected, thickened internally ; outer lip arcu- ated ; columella lip callous and nearly straight ; the lips
and parietal surface of the aperture of a lighter or darker
HELIX. 55
chocolate brown in the typical variety, occasionally white or rose-coloured. Base much rounded, projecting near the pillar lip, quite imperforate when adult, slightly um- bilicated when young.
The most ordinary colours of this snail are yellow, brownish-drab, and flesh-colour, with from one to five zones of chocolate brown, or more rarely with two bands of the latter hue, occupying so large a surface as to leave only a linear portion of the ground-colour between them, another narrow one just beneath the suture, and a third broad zone in the middle of the lower disk. An extremely common form has only a single dark sub-central band (edged sometimes with white) which runs along the base of the lesser volutions. ‘To specify the minor variations would be tedious, so numerous are they, not only in arrangement of colouring, but also in size and elevation or dilatation of the general form. The interior of the mouth is generally pale or whitish, but the more darkly painted shelis often exhibit a tinge of violet.
We have followed Pfeiffer, Deshayes, &c., in re-uniting hortensis and hybrida to the typical nemoralis, not being able to detect any peculiarity in individuals of the dark- mouthed form, which is not likewise represented in the white-mouthed variety, between which extremes the hy- brida is the connecting link.
The usual diameter is about seven-eighths of an inch.
The animal is of an olivaceous yellow except on the neck and upper part of the head, where it is banded by dark brown with a pale linear stripe down the centre. The tentacula are dusky above. The mantle is pale sul- phur-yellow. Almost everywhere among the British Islands in gardens and fields, often very abundant and beautifully variegated in the neighbourhood of the sea,
56 HELICID®.
H. prisana, Miiller.
Whitish, with numerous more or less interrupted linear coloured bands on the larger whorls ; mouth moderately large, usually pink edged; outer lip margined within ; pillar lip partially overlapping the umbilicus.
Plate CXV. fig. 7, 8.
Helix Pisana, Misuier Hist.Verm. pt. 2, p. 60.—FiEemine, Brit. Anim. p. 259. —Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 46.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 158, pl. 4, f. 30.—Browy, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl.17, f, 27, 29, 33, 35, 38.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 57. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p- 34, f. 359; and pt. 10, p. 15, f. 614.— Moreter, Moll. Portugal, p. 70.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 128, pl. 22, f. 1 to 6; and pl. 37, f.1 to 12.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 152. 9 20naria, PENNANT, Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 137, pl. 85, f. 133. », petholatu, Oxrvi, Zool. Adriat. p. 178. » cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 418, pl. 24, f. 4. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 195, pl. 5. f. 6.—Dorset Catalog. p- 53, pl. 18, f. 5.— Turron, Conch. Diction. p. 49; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 39, f. 30. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 508. »5 rhodostoma, Drapar. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 56, pl. 5, f. 13, 14, 15. » strigata, var. Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. Theba Pisana, Risso, Hist. Nat. "Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 73. — Becr, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 14. Helia albella, FLeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260, immature, teste Fleming. » Alboranensis, WEBB and BerTHELOT (teste Beck), Moll. Canar. Xerophila Pisana, HELD, Isis, 1837. ELuparypha rhodostoma, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. pt. 1, p. 204, pl. 79, 80.
Shell sub-globose, a little depressed, moderately strong, sub-opaque, rather glossy but not highly polished, almost smooth, of a squalid or cream white, rarely without mark- ings, usually with more or less numerous very narrow spiral bands of chestnut or chocolate brown, that are fre- quently interrupted, or a few of them apparently com-
HELIX. Se
posed of short oblique streak-like spots, occasionally con- fluent. Spire moderately raised, but depressed above ; the apex blunt and dark brown or blackish. Whorls five to five and a half, convex, moderately broad, the last deep, a little flattened above, not deflected, broadly rounded at the peritreme. Aperture broadly lunate, occupying at least half the total diameter, nearly as high as it is wide. Peristome thickened internally and more or less tinged with rose-colour (pale or whitish in a variety) only reflected upon the columella, where it half conceals the narrow umbilicus. Base well rounded.
Diameter about three-quarters of an inch. There are usually two contiguous bands, sometimes confluent, on the centre of the base, with their outer edges feathered or streaked obliquely.
The animal is large, of a yellowish-grey colour, with long purplish upper tentacula and dusky lines along the neck at their bases. The tail is depressed and pointed, and considerably exceeds the shell.
This is one of our local and western snails, having been observed hitherto only in Cornwall, South Wales, and the south-east of Ireland. It is plentiful where it occurs, as at Dublin.
H. vireata, Da Costa.
Depressed, turbinate, smooth, banded; bands not linear; upper whorls for the most part with only a single zone above the suture, mouth usually livid red ; outer lip edged internally.
Plate CX VII. fig. 10.
-
Helix zonaria, var.? Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 138, pl. 85, f. 133, A. probably. » virgata, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 79, pl. 4, f. 7.-—PuLTENEy, Hutchins,
VOL. IV. I
58 HELICIDA.
Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 415, pl. 24, f. 1.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 195.—Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 7. — Tur. Conch. Diction. p. 49. — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. yol. xvi. pp. 334, 508. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 40, f. 31. — FLemine, Brit. Anim. p. 261. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 160, f. 31.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49, pl. 17, f. 42, 43, 44.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 129, pl. 22, f. 15, 16, 19, 20.— L. Prem. Monog. Helic, vol. i. p. 157. Helix variabilis, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 84, pl. 5, £11, 12.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 58. — C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, pl. 6, f. 10, 13.— Puiipri, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 182. — RossMAssL. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 31, f. 3856.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16.— Moreer, Moll. Terr. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 72. 2 ,, ericetorum, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1194, 1195. » zonaria, Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. i. p. 65. » subalbida, PorreT, Prodr. Coq. Terr. et Flay. Aisne, p. 83. ,, striata, BRarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 36, pl. 2, f. 5, 6. , Pisani, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 911. Xerophila variabilis, Huxp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba virgata, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ, Frid. p. 14. var. Helia monilifera, MENK®E, Synopsis Mollusc. ed. 2, p. 22. VAR. 4, Zerverit, Michaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 26, pl. 14, f. 20, 21. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, f. 354 d; and pt. 9, p. 7, f. 565,
566. Xerophila * Hex, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba A Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 12.
Shell of a somewhat depressed, turbinate form, moder- ately strong, nearly opaque, not polished, smooth or faintly striated, adorned with chocolate-coloured or rich dark brown spiral bands on a white ground, frequently with a rather broad band winding along the base of the lesser volutions, and continued just above the middle of the body whorl, with three or four additional narrow bands of the same hue upon the basal region of the shell, which are occasionally confluent, and one or sometimes two of them
broken into streaks or spots. Spire somewhat. raised ;
HELIX. 59
apex brown or horn-coloured, a little blunt. Whorls five to six, rather convex, gradually increasing, the last a little deflected. Aperture rounded, lunate, generally about equal in breadth to half the basal diameter, not quite so high ; dirty red or purplish liver colour, usually with a whitish thread-like elevation surrounding it. Peristome acute, not reflected, except upon the columella, Base de- cidedly convex, umbilicus deep but not large.
This species varies very much in size; half an inch is the diameter of our larger specimens, but individuals measuring three quarters of an inch are likewise recorded. The diversities of colouring which it exhibits are very remarkable ; among them we may reckon a dark brown variety with a single white band, an opaque white one with transparent, colourless zones, Ne.
The animal is pale on the sides, purplish on the neck and head.
This snail is found in prodigious numbers on many chalk and limestone districts, and on sandy places in their neighbourhood. It also affects the neighbourhood of the sea. Though local, it occurs in most parts of Britain, the north of Scotland excepted. It is widely diffused through Central and Southern Europe.
H. caperata, Montagu.
Depressed, pallid, brown ; banded, with regular close-set raised wrinkles ; body slightly angulated at the periphery ; mouth very small ; outer lip edged with white internally ; umbilicus mode- rately large.
Plate CXVII. fig. 7.
Helix caperata, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 430, pl. 11, f. 11.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 196.— Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 19, f. 20.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p- 51. — FLemine,
60 HELICID A.
Brit. Anim. p. 262. —Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 335.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 42, f. 32.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 162, pl. 4, f. 32.— Macein. Moll. Aberd. p. 84. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49, pl. 17, £. 37, 39. — Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 21. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 132, pl. 22, f. 11 to 14.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 167. Helix striata, Drar. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 106, pl. 6, f 18, 19.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 75. — C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 51, pl. 6, f. 23. — RossMAsst, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p. 28, . B54. ,. intersccta, PoIrRET, Coq. Paris, p. 81 ?—Brarp, Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 39, pl. 2, f. 7.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p- 61? erenulata, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 895.
Xerophila striata, HEvD, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Theba intersecta, Buck, Index Moll. Mus, Christ. Frid. p. 12.
Shell rather small, depressed-globular, not very thin, scarcely at all shining; not translucent, of a squalid white, cream colour, or cinereous, with spiral bands of various shades of brown, which are frequently interrupted, and vary much in number and intensity; the body in general adorned with a subcentral, and for the most part broadish band (either interrupted or entire), which winds along the base of the lesser volutions likewise ; besides which from three to five fillets, at times rather indistinct ones, encircle the lower disk; occasionally the shell is brown, with a white edging below the dark upper band, and is speckled underneath with white; entire exterior marked length- ways with crowded costellar wrinkles. Spire a little raised ; apex rather blunt, darkish or pellucid. | Whorls six, convex, tolerably broad, not suddenly enlarging; the body not deflected, more or less subangulated at the circumference. Aperture abbreviatedly lunate, only equal to two-fifths the total diameter, nearly as high as broad.
Peristome, strongly ribbed internally with white fulvous
HELIX. 61
or pinkish flesh-colour, acute at the edge, only reflected near the columella, where it is dilated, but does not at all conceal the perforation. Base moderately convex ; umbi- licus deep, large at its commencement, but contracted by the penult whorl.
About three-eighths of an inch is the ordinary diameter; one of our larger specimens measures more than five lines.
The animal is pale grey; silvery and slightly brown on the summit of the neck, which has a dusky band on each side passing on to the dusky tentacles. The sides of foot and the tail, which is short, are very pale.
It is most common on and in the neighbourhood of calcareous soils. It occurs abundantly also in some trap districts, and Mr. Macgillivray notices the only locality for it near Aberdeen as being an old granite wall. It is local, but widely diffused, occurring very abundantly in the south. It is, however, an inhabitant of all our dis- tricts.
H. ericerorum, Miiller.
Depressed, semitransparent, not regularly striated, banded with brownish yellow ; mouth small; outer lip acute, not edged with colouring matter ; umbilical region capacious.
Plate CX VII. fig. 4.
PetiverR, Gazophylae. pl. 93, f. 16. Helix Ttala, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1245 (from type). » ericetorum, MisiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 33. — Pu_TeNry, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 347, pl. 24, f. 2. — Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 2. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. viii. p. 194.—Dorset Catalog. p- 53, pl. 20, f. 8—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 49.—FLEM- inc, Brit. Anim. p. 260.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 338. — Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 54, f. 37.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 163, pl. 4, f. 37.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.—
62 HELICID.
Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 50, pl. 17, f. 21, 23, 34 (ericitorum). — Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. f. 1193.— Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 281.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 60.—C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 38, pl. 2, f. 23.—RossmAss_. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 67, f. 17; and pt. 8, p. 33, f. 517.— Krynick1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol, 1x. p- 190.—Cuarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 12, pl. 1, f. 18. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 131, pl. 22, f.21 to 26.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 163. Helix striata, MUuuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 38 (teste Beck), dead. 4 albella, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 132, pl. 85, f. 122. erica, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 6. 4 nivea, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3639 (dead). » cespitum, b, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, pl. 6, f. 16, 17.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 2, p. 39, pl. 2, f. 24, 25. Oxychilus ericetorum, F1rzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 100. FHellicella 33 Risso, Hist. Nat. ]’Europe Mer. vol. iv. No. 155. Theba “i Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 13. Xerophila “6 HE Lp, Isis, 1837, p. 913. Helix dubia, HARTMANN.
Depressed, moderately firm, subopaque or semitrans- parent, indistinctly striated above, wrinkled below, some- what glossy, whitish or pale horn-coloured, with generally a yellowish brown band winding along the base of the smaller volutions, and running at some little distance from the suture upon the body-whorl. This principal fillet is sometimes obscure or entirely wanting, and in a rare variety it is interrupted and dispersed over the upper side of the whorls in transverse streaks; generally also there are from four to six narrower and less conspicuous spiral bands below the primary one. Spire scarcely raised ; apex brown or horn-coloured; whorls six, moderately convex, gradually increasing, the last cylindrical and more or less sloping downwards at its termination. Aperture small, roundish, only exhibiting the external colouring, not much interrupted by the penultimate volution, rather
HELIX. 63
longer than broad. Peristome thin, and not reflected, the columellar portion somewhat dilated, margins approximate. Umbilicus very large and deep, displaying three or four of the volutions.
The diameter is generally four-fifths, occasionally five- sixths, of an inch, whilst the height rarely attains to four lines. In some of the smaller varieties the spire is more elevated than in the typical forms.
The animal is pale, greenish or greyish, darker on the neck and head.
This snail prefers calcareous soils, and is in many places abundant on sandy shores, especially near the sea. It is widely diffused through the British isles, ranging to the north of Scotland.
H. osvotura, Miiller.
Orbicular, of an uniform brown; spire concave; umbilicus spread ; peristome reflected.
Plate CXVII. fig. 1, 2, 3.
Helix obvoluta, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 27.—Linpsay, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol, xvi. p. 765.—JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 510. —Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 139, pl. 11, f. 131. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 53, pl. 18*, f. 13, 14.— Férus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 107; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 51, f. 4 (Helicodonta).— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 63.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas, Moll. pt. 1, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 28. — Biarny. Man. Malacolog. p. 461, pl. 40, f. 7. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 69, f.61.— Dxsx. in Férus. Hist. Moll. p. 16. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 64, f. 13, 14, 15.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 413.
»» trigonophora, LAM. Journ. Hist. Nat. pl. 42, f. 2. Helicodonta obvoluta, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 65. Trigonostoma obvolutum, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98.—Harrm. Erd und Siisswas. Gasterop. pt. 1, p. 14, pl. 6. Gonostoma Fe He xp, Isis, 1837, p. 915. Vortex obvoluta, Bac, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 29.
64 HELICIDA.
Shell orbicular, depressed on both sides, tolerably strong, more or less glossy, umber-brown, not variegated, a little opaque, somewhat wrinkled (especially above), obscurely hispid, more evidently so below than above; neither keeled nor much rounded at the circumference, but a little subangulated above. Spire concave ; apex depressed. Whorls six, narrow, rounded, deeply defined, very slowly enlarging ; the penult rather prominent ; the last but little deflected, scarcely at all dilated, constricted towards the mouth, where by its abrupt indentation rather above the middle it forms a somewhat toothlike projection upon the inner margin of the outer lip. Aperture somewhat tri- gonal or foot-shaped, nearly as high as it is broad, not equal in width to half the total diameter of the shell. Peristome reflected, often rather broadly so, paler than the general tint, and frequently of a pinkish hue inside ; basal edge straightish, lateral edge not arcuated. Umbi- licus very large, but much contracted by the penult whorl.
Diameter about five lines ; height only two.
The animal is dusky, the head and neck nearly black, the foot pale.
This curious snail is very rare in Britain; abundant in the more hilly parts of central Europe. Hitherto it has been found only among moss at the roots of trees in Ditcham Wood, near Brenton, Hants, and for some distance on the northern side of the chalk escarpment of the South Downs. Its presence in Britain is ques-
tionably indigenous.
ey |
HELIX. 6?
H. wapicipa, Linneeus.
Depressed orbicular ; circumference of the body sharply cari- nated ; peristome white, and reflected.
Plate CX VI..fig. 3, 4.
Helix lapicida, Linn. It. Oel. et Gothl. p. 8; Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241. —
Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 182, pl. 84, f. 121.—Put- TENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 46.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. 11. pl. 39, f. 2.-—Monv. Test. Brit. p. 485. — Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 187. — Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 20, f. 9. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 140, pl. 5, f. 51. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 9, 10, 11.—Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 88, pl. 126, f.1107.—Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 111, pl. 7, f. 35, 36, 37.—F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. No. 150; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 66, f. 6 (Helicella).-—C. Pretr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 40, pl. 2, f. 26, 27. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p- 63, f. 11. —CHarprnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i, (1837), p. 9, pl. 1, f. 7, 8 (Carocolla). — Moreter, Moll. Terr. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 57. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 120, pl. 20, f. 10, 11; and pl. 38, f. 30, 31.—L. Pruir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 370.
5, acuta, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 53, pl. 4, f. 9—JEFFREys, Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. xvi. p. 344, 512.
» finis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3621. Carocolla lapicida, LAM. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 148.—FLEMING,
Helicogona ,, Latomus an Lenticula,,
Chilotrema 4,
Brit. Anim. p. 258.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, proOste ol.
Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mér. vol. iv. p. 66.
Firzine. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 97.
Hexp, Isis, 1837, p. 913.
Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 28.
Telia Rhenana, HARTMANN.
Shell depressed, lenticular, fully as convex below as
above, most delicately shagreened, very sharply carinated upon the middle of the body-whorl, thin, slightly trans- parent, not polished, yellowish, horn-coloured, or pale
rufous with alternating darker stains of deep chestnut.
Whorls five, slightly convex, moderately broad, gradually
VOL. IV.
K
66 HELICID ©.
enlarging; the last suddenly deflected near the aperture ; apex blunt. Aperture somewhat oval, much broader than high, occupying about three-sevenths of the total diameter. Peristome white, united, not appressed upon the body, slightly notched by the termination of the keel, below which it is arcuated, retiring, reflected, and a little thick- ened. Base most prominent immediately around the deep and widely open umbilicus, thence sloping to the carina.
The diameter is usually three-quarters of an inch.
The animal is of a general dusky hue, with dark brown stripes running along the neck and on to the tentacula, both upper and lower. The sides of the foot are pale brown or greenish. The tail is slender, but rather obtuse, and scarcely extends beyond the shell.
This very peculiar snail is locally distributed in Eng- land, and to be sought for in limestone and chalky districts. It oceurs abundantly in the south-eastern coun- ties, and in Derbyshire. It is not found either in Ireland or Scotland. It ranges northwards to Sweden, and south-
wards to the Pyrenees.
H. rurescens, Pennant.
Depressed, bald, rufous, subangulated and whitish at the peri- phery ; outer lip remotely edged with white internally ; umbili- cus moderately large.
Plate CX VIII. fig. 4, 7.
Helix clandestina, Born, Mus. Cees. Vind. (teste Hartmann).
rufescens, PENN. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 134, pl. 85, f. 127 (badly). -— Da Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 80, pl. 4, f. 6. — PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47. — Monr. Test. Brit. p. 420 (not young), pl. 23, outer f. 2.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 167, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 196 (not young). — Dorset Catalog. p. 53, pl. 20, f. 6. — Turtr. Conch. Diction. p. 52 (not young). — JEFFREYS,
”
HELIX. 67
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 337. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 37, f. 28. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 156, pl. 3, f. 28. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 46, pl. 17, £47, 53. — Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, No. 87, pl. 16, f. 13 to 16.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 141. ? Helix turiurum, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. » Altenana, KixExs, Test. Tubing. (teste Férus. ) » corrugata and clandestina, W. Hart. in Neue Alpina, i. p. 256. » circinata, STUDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12.—Ferrus. Prodrom. Moll, No. 268. — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, f. 12 a; and pt. 7, f. 422. » montana, C. Prrrr. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 33, pl. 6, f. 10.— CHarprEent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 11, pl. 1, f. 17 (Helicella). Fruticola cireinata, Hep, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Bradybena rufescens and circinata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. ‘Trichia cireinata clandestina, HartM. Erd und Siisswas. Gast. 1, p. 125, pl. 38. var. Helix celata, SruDER, Schweiz. Conch. — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837), p. 11, pl. 1, £. 13.—Dexsu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 219. Bradybena celata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20. 3 Helix montana, StupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 12. 5 striolata, C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 3, p. 28, pl. 6, f. 8. » circinata var. montana, RossMASSL. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 63, f. 126, and pt. 7, f. 423. >» 7rufina, Parreys in Pfeif. Symbole, pt. i. p. 39. Parreysit, FirzinGER, Verz. Erzh. Weichth.
Shell depressed, never hispid, rather thin, and a little translucent, coarsely striated lengthways, rather dull, in general of a reddish horn-colour, but ranging in tint from almost white to rufous brown, colouring usually disposed in alternate darker and lighter shades, subcarinated upon or above the middle, the angulation rendered more appa- rent by being of a paler tint. Spire (in the more typical form) scarcely raised; apex not particularly blunt. Whorls six, moderately convex, not abruptly enlarging ; the last neither deflected above, nor sinking at its termina- tion below the general level of the base. Aperture nearly crescent-shaped, broader than high, about equal in breadth
68 HELICID®.
to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, usually dark liver-coloured within, edged inside with a remote white rib, slightly expanding above, reflected below, dilated upon the columella, where it is subarcuated and rather oblique. Umbilicus large and profound.
Diameter half an inch; specimens of three-quarters of an inch in diameter have been recorded, but are not common. <A smaller, stronger, and more globular form exists in the north, with a more elevated spire, and a paler style of colouring both externally and internally.
The animal is grey upon the head and neck, with dark or brownish bands; its tentacles are long, the sides of the foot are pale yellowish white. The foot itself is narrow, and terminates in an acute tail, which does not project beyond the shell when the creature is crawling.
This snail is most abundant, and the specimens finest in limestone and chalk districts. In the south of Eng- land and Ireland it is very common, more so than in the
northern parts of the British islands.
H. uisproa, Linneeus.
Reddish horn-coloured, more or less depressed ; outer lip edged below with white internally ; umbilicus moderately large.
Plate CX VIII. fig. 1, 2, 3, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. f. 1.
Heli« hispida, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1244.—Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 58, pl. 5, f. 10.—PuxnrEnny, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 47.— Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v. pl. 151, f. 1—Dorset Catalog. p- 54, pl. 21, f. 10.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 238.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 57, f. 41.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 154, pl. 4, f. 41.—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 27,—Macerniiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 85.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, £. 40, 46.— Mirer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 73.— Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 20, 21, 22,—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 73.—C. Prem. Deutsch. Land und
HELIX. 69
Susswas. Moll. pt. i. p. 36, pl. 2, f. 20.—Krynicxi, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 180.— RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, f. 426, 427.—Cuemn. (ed. Kist.) Conch. Cab, Helix, no. 634, pl. 98, f. 19, 20, 21.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 148. Helix rufescens, young, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 145, pl. 23, inner fig. 2.— Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 52, — Fremine, Brit. Anim. p- 261.
» sericea, C, Prxir. Deutsch. Land und Siiswas. Moll. pt. 1, p. 34, pl. 2, f. 17. — Atprr, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340, teste Alder.— Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 153. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 48.
» concinna, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 337, 510.— ALDER,
Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107; Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 154, pl. 12, f. 135. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 124.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48. 5, plebeium, JerrReys, Trans. Lin. Soc. yol. xvi. p. 510. Helicella hispida, Vitzing. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 96. Fruticola hispida, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 914. Helix depilata, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 107. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 155, pl. 12, f. 135.*—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 49. Bradybena hispida, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 20.
Shell small, thin, semi-transparent, not very lustrous, varying in shape from depressed subglobose to depressed suborbicular, with delicate short and rather deciduous hairs, rufous horn-colour, varying in intensity, sometimes a little variegated by the stage of growth being indicated by darker shades, not granular, more or less strongly wrinkled lengthways, occasionally subangulated, and in that case with an obscure pallid spiral band upon the angulation. Spire a little raised; apex more or less blunt. Whorls five or six, moderately convex, not rapidly enlarging ; the last not ventricose, nor distinctly deflected. Aperture small, crescent-shaped, usually more or less depressed, and consequently broader than high, not equal in width to half the total diameter. Peristome acute,
neither reflected nor patulous, ribbed with white internally,
70 HELICIDA.
especially near the base, which is a little disposed to expand, rather straight, and occasionally forms an angle with the short columellar lip. Base rounded; umbilicus profound, of a moderate size.
Var. depilata. Bald, usually more depressed, whorls more rounded, peristome more thickened, columella angu- lation usually more distinct.
Var. concinna. Thicker, hairs few and very deciduous, the umbilicus more displayed, columellar angulation in general more distinct.
Diameter about the third of an inch.
The animal is bluish-white, very pale on the sides of the foot, and on the rather short tail. The neck and summit of head are dark brown; the tentacles are pale- bluish, smooth, and not over long.
It is abundant on waste places, by hedges, and under stones in all parts of the British Isles.
H. revevtata, Férussac.
Depressed-globular, very thin, olivaceous, downy ; whorls four, the last large in proportion ; outer lip acute ; a small umbilicus.
Plate CXIX. fig. 1, 2, 3,
Heliw (Helicella) revelata, Firus. Prodrvom. no. 273.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 152, pl. 11, f. 183. — Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 47. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 48, pl. 17, f. 38, 4, 5. — Micnaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 27, pl. 15, f. 6, 7, 8.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 88.—CuHEMN. (ed. Kiister) Conch. Cab. p. 188, pl. 34, f, 5—8.— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 65.
5» badiella, Z1nGL. (teste Anton.) Helicella revelata, Buc, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 7.
Shell depressed-globular, thin, transparent, somewhat
HELIX. |
glossy, yet not polished, of an uniform greenish olive colour, with rather indistinct longitudinal wrinkles, which are partially concealed by the short and scattered hairs, that clothe the entire exterior. Spire short ; apex obtuse; whorls four, well rounded, moderately raised, rapidly enlarging, the last swollen. Aperture rounded crescent- shaped, as high as broad, occupying about one half of the total diameter. Peristome simple acute, spreading and a little reflected near the umbilicus, which is small but deep. Base rounded. Diameter a quarter of an inch.
The animal is said to be grey above, yellowish on sides and foot, with dusky head and tentacula and a dark band on each side of neck.
This is one of our rarest snails. Guernsey (E.F.); on hills near Torquay (S.H.); Magavissey (Couch) and Pendennis (Cocks, Benson) in Cornwall; Devon (Bel- lamy). Mr. Lowe of Nottingham has lately sent us specimens found by himself at Stanton-on-the-Wolds, a very anomalous locality.
H. sericea, Draparnaud.
Depressed globular, pallid, transparent, closely downy ; spire more or less raised ; umbilicus decidedly small.
Plate CXVIII. fig. 5, 6.
Helix sericea, Drav. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 16, 17.— JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 833.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 38, f. 29.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 82.—F Hrus, Prodr. Moll. no. 272 (Helicella). —RossmAssx. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 7, p. 2, fi 428, 429.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moseou, vol. ix. p. 186. — CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 636, pl. 98, f. 25, 26.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 145. 5, hispida, Mont. (not Linn.) Test. Brit. p. 423, suppl. pl. 23, f.3.—MaTon and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198 (in part). — FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 261.
i2 HELICIDA.
Helix globularis, JnFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 507.
Monacha sericea, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95.
Fruticola, 4, Hen, Isis, 1837, p. 914.
Helix granulata, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 39; vol. ii, p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 151, pl. 3, f. 29. Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 48.
sericea, var. CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, pl. 99, f. 16, 17, 18.
99
Shell small, decidedly thin, transparent, subglobose, rather shining, of a more or less pallid fulvous horn-colour, everywhere densely clothed with very delicate down-like hairs, which when partially abraded cause the surface to appear somewhat shagreened or granular, very faintly and irregularly striated. Spire rather elevated, being only about a third less high than the body; apex rather blunt. Whorls five or six rounded, rather quickly but not ab- ruptly enlarging, tolerably broad; the last well rounded at the circumference, devoid of any pale band. Aperture crescent-shaped or abbreviatedly lunate, broader than high, nearly equal in width to half the total diameter, not produced at the base greatly beyond the general level. Outer lip acute, very slightly ribbed internally with white ; columellar lip dilated and somewhat reflected over the very small umbilicus. Base rounded. Diameter nearly the third of an inch.
The animal is pale yellowish white, grey about the head and tentacula. The mantle is speckled with black, giving a peculiar mottled aspect to the shell.
This species is widely distributed, but rather local. We have found it most abundant in the neighbourhood of wet, mossy rocks. It is perhaps more frequent in the west and south than elsewhere.
HELIX. 73
HH. vamentara, Jeffreys.
Minute, conoid-globose, with longitudinal membranaceous lamellze that are not spinous ; mouth lunate.
Plate CXVII. fig. 8, 9.
Fleliv lamellata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 333, 507.— Gray, Manual L, and F. W.Shells, p. 150, pl. 5, f. 48.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p.26.—Maceiniivray, Moll. Aberd. p- 86.—Browy, Illust- Conch. G. B, p. 47.—CueEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 179, pl. 38, f. 13, 14.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 51. Scarburgensis, BEAN, MSS. cited by AtpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soe. Northumb. vol. i. p. 36, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii.—Tunrr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 62, f. 48.— ALpzErR, p- 189.—A. MUiurer, Wiegm. Arch. Naturg. 1838, pt. 1, p- 208, pl. 4, f. 4. —RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. viii. p. 37. seminulum, RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. f. 533.
”
”
Shell minute, conoid-globose, nearly as high as broad, thin, a little transparent, not polished, but usually with a satin-like gloss, of an uniform pale yellowish horn-colour ; adorned with rather close and numerous longitudinal mem- branaceous lamine, which do not shoot into spinous pro- cesses. Spire raised, about the same height as the body- whorl; apex rather blunt. Volutions five or six, well rounded, strongly defined, gradually and not abruptly en- larging. Aperture depressed, narrow crescent-shaped, not projecting much beyond the preceding whorl, broader than high, scarcely equal to half the total diameter. Peristome thin, simple (destitute of an internal rib), not reflected except very slightly upon the pillar lip. Base tumid, rather suddenly shelving in the middle round the deep but small umbilicus. Diameter the tenth of an inch.
The animal is pale grey.
This curious little snail was formerly supposed to be
WOL EV. L
74 HELICIDA.
peculiar to Britain, though now, however, proved to be a German species also. It lives among moss in woods, and is most abundant in the north of England. It is widely distributed in Ireland.
H. acureata, Miller.
Minute, with oblique longitudinal membranaceous lamellze, that project in a series of prickles around the lower volutions : mouth about as high as it is wide.
Plate CX VII. fig. 5, 6.
Helix aculeata, Mistuur, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 81.—F.LEmine, Brit. Animals, p- 262.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 382, 507.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 149, pl. 4, f. 33.— Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 25.—Maceiziiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 86.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B, p. 47, pl. 17, f. 1. —Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 10, 11.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 24, pl. 4, f. 24, 25.—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 79.—RossMASssL. Iconog. Land und Siissaw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 536.—Duruy, Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—Morexexr, Moll. Ter. et. Fluy. Portugal, p- 72.—CueEmn. (ed. Kist.) Helix, no. 178, pl. 33, f. 11,12. —Prerir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 50.
», spinulosa, Licurroot, Philosoph. Trans. 1786, p. 166, pl. 2, lower com- partm.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 429, pl. 11, f. 10.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 201.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 23.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 55; Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 43, f. 33.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 33, f. 69.
Trochus terrestris, var. DA Cosra, Brit. Conch. p. 36, probably.
Teba spinulosa, LeAcH, MSS. (cited by Turton, &c.)
» Granatelli, Brvon. (filius) in Occhio 1839, no. 9, f. 2.
Tuticola aculeata, Hevp, Isis, 1837, p. 914.
Shell minute, globose-turbinate, thin, semitransparent, not lustrous, of an uniform yellow or brownish horn- colour, covered with an epidermis, which rises upon the lower whorls in regular obliquely longitudinal riblike la- mine, which shoot out above into somewhat lanceolate or spinous foliations, cresting, as it were, the upper portion
of the middle of the whorls with a spiral row of membrana-
HELIX. CS
ceous prickles. Volutions four, rather broad, not rapidly increasing, ventricose, much elevated, deeply separated. Spire raised. Aperture rounded, of nearly equal width and height, about equal to half the basal diameter, produced below beyond the general level of the base. Peristome very thin and acute (an internal rib in aged individuals only), slightly expanded, only reflected at the columella. Base rounded; with a moderately large and deep umbi- licus. Diameter about the tenth of an inch.
The animal is bluish or greenish grey, darkest on head and neck.
Of all our minute species this is the most singular and beautiful. It lives among moss in woods, and is widely
distributed through the British isles.
H. ruztva, Miiller.
Trochiform, minute, smooth, almost imperforated. Plate CXVIII. fig. 809.
Helix fulva, MiuER, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 56. ?—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 61, f. 47.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 148, pl. 5, f. 47.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 17, f. 2.— Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 8], pl. 7, f. 12, 13.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 23, pl. 2, f. 2.— T.am (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 78.— Krynicni, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 167.—RossmAssu. Iconog. and Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 535.—Duruy, Moll. du Gers, p. 15.—More er, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 72.—CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 212, pl. 30, f. 22, 23, 24.—L. Preir. Monog, Helic. vol. i. p. 30. Trochus terrestris Listert or var. a, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 35, probably. Helix trochiformis, Monr. Test. Brit. p. 427, pl. 11, f. 9.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 54.— Maron and Rack, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 200.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 331, 507. » nitidula, ALTEN, Erd u. Flusskonch. Augsburg, p. 53, pl. 4, f. 8. » trochulus, Dituw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 916.— Maceriiiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 85.
76 HELICIDA.
Helia chersina, SAY, Journ. Acad. Sc. Nat. Philadelph. vol. ii. p. 156.—BINNrEy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 416, pl. 26, f. 3.—GouLp, Invert. Massach. p. 185, f. 105. » trochilus, FLEMING, Brit. Animals, p. 260. » Mortoni, Jerrreys, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 332, 507. » Mandralisci, Bivon (filius) in Giorn. lett. no. 198, f. 6. Cornulus fulcus, FirzinGeR, Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 94. Polita fulva, Hein, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Petasia trochiformis, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 41.
Minute, globose-turbinate, thin, pellucid, glossy, all but perfectly smooth, not downy, of an uniform brownish or yellowish horn-colour; whorls six, convex, very narrow, well defined; spire in the typical form elevated (in the variety Mortont it is depressed, both sides being there of nearly equal convexity) ; apex rather obtuse. Base promi- nent in surface, yet slightly flattened, with a minute in-
cipient umbilicus in the young, which is entirely concealed
g by the reflection of the columella in the adult, Aperture narrow, depressed lunar, ordinarily equal to half the basal diameter ; peristome acute, simple, not reflected, except upon the columellar lip. Diameter nearly the sixth of an inch. Beneath a very powerful lens, the base of this tiny shell exhibits most exquisitely fine spiral striole. A smaller and darker variety, in which this sculpture is more than usually distinct, has been indicated by Mr. Al- der. Generally speaking the more humid is the habitat, the darker and more lustrous will the specimens prove. The animal is grey.
It inhabits woods among moss, and is widely diffused.*
* The Trochus terrestris of Pennant (Brit. Zool, ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 128, pl. 80, f. 108, copied Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. pl. 14, f. 80, 81, the 7. terrestris tertius of Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 36) appears to us to be a rude representation of this species, but has been referred by some to the Cwrocolla elegans of Lamarck, which is anative of Southern Europe.
“I ~]
HELIX.
H. rusca, Montagu.
Depressed subglobular, almost imperforated, not minute, trans- parent, umber-coloured, wrinkled ; outer lip acute.
Plate CXIX. fig. 4, 5, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 4.
Helix fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 424, pl. 13, f. 1.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 209. — Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 61.— FiLxemMinG, Brit. Anim. p. 264.— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 331, 391, 507.—Turr. Manual L., and F. W. Shells, f, 36.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 147, pl. 4, f. 36.— THomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 24. — Brown, IlIlust. Conch. G. B. p. 47, pl. 17, f. 25, 26.— Woop, Index Testac. pl. 34, f. 132.— L. Preir. Symb. Helic. pt. 2, p. 28. -CuEmn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch, Cab. Helix, no. 204, pl. 29, f. 17, 18, 19. — L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 33. », subrufescens, MitLER, Ann. Phil. New Series, yol. iii. (1822) p. 379 (fide Gray).—F Leming, Brit. Animals, p. 259 (from Miller). Zonites fuscus, Maceitiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 93.
Shell rather small, extremely thin, almost membranaceous, of an uniform shining and transparent amber colour, not opaque underneath, of a depressed subglobose shape, adorned with longitudinal foldlike wrinkles. Spire a little elevated; apex rather blunt. Whorls five, convex, rapidly enlarging ; the last swollen, obscurely subangulated at the circumfer- ence, not deflected. Aperture rather large, crescent-shaped, decidedly broader than high, more than equal in width to half the total diameter, occupying half at least of the entire length. Peristome arcuated above and below, thin, sim- ple, not reflected, except upon the short and somewhat perpendicular columella. Base rounded, not distinctly performed.
Diameter scarcely three-eighths of an inch.
The animal is pale yellowish grey, with bluish tentacles ; a pale dusky line runs from each tentacle on the neck,
but soon fades. There is a bluish purple line across the
78 HELICIDA.
forehead. The upper tentacles are rather long; the foot is bulky, rapidly declining and acute behind, scarcely ex- ceeding the shell. The whole surface of the body is gra- nulated ; there is no separate central row of granules upon the neck.
So far as known this well marked and delicate snail is peculiar to the British islands. It is found in bushy places in many parts of England and Ireland, often
creeping upon brambles.
H. puncuenyua, Miiller.
Minute, depressed, white; mouth nearly circular; its edge flatly reflected. Plate CXIX. fig. 8, 9, 10.
Helix pulchella, Miiuxer. Hist. Verm. Ter. et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 30.—JEFrREys, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 63, f. 49.—Forses, Malacol. Monensis, p. 9.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 14], pl. 5, f. 49. — Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 28.—Maceintiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 87.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, f. 76.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 112, pl. 7, f. 30 to 34.—Lam. Anim. s. vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 76.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siisswas. Moll. vol. i. p. 43, pl. 2, f. 82.—Krynicx1, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 174. —Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p- 8 (Chilostoma).—Dexsu. in Fer. Hist. Moll. p. 21, pl. 69, E. f. 12 to 17.— Binney, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p- 375, pl. 9, f. 2. — RossmAssr. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 7, p. 5, 6, f. 489, 440.—GouLp, Invert, Massachus.
p- 176, £. 102.—C. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 365. costata, MULLER, Verm. Ter, et Fluy. vol. ii. p. 31.—FLemine, Brit. Anim. p- 263.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. vol. i, p. 43,
pl. 2, f. 31.—L. Prrrr. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 366. 5 paludosa, WALKER, Test. Minut. Rar. f. 23.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 440, Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 198, pl. 5, f. 5. crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 441, pl. 13, f. 3. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 45, pl. 14, f. 78, 79. » mnuta, Say, Jl. Acad. Philadelph. vol. i. p. 123. 5, erystallina, Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. 11. p. 909. Turbo Helicinus, Ligutroor, Philosoph. Trans. vol. lxxvi. (1786) p. 167, pl. 3, upper compartment.—Da Cosra, Brit. Conch, p. 59.
”
”°
————
HELIX. 19
Turbo paludosus, Dorset Catalog. p. 52, pl. 19, f. 25.—Turt. Conch. Diction, p. 228.
Chilostoma pulchellum, Firzinc Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 98.
Corneola pulchella, Hun, Isis, 1837, p. 912.—W AKER, Testacea minuta rariora, f. 23.
Cireinaria pulchella, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 23.
Shell minute, suborbicular, rather depressed, tolerably strong for its size, not very transparent, white or corneous white, not variegated or banded, either smooth or with longitudinal membranaceous costella. Spire scarcely at all raised ; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half, moderately convex, profoundly defined through their rather abrupt inflection at the suture, not particularly narrow, for the most part gradually enlarging, but rather abruptly di- lated at the termination of the last whorl, which is well rounded at its circumference, not distinctly or only slightly deflected. Aperture almost circular, as high as it is broad, margined by a broad and flattened solid opaque white peristome, which is expanded above and reflected below ; lips contiguous, not free all round, but connected on the columella by a layer of white shelly matter. Base rounded ; umbilicus large, exposing the upper volutions.
Diameter the ninth of an inch. With every disposition to defer to the authority of the illustrious Pfeiffer, whose knowledge of the Helices is most comprehensive, we are unable to discern any permanent characters by which the ribbed variety may be distinguished from the smooth one, so as to maintain its position as a distinct species, in which light it has been regarded by Miiller and others.
The animal is milky white.
It lives under stones, on walls, and on the ground, often in dampish places. It is very generally diffused through- out the British Isles. Both varieties inhabit wet and dry localities indifferently.
80 HELICIDA.
H. rorunpara, Miiller.
Flattish, with crowded costellar strize, for the most part radi- atingly spotted with chestnut; umbilical opening peculiarly large ; mouth lunate.
Plate CXIX. fig. 6, 7, and (Animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 2.
Helix rotundata, Mttuuer, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 29.— Tur. Conch. Diction. p- 53.—FLEeminG, Brit. Anim. p. 260.—JEFrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342, 511,—THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 30.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 17, f. 14, 18, 19, 20, 24.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 114, pl. 8, f. 4 to 7.—F rus. Prodr. 196; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. pl. 79, f. 2, 3, 4 (Helicella)—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. vill. p. 74.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p- 44, pl. 2, f. 33, 34.—CuarpeEnt. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — Krynicxt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, vol. ix. p. 210.— RossmAssz. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 7, p. 13, f. 454. — More er, Moll. Ter. et Fluv. Portugal, p. 55.— Cuemn. (ed. Kiist.) Helix, no. 153, pl. 24, f. 14, 15, 16.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 105. radiata, DA Costs, Brit. Conch. p. 57, pl. 4, f. 15, 16. — Mon. Test. Brit. p. 432, pl. 24,f. 3.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 199. — Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 20, f. 15, 16.— Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 53.—Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 59, f. 44.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 32. f. 11. » Turtoni, FLEm1nG, Brit. Animals, p. 260. Discus rotundatus, FrvzinG. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. Oester. p. 99. Patula rotundata, Hew, Isis, 1837, p. 916. Euryomphala rotundata, Bec, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9. Zonites rotundatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 165, pl. 5, f. 44.— Maceituiy. Moll. Aberd. p. 88.
3”
Shell small, depressed, nearly equally convex on both sides, not polished, thin, semitransparent, yellowish horn- colour or reddish grey, so alternating with chestnut as to present the appearance of numerous narrow ray-like streaks of the latter hue diverging from the central axis ; longitudi- nally sculptured throughout with crowded but strong and regular costellar stria. Whorls narrow, from five to six
HELIX. 81
and a half, of very gradual increase, depressed, deeply defined, the last somewhat angulated, but not particularly deflected. Spire merely convex. Aperture small, usually occupying two-fifths of the base, rather depressed, but nearly as high as it is broad, lunate. Peristome simple, acute, not reflected. Base convex, excavated by an ex- tremely large and profound umbilicus which exhibits the superior volutions.
The spire in the variety Turtoni is quite flattened. <A transparent and colourless variety is occasionally, though rarely, to be met with.
Ordinary diameter a quarter of an inch.
The animal is bluish, with dusky neck and tentacles. Up the sides of each upper tentacle runs a dusky line fading away on the neck. ‘The foot is short behind, tapering and not truncated at the end. The relations of this animal are with the typical Helices, and not with the group Zonites.
This species is found under stones abundantly in all parts of the British Isles.
H. umeriicara, Montagu.
Small, dark brown, unpolished, merely wrinkled ; whorls five, of slow increase ; umbilicus large ; mouth small ; outer lip acute.
Plate CXXI. fig. 7, 8.
Helix umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 434, pl. 13, f.2.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 200.—Dorset Catalog. p. 54, pl. 19, f. 24.— Tur. Conch, Diction. p. 54.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 262 (not note),— Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 342. —Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 31.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p, 51.
s rupestris, CHEMN. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. pl. 89, f 82 to 35, 40 to 43.— Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 86.—Draparn. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 82, pl. 7, f. 7, 8, 9.—F rus. Prodrom. 201; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. pl. 80, f. 2, 3.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 60, f. 45.— Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim, s.
VOU, IV, M
82 HELICID@.
Vert. vol. viii. p. 79.—C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 22, pl. 4, f. 22, 23.— Harr. in Sturm’s Deutsch. Fauna, sect. 6, pt. 8, pl. 2.—RossmAsst. Iconog. L. und Siissw. Moll. pt. 8, p. 38, f. 534. —Morerer, Moll, Ter. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 72.
Turbo Myrmecidis, Scaccui, Osserv. Zool. vol. i. p.11 (teste Philippi).
Zonites umbilicatus, GRAY, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 166, pl. 5, f. 45.
Pyramidula rupestris, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 95.
Patula rupestris, HELD in Isis, 1837, p. 916.
Euryomphala umbilicata, and rupestris, Becx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9.
Delomphalus rupestris, Hart. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 120, pl. 37, f. 1, 2, 3.
x saxatilis, HARTM. Erd und Siissw. Gast. i. p. 122, pl. 37, f. 4,5, 6. Helix spirula, VILLA, Dispos. Syst. Conch. p. 56. » aliexa, ZiEGL. in Pfeif. Symbol, pt. 1, p. 39.
Minute, depressed-turbinate, rather thin, slightly pellucid, not polished, of an uniform dark umber-brown, or reddish- chocolate colour, with concentric rugose striule. Whorls nearly five, convex, profoundly defined, of gradual increase; the last not suddenly deflexed. Spire but little elevated, apex rather obtuse. Base rounded, with a rather large and very profound funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture small, not usually much exceeding one-third of the basal diameter, rather broader than high, somewhat rounded ; peristome simple, acute, not reflected.
At most the tenth of an inch in diameter; its height varies owing to the spire being capable of greater or lesser elevation.
The animal is dusky, and nearly black upon the head and tentacles.
It is abundant in many localities on the faces of rocks and walls, or under stones in dry places. It shows a pre- ference for calcareous soils, but is not confined to them, and delights in crawling upon lofty and exposed places, as long ago observed by Montagu.
HELIX. 83
H. pyeamaa, Draparnaud.
Resembling the last, but minute, paler, more transparent, more depressed, composed of four turns at most; the mouth less circular.
Plate CX XI. fig. 9, 10.
Helix pygmea, DraP. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 114, pl. 8, f. 8, 9, 10. — Gray, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (not described). — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 343.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 61, f. 46.—Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 51, pl. 18, f. 48*, 49.— Férus. Prodr. Moll. no. 200; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. pl. 80, f. 1 (Helicella).—Lam. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 86.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 21, pl. 4, f. 20, 21.— CuHarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. (1837) p. 12 (Delomphalus). — RossmAssu. Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 8, p. 37, f. 532. — Morever, Molij. Ter. et Fluy. Portugal, p. 55.— CuEmn. (ed. Kust.) Conch. Cab. Helix, no. 564, pl. 89, f. 24 to 27.—L. Prexir. Monog. Helic. vol. i, p. 97.
minuta, STUDER in Coxe, Travels.
Kirbii, SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xiv. p. 163 (probably ).—JEFFREYS,
Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 512.
Discus pygmeus, Frrzinc. Syst. Verz. Erzh. Weichth. p. 99.
Patula pygmea, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 916.
Euryomphala pygmea, Bucs, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 9.
Zonites pygymeus, Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 167, pl. 5, f. 46. —
Maceiutiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 323.
”
”
Shell very minute, convex, thin, of an uniform pale and hardly transparent brownish horn-colour, with extremely delicate, but regular, longitudinal striz, of a silky gloss ; spire very short and small, the convexity being equal on both sides of the shell; apex blunt. Whorls three and a half to four, moderately broad, not rapidly increasing, deeply defined, convex. Aperture rather small, roundish, crescent-shaped, about equal in width to two-fifths of the total diameter, almost, if not quite, as high as it is broad, Peristome thin, simple, not reflected. Base much rounded ; umbilicus large and profound.
84 HELICIDA.
Diameter less than one line. Distinguishable from umbilicata by its greater depression, lesser number of volutions, and by its less circular aperture.
The animal is paler than the last.
It inhabits wet places among dead leaves in ditches and by springs, and is consequently often overlooked on ac- count of its minuteness. It has been observed in many localities in all three kingdoms, and diffused in such a way that we cannot doubt of its being really a common shell.
Mr. Jeffreys, who has bestowed peculiar attention upon the extremely obscure species of Walker and Adams, considers the three following to be the fry of shells belonging to this genus: the fourth, likewise, is supposed by Montagu to be the fry of a land shell.
Helix resupinata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 24, from which Monv. Test. Br, 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 203, Turt. Conch. Diction. p.57.—Turbo resupinata, FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p. 300.—Delphinoidea resupinata, Brown, IIl. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 45, 47. s, globosa, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. f. 25, from which Monv. Test. Brit. p. 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viil. p. 203.—Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 57.—Turbo globosus, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 300.— Spira globosa, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 34, 37. » reticulata, Wax. Test. Min. Rar. f. 26, from which Monv. Test. Brit. p- 444, Mar. and Rack. Trans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 203, Turr. Conch, Diction. p. 57.— Turbo reticulatus, FLem. Brit. Anim. p- 300. —Spira reticulata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 20, pl. 8, f. 38, 39. » courctata, WALK. Test. Min. Rar. pl. 1, f. 80, from which Monr. Test. Brit. p. 444; Mar. and Rack. Tyans. Linn. vol. viii. p. 204; Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 57.—Turbo coarctata, Fium. Brit. Anim. p. 800.— Spira coarctata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p: 20, pl. 8, f. 43, 52.
HELIX. 85
SPURIOUS.
H. rerresrris, Chemnitz.
Trochus terrestris, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pl. 122, f. 1045.—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iv. pl. 111.—Monv. Test. Brit. p.287.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Lin. Soe. vol. viii. p. 157.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 55.
Helix elegans, Guu. Syst. Nat. p. 3642. — Fiemine. Brit. Anim. p. 260.—
RossmAsst Iconog. L. and F. Moll. pt. 6, f. 345, 346.— L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. i. p. 179.
A native of Southern Europe and Northern Africa, which * Donovan figured, because he considered it identical with the ter- restris of Pennant. This last we believe to have been intended for the fulva of our work,
H. uimpara, Férussac.
Helix limbata, Firus. Prodr, Moll. no, 253 (Helicella)—A.tprEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 106.—Gray, Manual L. and P. W. Shells, p. 143, pl. 11, f. 132. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 46, pl. 18, f. 29, 30. — Lam. (ed. Desh.) Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 88. — RosmAssL, Iconog. Land und Siisswas. Moll. pt. 6, p- 35, f. 362. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 16. — CuHEmMn. (ed. Kiist.) Conch. Cab. Helix no. 94, pl. 17, f. 15, 16.—L. Pree. Monog. Helic. yol. i. p. 139.
Fruticola >» Hex p, Isis, 1837, p. 914.
Bradybaena ,, Buxcx, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 18.
A continental species published as indigenous on the authority of Sowerby ; who had taken specimens near Hampstead. The species, though sought for, has not again been found, and its discoverer believes it must have been accidentally introduced with foreign plants.
86 HELICIDA.
BULIMUS. Scoport.
Shell spiral, produced, oblong, ovate or turreted ; smooth or rough, not shining or glassy; aperture entire, longitu- dinal ovate, simple or toothed ; columella entire ; peristome simple or expanded.
Animal exactly similar to that of Helix, and having a similar dentition.
The large and beautiful assemblage of land-shells in- cluded under the genus Bulimus is separated from Helix more on account of general habit than because of pos- sessing distinctive characters of much importance. Our few British species, all of small size and ordinary aspect, are easily enough distinguished generically, but among exotic forms there are many, the true position of which, whether in Bulimus or in Helix, is a matter of doubt. The distribution of the Bulimi has been made the subject of a valuable and interesting memoir by Mr. Lovell Reeve.
B. acurus, Miiller.
Turreted-conical, white or clear brown, often with dark mark- ings. Body whorl comparatively short.
Plate CX XVIII. fig. 5, and (animal) Plate G.G.G. fig. 6.
Helix barbara, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1241 (probably).
» «cua, Mitier, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, p. 100.— Get, Syst. Nat. p. 3660. —Ditiw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 956.—F rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 378 (Cochlicella).
Turbo fasciatus, PENNANT. Brit. Zool. ed. 4, vol. iv. p. 131, pl. 82, f. 119. — Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 91.— Monr. Test. Brit. p. 346, plas te. dle
Helix cretacea, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. pt. 2, p. 190, pl. 136, f. 1263.
Bulimus «cutus, BRuG. Encycl. Meth. vol. i. p. 323. — Fiemine, Brit. Anim. p. 265, — Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 346. —
Gray, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 185, pl. 6, f. 67.—
BULIMUS. 87
Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 110.—Coucn, Cornish Fauna, pt. 2, p. 49. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 37, pl. 14, f.18.—Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 77, pl. 4. f. 29, 30-—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 234. —C. Prrir. Deutsche Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 35, pl. 7,f. 1.—Puuviprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 140; vol. ii. p.112.— RossmAssu. Icon. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 6, p. 41, f. 378. — CantTraine, Malac. Med. p. 134. — Kisrer, Chemn. Conch. p. 31, pl. 11, f. 9 to 12.—Moreter, Moll. Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 214. Bulimus articulatus, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 284.— DELEs. Rec. Coquilles, pl. 28, f. 8. » turritella, ANDRZ, Krynicki in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, yol. vi. p. 415. Turbo turricula Maroceana, CHEMN. Conch. Cab. vol. xi. p. 280, pl. 209, f. 2063, 2064. Helix bifasciata, PuLTENEY, Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —- Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 210. — Dorset Catalog. p- 55, pl. 18, f. 8, 10.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 63.—Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 154. Bulinus variabilis, HARTM. in Sturm Fauna vi. pt. 6, pl. 12; Neue Alpina, vol. i. p- 223. Cochlicella meridionalis and turricula, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iv. : p- 78, pl. 3, f. 26. Bulimus fasciatus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 84, f. 67. Cochlicellus acutus, Buck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 63. Bulimus litoralis, BRumMat1, Cat. Conch. ter. Monfale. p. 34, f. 9.
Shell turreted-conical, thin, not polished, at most glossy, very variable in colouring, usually variegated with very numerous longitudinal (often partially confluent) wavy streaks or veins of opaque whitish, and semitransparent brown (either hue preponderating), the latter ranging in tint from pale ash to dark chocolate ; sometimes minutely speckled all over with these lines; as frequently as not with an additional narrow brown zone running from the upper corner of the aperture to the lower third of the outer lip, more rarely with an adjacent interrupted band above it, sometimes with a broad band occupying the entire middle portion of the body whorl, and winding along the lower half of the principal smaller volutions; the painting at times, though rarely, almost obsolete. Surface pecu-
88 HELICIDA.
liarly and rather irregularly indented lengthways with broad corrugations that correspond in some degree with the coloured markings, so that under a lens, the exterior reminds one of the cutting of a cameo. Whorls nine or ten, of slow longitudinal increase, convex or a little rounded, separated by a well-marked but simple and but little slant- ing suture, tapering to a much attenuated, yet not acute, apex. Body not filling more than a third of the dorsal length, a little ventricose; its basal declination rounded, and usually more or less abrupt. Mouth devoid of sculp- ture, of an abbreviated oval or ovate shape, that is well rounded below, and rather suddenly contracted (not gra- dually peaked) above. Outer lip simple, acute, regularly arcuated throughout. Pillar lip filling more than half the length of the aperture, straightish, and rather broadly re- flected above, so as to partially conceal the narrow sub- umbilicus. Usual length half an inch, with a breadth of two lines and a third, but these dimensions are often exceeded, especially in foreign examples.
Animal stout and rather short, dusky on the head and neck, with darker lines passing to the four tentacula ; sides of the body and tail yellowish-white. The posterior extremity does not extend much, if at all, behind the body whorl. There is a dark line down the centre of the fore- head. The upper tentacles are rather thick and clavate, the lower ones very short.
This pretty snail is gregarious in its habits, local in its distribution. It is most abundant near the sea, and in the western districts, especially on sandy or limestone soils. Abundant in the Channel Isles and on the waste lands of Dorsetshire (on chalk, Purbeck, Portland stone), Devon, and-Cornwall, South and North Wales, Lancashire, the
Isle of Man (on sand and limestone, never on slate), parts
BULIMUS. 89
of the west of Scotland and Hebrides. Local in Ireland, but found from the Giant’s Causeway to Youghal; com- monest in the eastern districts, and occasionally occurs
inland (W. Thompson).
B. Lacxuamensts, Montagu.
Elongate-conoid, with a blunt apex, chocolate-brown ; surface shagreened. Plate CKXVIII. fig. 6.
Bulimus montanus, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 65; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 22.—Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 80, f. 62. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 14, f. 22, and pl. 18, f. 14.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 235.—Srurm, Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 3, pl. 6.— C. Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 8, f. 10. — RossmAssz. Icon. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 86, f. 41, and pt. 6, p. 46, f. 386.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, pl. 2, f. 2 (Bulimulus)— L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p- 120. Helix Lackhamensis, Monv. Test. Brit. p. 394, pl. 11, f. 83.—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 212.—Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 64. — Dmuw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 953.— Index Testaceolog. pl. 35, f. 148. », sylvestris, STUDER, in Coxe, Travels (Hartm.). 5, buccinata, ALTEN, Erd und Fluss Conch. Augsburg, p. 100, pl. 12, f. 22. » obscura, SCHRANK, Fauna, iii. 273. Bulimus obscurus, HArtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222. » Montacuti, Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345, 512. Lackhamensis, FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 265.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 181, pl. 6, f. 62. a En Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71. Ena montana, Luacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). — Harr. Erd und Siissw. Gast. vol. 1. p. 75, pl. 20.
”
Shell elongated-conoid, tapering gradually to a blunt apex, rather thin, more or less glossy, somewhat trans- lucent, of an uniform chocolate or brownish hue, very finely, and rather indistinctly, wrinkled lengthways; be- neath the lens visibly, though minutely shagreened. Whorls
VOL. IV. N
90 HELICID&.
quite seven, simply convex, of rather slow but regular longitudinal increase, profoundly divided by a simple and not much slanting suture. Body filling about two-fifths of the dorsal length ; its basal declination rounded but rather abrupt. Mouth unarmed, suboval, being semielliptic below, and obliquely acute above, occupying barely three- eighths of the ventral length, livid or reddish brown, changing to white near the outer edges. Outer lip not very prominent, rather narrowly reflected or expanded, projecting a little at first somewhat obliquely, and without much convexity, then moderately arcuated. Pillar lip broadly reflected, almost perpendicular, filling at least one half the length of the aperture, flanked by a conspicuous umbilical chink. Ordinary length six lines and a half; breadth three limes.
The animal closely resembles that of Bulimus obscurus, but is rather paler.
This is one of our rarest and most local land shells. It is found only in the southern counties of England, occur- ring in limited localities, usually in wooded districts, Essex, Kent, Surrey (Professor Bell finds it at Selborne), Wilts, Somerset, and Gloucestershire.
It is abundant in many districts of Germany, France,
and Switzerland.
B. ogscurus, Miller.
Yellowish brown ; in shape like the last but smaller ; surface not shagreened ; mouth with white lips.
Plate CX XVIII. fig. 7.
Turbo rupium, Da Cosva, Brit. Conch. p. 90 (from List. An. Angl. pl. 2, f. 8, very badly).
Helia obscura, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3661.—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 391, pl. 22, f.5.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 212, pl. 5, f. 11.— Dorset Catalog. p. 55, pl. 19, f. 17 (not well). —
.
BULIMUS. 91
Torr. Conch, Diction. p. 64.— Avren, Erd und Fluss. Conch. Augsburg, p. 98, pl. 12, f. 21.—-Ditw. Recent Shells, vol. ii, p- 953. Bulimus obscurus, Drav. Moll, Terr. et Fluy. France, p. 74, pl. 4, f. 23.— SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 166. — C. PFEIF. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 52, pl. 3, f. 11.— FLEminG, Brit. Animals, p. 265.—Jerrreys, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 345.-Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 81, f. 63,—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 183, pl. 6, f. 63.—Tuompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 109.— Macaintiv. Moll. Aberd. p. 98. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 36, pl. 18, f. 13, and pl. 14, f. 21. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Sussw. Moll. pl. 6, p. 46, f. 387.— Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 14, pl. 2, f. 1 (Bulimulus).—Porro, Malac. p. 54.--Morener, Moll. Portugal, p. 73.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 124. » hordeaceus, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii, p. 236. Bulinus obscurus, B, HARtM. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 222; in Sturm’s Fauna, sect, vi. pt. 8, pl. 1. Ena obscura, Leacu, MSS. (cited by Turton). —Bzck, Amtl. Kiel. 1846, p. 122. Merdigera obscura, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 917. | Buliminus obscurus, Breck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 71.
The shell so closely resembles the preceding as not to require a separate detailed description. It is only, how- ever, about half its size, being usually three lines and a half long, and from a line and three-quarters to a line and a half broad. The shape is more cylindraceous, the penult volution being almost equally as wide as the body, so that whilst in Lackhamensis the tapering commences from the body, in this species it usually seems to originate from the next turn only. The whorls are decidedly more rounded, and not perceptibly shagreened; the mouth is rather shorter; the lips quite white (not merely blanched at the edge), and the outer one more arched in the middle, and rather more disposed to expand. ‘The external colouring is of an uniform yellowish-brown; but an albino variety is occasionally taken.
The animal is somewhat rugose, dark grey or brownish
92 HELICIDA.
above, mottled with nearly black irregular spots, which become fainter on the paler sides, where they fall into rows. The sole of the foot is pale grey. ‘The upper ten- tacles are somewhat clavate, the lower ones short. Pro- fessor Macgillivray remarks that when crawling, it carries its shell at an angle of about 50°, and directed backwards a little to the right; when at rest the shell is directed to an angle of 45°. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux remarks that the young of this species do not arrive at their last stage of growth before the first month of their second year.
This Bulimus is found under stones, on old walls and ruins, and on trees in woods. It is widely distributed through the British Isles, extending to the north of Scot- land. In many districts, however, it is local, and is not unfrequently found chiefly in those parts where there is a
limestone soil.
Note.—It is just possible that the obscure and undetermined Helix stagnorum of Pulteney (Hutchins, Dorset, p. 49) may be intended for this species; we know not where else to notice it. It is thus described :— Ovate-oblong, whitish, sometimes brown; about three lines long; subturreted. Volutions six, minutely striated, or rather wrinkled obliquely, in the transverse direction. Aperture ovate, bordered with a white edge. Inhabits plants in moist places by rivers and brooks, and in woods in Dorset.”
SPURIOUS.
B. Guapatoupensis, Bruguiere.
Helix ewilis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. p. 3668 (merely from figures).
Bulimus Guadaloupensis, Bruc. Enc. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 313.
Helix detrita (not Miller), Purr. Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 49. —Monvr. Test. Brit. p. 8384.— Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 217. — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 56. —Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 66.
Limnea ,, FF LeMinG, Brit. Animals, p. 273.
Bulimus exilis, L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 223 (and his synonyms).
lt is manifest that a great part of the description of the H.
BULIMUS. . 93
detrita * of British writers, a shell introduced by Pulteney on the authority of Mr. Bryer, as from a pond in Dorsetshire, was derived from the common West Indian Bulimus, jigured by Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. vol. iv. f.1224) ; yet the statement that British spect- mens are not banded, but of a somewhat transparent light horn colour, renders it not improbable that the original specimens, although at the time considered identical with the banded shell, were specifi- cally distinct. Of their spuriousness, however, there can be no doubt.
The figure in the Dorset Catalogue (pl.19) ts too rude for recognition, and that of Montagu (pl. 11, f. 1) ts by no means satisfactory ; both, however, might pass for B, Guadaloupensis. Probably Turton’s drawing of his Limneus detritus was copied from Montagu’s ; assuredly it bears not the least resemblance to the shell described by him (not declared to be indigenous, but only pur- chased for such), which he states to have three brown bands on the first whorl, to have rather tumid volutions, and “in size and jigure” to “answer exactly to the H. Bontia of Chemnitz” (vol. ix. ay. 1216, 1217.
B. Goopauu, Miller.
Helix Goodalli, MtttER, Ann. of Philos. new ser. vol. iii. (1822) p. 381. Bulimus ,, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. vol. ix. p. 414; edit. Turt. Man. p- 6, f. 61, as spuriousx—FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 266.— L, Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 159 (with synonyms). » clavulus, Turt. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 79, f. 61. — ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 110. From Guadaloupe, &c. ; introduced by Miller, who had found it in some pine-beds at Bristol. It is one of the most widely-dis-
tributed of land shells.
B. pecotiatus, Linneus.
Helix decollata, LINN. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, p. 1247.
Bulimus decollatus, Bruc. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 326. —Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 77, f. 60.—FLEMING, Brit. Anim, p- 266.—L. Pretr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii, p. 152 (with synonyms).
* The B. detritus of Pfeiffer’s monograph is figured in Kenyon’s paper on British Shells, but only as illustrative, not as indigenous. ‘The species was erroneously imagined by Férussac to be the Helix detrita of British writers (Gray).
4
94 HELICIDA.
An inhabitant of the South of Europe and Asiatic and African shores of the Mediterranean ; introduced into our Fauna by Dr. Turton from the species having bred in a hot-house in South Devon, into which no foreign mould was known to have been admitted ; the colony is now extinct.
B. pura, Linneeus.
Helix pupa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1248.
Bulimus tuberculatus, Tur. Zool. Journ. vol, ii. p. 363, pl. 13, f. 45 Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 81, 142, f. 64.
pupa, L. Prev. Monog. Helic. vol, ii. p. 128 (with synonyms).
”
A native of Sicily, Greece, Algiers, de. ; introduced by Dr. Turton as from Worcestershire.
B. Guitpineu, Pfeiffer.
Bulimus articulatus (not of Lamarck), Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 85, f. 68. Bulinus signatus (not of Wagner in Spix), Sowersy (as of Guilding), Conch. Illust. Bulim. f. 57. Bulimus Guildingii, L. Prute. Symbole, pt. 2, p. 115.— Rexve, Conch. Icon. vol. vy. Bul. pl. 64, f. 445.
A West Indian shell, asserted by Turton to have been taken in the vicinity of Penzance, in Cornwall. Mr. J. E. Gray, in his “ Introduction” to Turton’s Manual, considers tt to form but one species with the formosus and cylindrus (which last name has priority) ; in the recent Monograph of the genus, by Reeve, how- ever, the three shells are figured as distinct.
J. venrricosus, Draparnaud.
Bulimus ventricosus (not Bulla ventricosa, Chemn.), Draparn. Moll. Ter. et Fluv. France, p. 78, pl. 4, f. 31, 32. — Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 86, f. 69. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 12, f. 69 (as spurious).
5, ventorsus, L. Prxtr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 215 (with synonyms).
A native of the South of France, &e.; introduced into our Fauna by Turton, who evidently mistook a variety of acutus for it as Cornish. His figure appears to be copied from Draparnaud.
PUPA. 95
PUPA, LAMARCK.
Shell spiral, produced, cylindrical, terminating abruptly and obtusely ; whorls numerous, narrow; mouth oval or lunate in the greater number of species, toothed within ; peristome usually reflexed or thickened.
Animal short, stout, acute behind, its upper tentacles developed, its lower ones short or almost obsolete.
The very small dimensions, or rather apparent absence, of the lower tentacles in certain Pupe, led to their being constituted into a genus under the name of Vertigo.
Our native species are all small shells, some of them minute.
P. umprmicata, Draparnaud.
Of a shortened cylindrical shape ; wrinkles indistinct; peri- stome broadly and flatly reflected.
Plate CX XIX. fig. 7.
Turbo cylindraceus, DA Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 89, pl. 5, f. 16. Bulimus muscorum, BruG. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly). Turbo s Putt. Hutchins. Dorset, p. 46 (in part).—Donov. Brit. Shells, vol. iii. pl. 80 (probably).—Monr. Test. Brit. p. 335, pl. 22, f. 3—Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. viii. p. 182 (in part). — Rack. Dorset Catal. p. 51, pl. 21, f. 16 (pro- bably).—Turv. Conch. Diction. p. 220, f. 73. Pupa umbilicata, Drav. Tableaux Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. France, p- 62, pl. 3, £39, 40.—Jurrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p- 856.—Turvr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 97, f. 78.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 19, pl. 7, f. 78. — Tompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 111. — Macaiiriv. Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, pl. 18*, f. 39, 39*.—Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p- 179. — Cuarrent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p- 15. — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 15, f. 327.— Brumati, Monfalc. p. 38.— Porro, Malac. p. 66.—Canrrainez, Malac. Med. p. 143.— Puiniprt, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 114.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 40.—
96 HELICIDA.
KUstTer, p. 22, pl. 3, f. 10, 11, 12.— More.er, Moll. Portugal, p. 74.—L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 329.
Helix umbilicata, FGiRrus. Prodrom. 474 (Cochlodonta),
Pupa muscorum, FLEMiNG, Brit. Anim. p. 268. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 39 (probably), pl. 18*, f. 38, 38*.
Pupilla umbilicata, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 64.
Eruca 45 Swarnson, Malacology, p. 334.
Stomodonta umbilicata, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 53.
Pupa bidentata, Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 14, f. 6 (probably).
Shell small, oblong-cylindrical, or subcylindrical, but distinctly tapering, thin, somewhat pellucid, pale olivaceous brown, or fulvous horn-coloured, shining, indistinctly strio- late, and chiefly so near the sutures. Whorls six or seven, rounded, distinctly though gradually enlarging; the last about equal to two-fifths of the entire length; apex more or less blunt. Aperture obliquely semi-oval, nar- rowed, and angular below (or anteriorly), usually (there exists an edentulous variety) provided with a laminated or angular tooth closely adjacent to the junction of the outer lip with the body, and often connected with, and sub- parallel to the former. Peristome broadly and flatly re- flected, especially at the columella, unarmed, white or stained with rufous. Columella longer than the space between it and the outer lip. Base compressed, broadly perforated ; umbilicus bounded by a kind of rib-like fold. Length the ninth of an inch ; breadth the twentieth of an inch. Da Costa, as usual, whilst regarding this species as the muscorwm of Linnzeus, endeavoured to substitute a name of his own selection.
In this species and in Pupa anglica, Mr. Alder was first to observe that a spiral ridge or lamina runs around the columella, and another in the centre of the upper side of the whorls, whilst they are crossed by small flat transverse
lamine like rudimentary partitions. The structure is not
PUPA. 97
present in the adult whorls, and has some relation to the young stage of the animal.
The animal is rather stout, with long upper tentacles, and very short but distinct lower ones. Its colour is pale blue, deepening to dark grey on the neck and head. The sides of the foot are steep, and, as well as the sole and tail, very pale and nearly white.
This is the commonest of all our native Pupas, occurring everywhere under stones, among moss, on walls, and about hedges, woods, and sand-banks. It is present in all our provinces and outlying islands, and is found high up on mountains, as well as on low grounds, and on the verge of the sea-shore. It is a widely-distributed species, extend-
ing throughout Europe and into the north of Africa.
P. muscorum, Linneeus.
Outer lip margined externally by a strong rib-like callus ; teeth parietal, if any.
Plate CX XIX. fig. 8, 9.
Turbo muscorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1240. —Cuemn. Conch. Cab. vol. ix. p. 61, pl. 123, f. 1076. — Dittw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 878.
Helix a, Miter, Hist. Verm. pt. 2, p. 105.— Fiérus. Prodr. Moll. p- 475 (Cochlodonta). Bulimus ,, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. i. p. 334 (partly).
Pupa marginata, Drap. Tableau Moll. p. 58; Hist. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. de France, p. 61, pl. 3, f. 36 to 38. — Fiemina, Brit. Anim. p. 268.— Torr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 98, f. 79. — Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 196, pl. 7, f. 79. — Mac- GILLIV. Moll. Aberd. p. 99. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p- 39, pl. 18, f. 33, 34. —C. Pru. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 23, 24.
Turbo chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Diction. p. 220,
Pupa muscorum, LAM. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 180. — NiLuson, Moll. Sueciz T. et Fl. p. 49.—C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 57, pl. 3, f. 17, 18, and pt. 3, p. 61.— Waener, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 165, pl. 235, f. 4109
VOL. IV. oO
98 HELICIDA.
to 4112.— Drsu. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vol. ii. p. 405, — RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 83> f. 37, and pt. 5, f. 323. — Porro, Malac. p. 62. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 40. — Kistrr, p. 12, pl. 2, f. 1 to 5. — L. Prerr. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 313.
Pupa unidentata, C. Pre. Deutsch. Land und Sussw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 58, pl. 3, f, 19, 20. — Brown, Ill. Conch. G. B. p. 39, pl. 18*, f. 40 (probably). — CHARPENT. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 15.
», bidentata, C. Prerr. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 21, 22
sis Alea marginata, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 357. — SOWERBY, Conch. Manual, f. 292. Turbo a SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. Jaminia muscorum, Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Meér. vol. iv. p. 89. Pupilla marginata, LEAcH MSS. (cited by Turton). » muscorum, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 84. Torquatella marginata, HED, Isis, 1837, p. 919. Stomodonta sy MeErmeEtT, Moll. Pyren. p. 53. Pupa badia, AvAms, Boston Jl. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 331, pl. 3, f. 18.
Shell cylindrical, small, moderately strong, yellowish brown, or chestnut coloured, not much shining, indistinctly striolated. Whorls six or seven, short, a little rounded, well-defined; body about equal to one-third the entire length; apex blunt. Aperture small, nearly semicircular, with generally a small tubercular denticle (there exists an edentulous variety) deeply seated on the body whorl, about half way between the columellar and the outer lip. Peri- stome scarcely reflected ; outer lip not denticulated, simple, margined externally by a strong white rounded callus or rib. Pillar lip somewhat reflected, with a small subumbilicus lying behind it. Columella for the most part shorter than the inner wall of the aperture.
Length the ninth of an inch; breadth about half a line. The species is recognised as the original Turbo muscorum by an examination of specimens in the Linnean cabinet.
The animal is slenderer than the last, very dark blue black upon the neck, head, and upper tentacles, darker
PUPA. 99
lines running along the back from the latter organ. The sides and tail are white, the lower tentacles are very short, appearing only as prominences.
This Pupa is widely distributed, though not quite so general as the last. It has been found in every well- searched district. It is, perhaps, especially prolific on calcareous soils, and lives in similar situations with P. umbilicata.
P. Aneuica, Férussac.
Dextral, not very minute; whorls six or seven, not much rounded ; peristome very thick, flatly reflected ; mouth with five teeth.
Plate CX XIX. fig. 6.
Vertigo Anglica, F&rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64. —Turtr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 102, f. 82. — Poriez and Micuaup, Galerie Douai, Moll. vol. i. p. 195, pl. 20, f. 1, 2.
Turbo Anglicus, GRAY, in Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, f. 12.
Pupa ringens, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe, vol. xvi. p. 856, 514.
» Anglica, ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberl. vol. i. p. 33.—Gray, Manual Land and F. W. Shells, p. 195, pl. 7, f- 82. — THomp- son, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 112. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, pl. 18, f. 35, 36.— MoreE.er, Moll. Portugal, p. 75.—L. Prrir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p, 351.
Shell small, oblong-cylindraceous, but distinctly tapering above, perforated, moderately strong for its size, obscurely striolate, rather opaque, chocolate brown, with usually a more or less distinct paler band at the base of the body, yet sometimes of an uniform pale horn colour. Whorls six or seven, regularly enlarging but little rounded; the last occupying more than one-third the length of the shell, and compressed at its base in front; suture but little oblique; apex rather obtuse. Aperture resembling in general shape the lobe of the human ear, obtusely rounded, and not much attenuated below; peristome very thick,
flatly reflected, more or less tinged with liver colour ; the
FOO HELICID®.
shelly matter between the two lips on the penult whorl very thinly spread. A somewhat tubercular projection on the inner edge of the outer lip, conjointly with a conspi- cuous curved and remarkably prominent laminar parietal tooth, which is united to the outer lip by a callus, almost isolates a small portion of the aperture; there is a second, but smaller and more deeply-seated parietal lamina, a strong columellar one, a remote inferior palatal one, and a basal denticle, which is very far within the aperture, making in all five teeth.
Length very nearly two lines; breadth not quite half that measurement.
The animal is described by Mr. Alder (who has given an interesting account of the internal structure of its shell in his Memoir on the Land and Fresh-water shells of Northumberland) as being of a dark lead colour above, white below.
This species, though usually regarded as more especially belonging to the North of England districts, is probably a member of our Atlantic fauna, and of southern or south- western origin. Mr. F. D. Lukis finds it in great abun- dance on the south coast of Guernsey; and Mr. W. Thompson records it as occurring in north, south, east, and west of Ireland, though not general. The same active naturalist has found it in the south-west of Scotland. The naturalists of Newcastle have found it in several localities in the Northumberland district, where it occurs in moss, and under stones, but is scarce. It was first taken in the
neighbourhood of Scarborough, by Mr. J. S. Miller.
PUPA. 101
P,. secatze, Draparnaud.
Not minute, dextral ; mouth with seven or eight teeth.
Plate CX XIX. fig. 5.
Pupa secale, Drav. Tableau Moll. p. 59; Hist. Moll. Terr, et Fluy. France, p. 64, pl. 3, f. 49, 50.—Jzrrreys, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 355.— Lam. Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 177.— C. Pruir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 55, pl. 3, f. 14. — WAGNER in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 171, pl. 235, f. 4119. — Desu. Encycl. Méth. vol. ii. p. 401.—Kiisrmr, p. 44, pl. 6, £. 3, 4, 5. — RossmAss. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 5, p. 13, f. 317. — Coarpent, N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p. 16 (Chondrus).—SoweErsy, Conch. Manual, f. 518.— Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 42. — Morever, Moll. Portugal, p. 74. — L. Pree. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 341.
Turbo juniperi, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 340, pl. 12, f 12.— Maron and Rack. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 182.— Dorset Catalog. p. 51, pl. 19, f. 11*.— Turr. Conch. Diction. p. 219. — Diniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 877.
» cylindricus, Harr. in N. Alpina, vol. ii. p. 212. Chondrus secale, Cuvier, Regne Anim. (ed. Voigt) vol. iii. p. 89. — Harrm. in Sturm Deutsch. Fauna, sect. vi. pt. 7, pl. 4.— Harrm. in Neue Alpina (var. a).
Helix cylindrica, SruDER in Coxe, Travels.
Torquilla secale, SruDER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 19.—Firzina. Verz. p. 107, —Beck. Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 86.
Felina » Frus, Prodrom. Moll. 488.
Jaminea 4, Risso. Hist. Nat. Europe Mérid. vol. iy. p. 89.
Vertigo » TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 101, pl. 7, f. 81.
Pupa juniperi, FLeminG. Brit. Anim. p. 268.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 197, pl. 7, f. 81.—Brown, Mlust. Conch. G. B. p. 40, yo WES tie Ue
Granaria secale, Hed, Isis, 1837, p. 918.
Stomodonta ,, Mermut, Moll, Pyren. p. 51.
Shell subeylindrical, but distinctly attenuated above, of a dull brown, or pale chocolate-brown, but little pellucid ; not very thin, with fine oblique longitudinal costellar strix. Whorls from seven to nine, regularly but very gradually enlarging, the upper ones but little convex, the
lower more rounded ; last whorl short in proportion, com-
102 HELICIDA.
pressed at the base, exhibiting externally near the mouth, in the shape of three or four spiral white lines, the traces of the internal lamine; apex of the spire not particu- larly obtuse. Aperture semi-oblong, rounded below, some- what squared above, not occupying quite one-third the length of the shell, furnished with seven or eight tooth-like folds, of which three are upon the outer lip, with generally a smaller very deep seated one above them, two on the columella, and two are parietal. Of these last, the anterior or lower is the smaller and the deeper seated ; whilst the posterior is large, conspicuous, external, adjacent to, and connected by a callus with the outer lip, and often provided with an additional denticle above it. Peristome white, acute, not broadly expanded, but re- flected over the umbilical chink.
Length from a quarter to the third of an inch; breadth not much more than a third that measurement.
The animal is rather more elongated than its allies ; it is blackish-brown above, pale beneath ; the lower tentacles are very short.
This is in the main a southern species, though found in limestone localities throughout a great part of Eng- land. It occurs in the Channel Islands, is very abundant on the chalky and limestone districts of the south and west of England, and is plentiful on the limestone of Kendal, in Westmoreland ; it is not found in Scotland, nor in Ire- land; it isa widely distributed continental] shell. When young it invests its shell with mud, a coating which usually, but not always, is dispensed with when it arrives at its full growth,
PUPA. 103
P. epentuta, Draparnaud.
Minute, cylindrical ; wrinkles indistinct ; mouth toothless ; outer lip simple, not reflected.
Plate CX XX. fig. 1.
Pupa edentula, Drap. Moll. Ter. et Fluy. France, p. 59, pl. 3, f. 28, 29. — ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 33.— FLEMING, Brit. Anim. p. 269. — Turron, Manual L. and F, W. Shells, p. 99, pl. 7, f. 80. — Cuanpenr. N. Denks, Schweiz. Ges. Nat. p. 15 (Sphyradium). Helix exigua, SrupER, in Coxe, Travels (teste Hartm.) Vertigo edentula, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. p. 89.—Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 199, pl. 7, f. 80.— THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 113. — Macerntv. Moll. Aberd. p. 101. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 36*.—C, Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 42, pl. 7, f. 28, 29.—Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 72.—Porro, Malac. p. 67.—HeELp, in Isis, 1836, p. 277.—RossMAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p. 28, f. 646. » nitida, FiRuS, Prodrom. Moll. p. 68. Helix Offtonensis, SHEPPARD, Trans, Lin. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 155. Jaminia edentula, Risso, Hist. Nat. l’Europe Mer. vol. iv. p. 89. Turbo edentulus, Woop, Index Testac. Suppl. pl. 6, Turbo, f. 14 (young). Alea nitida and revoluta, JEFFREYS, Trans. Lin. Soc. vol. xvi. pp. 358, 515. Vertigo lepidula, HELD, in Isis, 1837, p. 307. Alea edentula, Brcr, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Stomodonta edentula, Murmert, Moll. Pyren. p. 54.
Shell small, more or less perforated, cylindraceous, but tapering towards the apex, very thin, transparent, glossy, of an uniform horn colour, finely and rather indistinctly wrinkled lengthways. | Whorls six or seven, rounded, deeply divided by a but slightly slanting suture, de- cidedly short, the height being considerably less than half the breadth; antepenult whorl often broader than, and always nearly, if not quite, as wide as the penult mouth, quite as long as it is broad, somewhat quadrant-shaped (the pillar being almost at right angles to the parietal portion of the inner lip), usually not occupying more than
104 HELICID®.
a fourth of the entire length, and filling rather more than half the basal width, devoid of any teeth or lamine. Lips disunited, the outer one more or less arched, not strength- ened by any external rib or callosity, neither dilated, nor folded back; pillar lip not much curved, oblique at the edge, broadly reflected above. Length rather more than the tenth of an inch.
The animal is dark grey above, paler beneath ; its lower tentacles are almost obsolete.
It is widely diffused, but local, though occurring in the three kingdoms and in the Isle of Man (T. Hincks). It is found chiefly among grass and dead leaves in woods. Mr. C. C. Babington has observed it in great abundance in Lanarkshire on the under surface of the frond of
Aspidia in autumn (Lowe).
P. minutissima, Hartmann.
Minute, cylindrical ; with distinct close-set raised wrinkles ; mouth edentulous ; outer lip scarcely at all reflected.
Plate CXXX. fig. 2.
Pupa muscorum, Drap. (not Turbo muscorum of Linn.) Tableau Moll. p. 56 ; Hist. Moll. p. 59, pl. 3, f. 26, 27.—Cuarpernr. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges, Nat. vol. i. p. 15 (Sphyradium).—More er, Moll. Ter. et Fl. Portugal, p. 74.
»» minutissima, HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, vol, i. p. 220, pl. 2, f. 5.—C.
Preir. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 3, p. 38, pl. 7, f, 12, 138.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 1, p. 84, f. 38.— Porro, Malacol. p. 62. — Dxsu. in Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vol. viii. p. 189.—Dupuy. Moll. Gers. p. 39. — Kisrer, pl, 13, f. 27, 28. — L. Pre. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 306.
Vertigo cylindrica, Firus. Prodrom. 2.—ALpER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. North- umb. vol. i. p. 40; Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.— Gray, Manual L, and F. W. Shells, p. 200, pl. 12. f. 140. — Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 38.
Pupu obtusa (not Drap.), FLumine, Brit. Anim. p. 269.
PUPA. 105
Alea cylindrica, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 359.
Vertigo muscorum, Micuaup, Comp. Draparn. Moll. France, p. 70. » pupula, HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 308.
Alea minutissima, Beck, Ind. Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85.
Eruca muscorum, Sw Anson, Malacol. p. 334,
Vertigo minutissima, GRAELLS, Cat. Mollus. Espag. p. 7.
Stomodonta muscorum, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55.
Shell minute, thin, cylindrical, only slightly lustrous, semitransparent, of an uniform pale yellowish umber co- lour, closely wrinkled lengthways with rather oblique raised lines. Whorls five and a half, short, much rounded, of slow longitudinal increase, deeply divided by a simple and scarcely slanting suture: apex obtuse. Body merely filling about a third of the dorsal length; its basal de- clination more or less abrupt.
Mouth unarmed, occupying a fourth only of the ventral length, of a somewhat roundish-oval figure, being bluntly angulated above, rounded and much receding below. Outer lip very narrowly and thinly reflected, not thickened in- ternally, jutting out rather abruptly for a short space, straightish in the middle, arcuated below. Pillar lip sub- trigonal, rather broadly reflected, curved anteriorly, but straightish above, where it runs almost at right angles to the scarcely slanting parietal portion of the inner lip. Umbilical chink conspicuous. Length not one line ; breadth not quite two-fifths of a line.
The animal is rather slender, dark and streaked with black on the neck and tentacles, white on the sides and tail. The lower tentacles are almost obsolete.
This is one of our rarest British Pupa, though common enough upon the Continent. The first record of it as a native species is the account of it by Dr. Fleming under the name of Pupa obtusa ; to him it was communicated in 1813, from Fifeshire, by Mr. Chalmers, of Kirkaldy.
VOL. IV. P
106 HELICIDA.
It was not re-discovered for many years, until noticed by Mr. Jeffreys on Durdham downs, near Bristol, and among the debris of Salisbury Crags, at Edinburgh, where it is not rare, by one of the authors of this work. <A specimen was communicated as collected in Skye, by our lamented and talented friend, the late Mr. Macaskill. It
is strangely local and confined in its distribution.
P. pyemaa, Draparnaud.
Dextral, very minute, smooth, or nearly so; whorls five, rounded ; mouth with four or five teeth.
Plate CX XX. fig. 4, 5, 6.
Pupa pygmea, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57; Hist. Nat. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, p. 60, pl. 3, f. 30, 31. — FLemine, Brit. Animals, p. 268. — Lam. Anim. s, Vert. (ed. Desh.) vol. viii. p. 190. — Dupuy, Moll. du Gers, p. 41.—Puiviver, Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 221.— L. Prizr, Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 862 Turbo sexdentatus, junr., Mont. Test. Brit. p. 337. Vertigo quinquedentata, and quadridentata, SrupER, Verz. Schweiz. Conch. Pupa quinquedentata, and pygméa, Hart. Neue Alpina, vol. i. p. 219. Helix Isthmia cylindrica, GRAY, Medical Repository, 1821, p. 239 (no descrip- tion). Vertigo pygmea, F&Rus. Prodrom. Moll. p. 64.—Turr. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 103, f. 883.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p- 201, pl. 7, f. 83.—Tuomrson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p- 114.—Browny, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 18, f. 37. —Micuaup, Comp. Drap. Moll. France, p. 71.—C. Freie. Deutsch. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. i. p. 72, pl. 3, f. 47, 48. —WaGneER, in Chemn. Conch. vol. xii. p. 176, pl. 235, f, 4125.—Cuarpent. N. Denks. Schweiz. Ges. Nat. vol. i. p- 18.—RossmAsst. Iconog. Land und Siissw. Moll. pt. 10, p- 29, f. 648.—GrakE zs, Cat. Moll. Esp. p. 7. Alea vulgaris, JeFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 359. Vertigo alpestris, ALDER, Mag. Zool. and Bot, vol. ii. p. 112 (locality only); Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 340.— Gray, Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 12, f. 141. Alea pygmea, Beck, Index Moll. Mus. Christ. Frid. p. 85. Stomodonta pyymea, MERMET, Moll. Pyren. p. 55.
Shell very minute, cylindraceous-subovate, subperfo-
PUPA. 107
rated, tolerably strong for its size, smooth, or very nearly so, glossy, a little translucent, fulvous brown. Whorls five, rounded, rather large, increasing with moderate ra- pidity ; spire perceptibly attenuated; apex minute.
Aperture scarcely one-third the length of the shell, almost semi-oval, not angularly produced beneath, armed with four or five deeply seated teeth, of which one is parietal and situated half way between the two lips, two are palatal, one columellar, and the fifth, which is very obscure and minute (often, indeed, obsolete), lies at the base of the aperture. Peristome reddish, thickened, re- flected but not broadly expanded, the outer lip very slightly indented ; lips united by a thin callus.
The variety alpestris (fig. 6) differs from the more typical form (f. 4) of pygmea, in its somewhat olivaceous yellow or fulvous colouring, its greater transparency, its ‘more elongated cylindrical shape, and somewhat narrower teeth, of which latter four alone are present.
The animal is rather stout and very active ; dark grey above, pale below, with stout upper tentacles, and nearly obsolete lower ones which have the aspect of sessile knobs.
This little shell is widely distributed, and perhaps the most common of the Pupas of the Vertigo section. It may be taken in numbers by laying a piece of old wood upon the grass at nightfall, and examining it in the morning, when the Pupas will be found adhering under- neath a log. It occurs in all three kingdoms, and in most of the outlying islands. The variety a/pestris occurs in Cumberland and Northumberland, and other northern counties. Mr. Gough observes that at Kendal it is chiefly
found on slate.
108 HELICIDA.
P. sussrriava, Jeftreys.
Dextral, very minute, striated ; whorls much rounded; mouth with six teeth (four alone are easily perceptible) of which two
are parietal. Plate CX XX. fig. 3.
Turbo seadentatus, Mon’. Test. Brit. p. 337, pl. 12, f. 8 (not young) ; Maron and Rack. Trans, Linn, Soc. vol. viii. p. 183.—Turr. Conch. Diction, p. 221.—Driniw. Recent Shells, vol. ii. p. 879. Vertigo sexdentata, TurtT. Manual L. and F. W. Shells, p. 103, pl. 7, f. 84.— Brown, Illust. Conch. G. B. p. 41, pl. 14, f. 8.
Pupa 55 Axper, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. i. p. 34. Alea substriata, JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 515. Vertigo 4, AxpEr, Mag. Zool. and Bot. vol. ii. p. 112.—Gray, Manual
Land and F. W. Shells, p. 202, pl. 7, f. 84. — THompson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 114. Pupa mA ApER, Trans. Nat. H. Soc. Northumb. vol. ii. p. 339.—L. Preir. Monog. Helic. vol. ii. p. 363. Vertigo curta, Hxxp, Isis, 1837, p. 304.
Shell minute, cylindraceous, or oblong-cylindraceous, somewhat glossy, a little translucent, tawny, or yellowish horn-coloured (more rarely of a pale olivaceous tint), regu- larly striated longitudinally and rather obliquely. Whorls nearly five, well rounded, rather high, enlarging moderately and with tolerable regularity, the penult bulging a little beyond the others; spire obtuse. Aperture rather sinu- ated, obliquely subpyriform, occupying rather less than one- third of the entire length of the shell, slightly expanded and margined, somewhat indented externally a little above the middle, armed. with six deeply seated and mostly pli- ciform teeth, of which two are parietal (lying on the space between the outer and pillar lips), two columellar, and two palatal (or inside the outer lip). Of these, the upper or posterior palatal being very small, and the lower or anterior columellar denticle at times being almost imper- ceptible, four alone are generally visible to lenses of ordi-
nary power. Perforation indistinct.
PUPA. 109
The animal closely resembles that of the last species.
Probably a not uncommon shell, but often overlooked. It was originally noticed in the southern English counties by Mr. Jeffreys who found it near Barnstaple. It occurs in the Northumberland, Westmoreland and Yorkshire dis- tricts, but rarely, and among wet moss. In Ayrshire, in Scotland, and widely distributed in Ireland, though rare (W. Thompson).
P, antivertico, Draparnaud.
Dextral, minute, smooth ; mouth with from seven to nine teeth and denticles. Plate CX XX. fig. 7.
Pupa antivertigo, Drar. Tableau Moll. p. 57